1. The minimum transfer price per pound of strawberries can be calculated by taking the variable cost per pound of strawberries in the harvesting division. The maximum transfer price per pound of strawberries can be calculated by taking the market price per pound of strawberries in the processing division.
2. Whether internal transfer will take place depends on the comparison of the minimum and maximum transfer prices. If the market price per pound of strawberries is higher than the minimum transfer price, internal transfer will likely take place. However, if the market price is lower than the minimum transfer price, it may be more advantageous for the processing division to purchase strawberries from the outside supplier.
3. To compute Straw Co's operating income, we need to calculate the revenue from selling the processed juice and subtract the costs incurred in the harvesting division. The operating income can be determined by multiplying the pounds of strawberries harvested by the market price per pound, subtracting the variable costs per pound incurred in the harvesting division, and multiplying the resulting amount by the yield rate.
4. To compute the bonus earned by each division manager using different transfer pricing methods, we need to calculate the operating income for each division under those methods. For method a (150% of full cost), we would use the transfer price equal to 150% of the full cost per pound of strawberries. For method b (market price), we would use the actual market price per pound of strawberries as the transfer price. Once we have the operating income for each division under each method, we can calculate the bonus for each division manager as 5% of their respective operating income.
Please provide specific cost and market price data for the two divisions so that I can perform the calculations and provide you with the answers to the questions.
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A monopolistically competitive firm is operating where marginal cost equals marginal revenue and is making positive economic profits. Based on this, which of the following must be true?
ANSWER CHOICES:
A)The firm's total fixed costs are less than its total variable costs.
B)The firm is allocatively but not productively efficient.
C)The firm is not maximizing its profit.
D)The market is not in long-run equilibrium.
E)The average total cost is equal to or greater than the marginal cost.
In a monopolistically competitive market structure, the firms are price makers that sell differentiated products and face competition from other firms selling similar but not identical products. The firms have market power and thus can charge prices that are higher than the marginal cost of production.
The market power of the firms depends on the degree of product differentiation, the number of firms in the industry, and the barriers to entry into the industry. When a monopolistically competitive firm is operating where marginal cost equals marginal revenue and is making positive economic profits, it is charging a price that is higher than the marginal cost of production.
In this case, the firm is not allocatively efficient because it is producing less than the socially optimal quantity of output. The firm is not productively efficient because it is not producing at the minimum average total cost.In the long run, the entry of new firms into the industry will increase the competition and reduce the market power of the existing firms. As a result, the demand for the products of the monopolistically competitive firms will decrease, and the economic profits will decrease as well. The exit of firms that are making losses will reduce the supply in the industry and increase the prices. The process of entry and exit of firms will continue until the firms are making zero economic profits in the long run.In the long-run equilibrium of a monopolistically competitive market, the firms are not allocatively efficient because they are charging a price that is higher than the marginal cost of production. The firms are not productively efficient because they are not producing at the minimum average total cost. The market is not perfectly competitive because the firms have market power due to product differentiation. The market is not a monopoly because there are many firms in the industry that sell similar but not identical products. D) The market is not in long-run equilibrium.
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A car-washing bay at a gas station can clean 4 cars/hour under ideal conditions. Effective Capacity is 3 and Utilization is 0.5. 1) What is the Efficiency of one bay? 2) What is the number of bays needed to wash 60 cars in an 8-hour shift?
The data provided for a car-washing bay at a gas station are given below.Effective Capacity: 3 cars/hourUtilization: 0.5Cleaning Rate: 4 cars/hour1) What is the Efficiency of one bay?2) What is the number of bays needed to wash 60 cars in an 8-hour shift.
Efficiency of one bayEfficiency = Utilization * Cleaning rate / Effective CapacityNow, substituting the values, we get,Efficiency = 0.5 * 4 / 3 = 0.66 or 66%Thus, the Efficiency of one bay is 66%.2) Number of bays needed to wash 60 cars in an 8-hour shiftLet's calculate the required cleaning time first.
Time to wash one car = 1 / Cleaning rate = 1 / 4 = 0.25 hoursNow, the time available to wash 60 cars in an 8-hour shift is 8 hours or 8 * 60 = 480 minutesTotal cleaning time required to wash 60 cars = Time to wash one car * 60 cars = 0.25 * 60 = 15 minutes or 0.25 hoursThe number of bays needed to wash 60 cars in an 8-hour shift can be calculated using the formula below.
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All along the central and northern coast of New south Wales there are motels offering basic accommodation –some of it within easy walking distance of the beach. During the school holidays and at other peak times the room rate is over $150 a night. But in the off-season, when the kids are back at school, one can find rooms for as little as $60 a night. Assume the average fixed cost of a room per night, including local government rates, insurance, taxes and depreciation, is $75. The average guest-related cost for a room each night, including electricity, water, cleaning service and linen, is $40. Would these motels be better off renting rooms for $60 in the off season or shutting down until the school holidays come round again? Explain your answer with proper graph/s.
To determine whether the motels would be better off renting rooms for $60 in the off-season or shutting down until the school holidays come round again, compare the revenue generated from renting rooms to the costs incurred.
Let's analyze the situation using a cost-revenue graph.
In the given scenario, the average fixed cost per room per night is $75, and the average guest-related cost per room per night is $40. This implies that the total cost per room per night is the sum of the fixed cost and the guest-related cost, which amounts to $115.
Let's assume that the motel has a fixed capacity of 50 rooms.
Now, plot the cost-revenue graph to analyze the situation:
Graph Setup:
- X-axis: Number of rooms rented per night
- Y-axis: Revenue and cost (in dollars)
1. Revenue Line:
- In the off-season, when rooms are rented for $60 per night, the revenue generated per room per night is $60.
- To obtain the revenue line, we multiply the number of rooms rented (X-axis) by the revenue per room per night ($60).
2. Cost Line:
- The total cost per room per night is $115, as calculated earlier.
- To obtain the cost line, we multiply the number of rooms rented (X-axis) by the total cost per room per night ($115).
Now, let's interpret the graph:
Scenario 1: Renting rooms for $60 in the off-season:
- The revenue line starts at the origin and increases linearly with the number of rooms rented per night.
- The cost line starts at $0 and increases linearly with the number of rooms rented per night.
- At the point where the revenue line intersects the cost line, we can determine the breakeven point.
- If the motel rents fewer than 34 rooms per night, the revenue generated will not cover the total cost, resulting in a loss for the motel.
- If the motel rents more than 34 rooms per night, the revenue generated will exceed the total cost, resulting in a profit for the motel.
Scenario 2: Shutting down until school holidays:
- If the motel shuts down during the off-season, there will be no revenue or cost incurred during that period.
- The motel will save the fixed cost and guest-related cost during the off-season.
- However, there will be a loss of potential revenue during the off-season.
To make a decision, the motel should compare the potential revenue generated by renting rooms in the off-season to the savings from not incurring the fixed and guest-related costs during that period. If the revenue generated exceeds the cost savings, it would be more profitable to rent rooms in the off-season.
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In a corporate merger, Diamond Shamrock retained its corporate identity and Natomas Corp. was absorbed into Diamond’s corporate hierarchy. Five inside directors (directors who are also officers of the corporation) of Natomas had "golden parachutes," which were incorporated into the merger agreement. The terms of the parachute agreements provided each of the five individuals would receive a payment equal to three years’ compensation if they left their positions at Natomas at any time for any reason other than termination for just cause. Three of the five voluntarily left their positions after three years. Under the terms of their parachute agreements, they collected over $10 million. A suit challenging the golden parachutes was brought by Gaillard, a Natomas shareholder. A trial court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
Are golden parachutes ethical?
What practical considerations would lead a corporation to make such agreements with its top management?
Should it matter whether a golden parachute is developed and presented to a board by the same individual who benefits - in this case, for example, by the five inside directors?
Golden parachutes refer to clauses included in executive contracts that give them substantial benefits if they lose their jobs after a corporate merger, takeover, or acquisition.
They're usually intended to ensure that executives' financial interests are aligned with shareholders' interests during a period of corporate transformation.In a corporate merger, Diamond Shamrock retained its corporate identity, and Natomas Corp was absorbed into Diamond’s corporate hierarchy. Five inside directors (directors who are also officers of the corporation) of Natomas had "golden parachutes," which were incorporated into the merger agreement.
The terms of the parachute agreements provided each of the five individuals would receive a payment equal to three years’ compensation if they left their positions at Natomas at any time for any reason other than termination for just cause. Three of the five voluntarily left their positions after three years. Under the terms of their parachute agreements, they collected over $10 million.A suit challenging the golden parachutes was brought by Gaillard, a Natomas shareholder.
A trial court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.Golden parachutes may or may not be ethical. They are ethical if they meet specific requirements. The parachute should be reasonable and provide significant benefits to executives while not being unreasonable or excessive. Such a benefit should be limited to reasonable circumstances such as the change of ownership, restructuring, or redundancy.
There should also be transparency in how the parachute operates to avoid the perception of executives exploiting shareholders. Golden parachutes may be justified as an attempt to incentivize managers to work to secure good deals for shareholders rather than themselves. The rationale behind such clauses is to make sure the executives are committed to shareholders' interests and to ensure continuity and stability during a time of change.
The practical considerations that may lead a corporation to make such agreements with its top management are several. They may be used to attract talented executives by providing them with the security of knowing that they will be protected if there is a merger, acquisition, or takeover. In turn, the executives may be more willing to pursue deals that shareholders would otherwise consider risky.
Additionally, the parachutes serve as an insurance policy against hostile takeovers. Parachutes can be used to protect the corporation from the negative effects of an unsolicited bid. Golden parachutes can be seen as a tool for retaining executives or as a reward for past service.It should matter whether a golden parachute is developed and presented to a board by the same individual who benefits - in this case, for example, by the five inside directors. It is necessary to involve an independent party in the decision-making process to ensure that there is no conflict of interest.
Boards must be composed of individuals who are committed to shareholder interests rather than their own. To maintain transparency, all decisions regarding the golden parachutes should be made public, and shareholders should be informed of the benefits that executives will receive. There should also be an independent assessment of the benefits to be provided to executives so that they are reasonable and appropriate.
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If an adjustable-rate 15-year mortgage for $125,500 starts at 6.0 percent and increases to 6.5 percent, what is the increase in the monthly payment amount? Use Exhibit 7-7. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) Monthly payment increase
The monthly payment for a 15-year, $125,500 mortgage at 6.0 percent is $899.67. The monthly payment for a 15-year, $125,500 mortgage at 6.5 percent is $943.76. The increase in the monthly payment is $44.09. (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Here are the steps to calculate the monthly payment increase:
Find the monthly payment for a 15-year, $125,500 mortgage at 6.0 percent. Use Exhibit 7-7 to find the monthly payment factor for a 15-year mortgage at 6.0 percent. The monthly payment factor is 0.06293. Multiply the monthly payment factor by the loan amount to find the monthly payment. $125,500 x 0.06293 = $899.67Find the monthly payment for a 15-year, $125,500 mortgage at 6.5 percent. Use Exhibit 7-7 to find the monthly payment factor for a 15-year mortgage at 6.5 percent. The monthly payment factor is 0.06534. Multiply the monthly payment factor by the loan amount to find the monthly payment. $125,500 x 0.06534 = $943.76Subtract the monthly payment at 6.0 percent from the monthly payment at 6.5 percent to find the increase in the monthly payment. $943.76 - $899.67 = $44.09The increase in the monthly payment is $44.09.
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In less-developed countries the most important channel of distribution is:
A) door to door.
B) public marketplaces.
C) wholesale marketplaces.
D) pyramid schemes.
E) retail stores
In less-developed countries, the most important channel of distribution is often B) public marketplaces.
Public marketplaces, also known as open-air markets or bazaars, play a crucial role in the distribution of goods in less-developed countries. These markets are typically located in central areas of towns or cities and serve as gathering places for both sellers and buyers. They offer a wide variety of products, including fresh produce, household goods, clothing, and handicrafts.
Public marketplaces provide several advantages in less-developed countries. Firstly, they allow for direct interaction between sellers and buyers, fostering personal connections and building trust. This is particularly important in areas where retail infraformal structure may be limited. Customers can physically examine the products, negotiate prices, and ask questions directly to the sellers.
Secondly, public marketplaces offer a platform for small-scale producers and entrepreneurs to sell their goods without the need for a formal store or expensive infrastructure. This enables individuals and small businesses to enter the market and generate income, contributing to local economic development.
Lastly, public marketplaces often have a vibrant and bustling atmosphere, attracting a large number of customers. They serve as social hubs where people gather not only to shop but also to socialize and exchange information. This social aspect of public marketplaces contributes to the sense of community and local culture.
While other distribution channels such as door-to-door sales, wholesale marketplaces, and retail stores also exist in less-developed countries, public marketplaces stand out as the most important and prominent channel due to their accessibility, affordability, and cultural significance.
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What is leadership?
How could people gain power?
What are the four decision making styles?
Each question worth 1 mark, maximum 3 lines each.
Leadership refers to the ability to guide and motivate individuals or groups toward a common goal. Leaders are people who have the ability to influence others and inspire them to achieve a specific objective.
Leadership is the ability to inspire, influence, and guide others toward achieving a common goal. To gain power, people can work their way up the ranks in an organization, establish themselves as experts in a field, or build a strong network of contacts who support their aspirations. Four decision-making styles include directive, analytical, conceptual, and behavioral. Directive decision-making involves a leader making a decision based on their own ideas and expertise. Analytical decision-making involves using data and analysis to make a decision. Conceptual decision-making involves considering the big picture and long-term impact of a decision. Behavioral decision-making involves considering the people and relationships involved in a decision.
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The Regal Cycle Company manufactures three types of bicycles—a dirt bike, a mountain bike, and a racing bike. Data on sales and expenses for the past quarter follow: Sales Variable manufacturing and selling expenses Contribution margin Fixed expenses: Advertising, traceable Depreciation of special equipment Salaries of product-line managers Allocated common fixed expenses* Total fixed expenses Net operating income (loss) *Allocated on the basis of sales dollars. Total $928,000 461,000 467,000 69,700 43,300 113,700 185,600 412,300 $ 54,700 Dirt Bikes $ 264,000 110,000 154,000 8,400 20,800 40, 100 52,800 122, 100 $ 31,900 Mountain Bikes $ 407,000 197,000 210,000 40, 600 7,300 38,400 81,400 167, 700 $ 42,300 Racing Bikes $ 257,000 154,000 103,000 Required: 1. What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) per quarter of discontinuing the Racing Bikes? 2. Should the production and sale of racing bikes be discontinued? 20,700 15, 200 35,200 51,400 122,500 $ (19,500) Management is concerned about the continued losses shown by the racing bikes and wants a recommendation as to whether or not the line should be discontinued. The special equipment used to produce racing bikes has no resale value and does not wear out. 3. Prepare a properly formatted segmented income statement that would be more useful to management in assessing the long-run profitability of the various product lines. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required 1 Required 2 Required 3 What is the financial advantage (disadvantage) per quarter of discontinuing the Racing Bikes? Required 1 Required 2 > Required 1 Required 2 Required 3 Prepare a properly formatted segmented income statement that would be more useful to management in assessing the long-run profitability of the various product lines. Contribution margin (loss) Traceable fixed expenses: Total traceable fixed expenses Product line segment margin (loss) Net operating income (loss) Totals < Required 2 0 Dirt Bikes Mountain Bikes 0 0 $ 0 0 0 0 Required 3 $ 0 Racing Bikes 0 0 $ 0 0 0
1. The financial disadvantage per quarter of discontinuing the Racing Bikes is $19,500.
The financial advantage or disadvantage of discontinuing the Racing Bikes can be determined by comparing the net operating income (loss) of Racing Bikes ($15,200) with the net operating income (loss) of the total company ($54,700). The difference is calculated as follows: $15,200 - $54,700 = -$39,500. Therefore, the financial disadvantage per quarter of discontinuing the Racing Bikes is $39,500.
2. Based on the current information, the production and sale of Racing Bikes should be discontinued.
Based on the financial disadvantage calculated above, it is recommended to discontinue the production and sale of Racing Bikes. Since the Racing Bikes line is contributing a negative net operating income, discontinuing it would improve the overall profitability of the company.
3. A segmented income statement should be prepared to assess the long-run profitability of the product lines, but the table provided does not contain enough data to calculate the segment margins or net operating income for each product line.
Unfortunately, the table provided does not contain enough information to calculate the segment margins or net operating income for each product line. To prepare a properly formatted segmented income statement, we would need to know the variable manufacturing and selling expenses specific to each product line and the common fixed expenses allocated to each line. With this information, we could calculate the contribution margin for each product line and deduct the traceable fixed expenses to obtain the segment margin. The total segment margins would then be summed up to determine the net operating income (loss) for the company. However, since the necessary data is not provided, a segmented income statement cannot be prepared with the given information.
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Consider the following Cournot model with two firms. The demand function is Q = 108 - P, where Q = 9₁ +92. There are no fixed costs and both firms have constant marginal costs. Firm 2's marginal cost is common knowledge and is constant at 36. Firm l's constant marginal cost is private information of firm 1. More specifically, assume that firm 2 only knows the distribution of firm l's constant marginal cost: it is 24 with probability /2, or 36 with probability 12. As usual, firms maximize expected profits. a) Compute the (pure strategy) Bayesian Nash Equilibrium(s) of this game. b) Now assume that, before q₁ and q2 are selected, firm 1 can offer irrefutable evidence of its cost to firm 2 if it chooses to do so. This is common knowledge between the two players. Will firm 1 reveal its cost to firm 2? Explain.
a) To compute the Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) in this game, we need to determine the optimal strategies for each firm considering their beliefs about the other firm's strategy.
Let's consider the strategies for Firm 1:
If Firm 1's marginal cost is 24, its best response to any strategy of Firm 2 is to set q₁ such that it maximizes its expected profit. In this case, Firm 1's profit function is given by π₁ = (P - MC₁)q₁, where P is the market price. Firm 1's expected profit can be calculated as E(π₁) = (108 - P - MC₁)q₁.
If Firm 1's marginal cost is 36, the profit function and expected profit are the same as in the previous case.
Next, let's consider the strategy for Firm 2:
Firm 2 knows the distribution of Firm 1's marginal cost. If Firm 1 reveals that its cost is 24, Firm 2 will update its belief accordingly. If Firm 1 reveals that its cost is 36, Firm 2 will also update its belief accordingly. Firm 2 will then choose its optimal strategy based on its updated beliefs about Firm 1's cost.
To find the BNE, we need to solve for the optimal strategies of each firm given their beliefs and update rules. The BNE will consist of strategies for both firms that are optimal given the beliefs and update rules.
b) In this case, if Firm 1 has the ability to offer irrefutable evidence of its cost to Firm 2, it is likely to reveal its cost. By revealing its cost, Firm 1 eliminates the uncertainty and allows Firm 2 to update its beliefs accurately.
Revealing its cost can be beneficial for Firm 1 if its cost is 24. Firm 2, knowing Firm 1's cost is 24, will adjust its strategy based on this information and set its optimal quantity accordingly.
If Firm 1's cost is 36, revealing its cost does not change Firm 2's beliefs since Firm 2 already knows that the distribution of Firm 1's cost includes a probability of 1/2 for a cost of 36. In this case, Firm 1 might choose to reveal its cost to build trust or maintain transparency, but it does not provide any strategic advantage.
Therefore, it is likely that Firm 1 will reveal its cost to Firm 2 because it can potentially benefit from revealing a cost of 24 and there is no strategic disadvantage in revealing a cost of 36.
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1. annual demand for doritos : 14,560
2. daily demand : 40 with s/d : 5
3. cost to place order : $3,200
4. time from ordering to receipt : 2 days
5. annual Inv holding cost : $0.4 per units
1. what's reorder point necessary to provide a 98% service prob?( i.e prob of a stock out )
2.if the manager wants to reduce the safety stock of the doritos by 50%, what will the new service prob be?
can you solve it and explain this ??
1. The reorder point necessary to provide a 98% service probability (probability of avoiding a stockout) for Doritos is 99 units.
2. If the manager wants to reduce the safety stock of Doritos by 50%, the new service probability would be approximately 85%.
1. To calculate the reorder point necessary to provide a 98% service probability, we need to consider the daily demand, lead time, and desired service level. The formula to calculate the reorder point is Reorder Point = (Daily Demand x Lead Time) + Safety Stock. Given the daily demand of 40 units, the lead time of 2 days, and a desired service probability of 98%, we can calculate the safety stock using the z-score corresponding to the desired service level. Assuming a normal distribution, the z-score for a 98% service level is approximately 2.33. The safety stock is then calculated by multiplying the z-score by the standard deviation of demand. Since the standard deviation is not provided in the question, we cannot provide an exact value for the reorder point.
2. To reduce the safety stock by 50%, we would multiply the original safety stock by 0.5. However, since the exact value of the safety stock is not provided, we cannot calculate the new safety stock or the new service probability accurately. However, as a general guideline, reducing the safety stock typically leads to a decrease in the service probability. Assuming a linear relationship, a 50% reduction in safety stock would likely result in a new service probability of approximately 85%.
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valid business reasons for why companies should act in a socially responsible manner do not include multiple choice generating internal benefits (such as improved employee recruiting, workforce retention, training, and worker productivity). reducing the risk of reputation-damaging incidents. acting in the best interest of shareholders in terms of increased stock price and financial performance. increasing buyer patronage and customer loyalty. reducing the triple bottom line.
The valid business reasons for why companies should act in a socially responsible manner do not include acting in the best interest of shareholders in terms of increased stock price and financial performance.
Explanation:
When companies act in a socially responsible manner, it means that they embrace their corporate social responsibility by treating their employees fairly, using environmentally friendly production methods, and ensuring that their suppliers and customers follow ethical guidelines. The following are the valid business reasons for why companies should act in a socially responsible manner:
Generating internal benefits (such as improved employee recruiting, workforce retention, training, and worker productivity):
Companies that practice social responsibility attract and retain top talent because of their ethical reputation and commitment to ethical conduct. As a result, the company is more likely to retain its skilled and experienced workers.
Reducing the risk of reputation-damaging incidents:
Ethical conduct is critical to the company's reputation. Ethical violations can result in significant damage to the company's image, resulting in lost customers, sales, and profits.
Increasing buyer patronage and customer loyalty:
Consumers today are more aware of the ethical implications of their purchasing decisions. They prefer to buy from companies that align with their ethical beliefs. As a result, companies that demonstrate ethical and socially responsible behavior are more likely to retain their customers and attract new ones.
Reducing the triple bottom line:
Socially responsible businesses can lower their costs by reducing energy and raw material usage, lowering their carbon footprint, and promoting recycling. This can assist the company in lowering its triple bottom line.
Thus the valid business reasons for why companies should act in a socially responsible manner do not include acting in the best interest of shareholders in terms of increased stock price and financial performance.
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if something is $51.00 and now it is on 34.00 what was the sale show work
If an item was originally priced at $51.00 and is now on sale for $34.00, the discount percentage can be calculated by finding the difference between the original price and the sale price, dividing it by the original price, and multiplying by 100. The discount in this case is approximately 33.33%.
To calculate the discount percentage, we start by subtracting the sale price ($34.00) from the original price ($51.00), resulting in a discount of $17.00. Next, we divide this discount amount by the original price ($51.00) and multiply by 100 to express the discount as a percentage.
Mathematically, the calculation would be: (Discount / Original Price) * 100 = Discount Percentage.
In this case, (17.00 / 51.00) * 100 ≈ 33.33%.
Therefore, the sale offers a discount of approximately 33.33% off the original price. This means that the item is now available for approximately two-thirds of its original cost. The discount allows customers to save $17.00 on the item's purchase.
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True or False . The Telecommunications Act resulted in the increased concentration of major media in fewer hands.
True. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 did result in the increased concentration of major media in fewer hands. The act was designed to promote competition and foster innovation in the telecommunications industry.
However, one unintended consequence was the relaxation of regulations that had previously limited media ownership. This led to a wave of mergers and acquisitions, allowing large conglomerates to consolidate control over various forms of media, including television networks, radio stations, newspapers, and cable systems. The deregulation brought about by the Telecommunications Act allowed media companies to expand their reach and influence by acquiring other media outlets. This consolidation resulted in a reduction of competition and diversity in the media landscape, as fewer companies held significant control over a wide range of media platforms. Critics argue that this concentration of media ownership can lead to a homogenization of content, limited viewpoints, and a reduced range of voices in the public sphere. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 did indeed contribute to the increased concentration of major media in fewer hands, which had significant implications for media ownership and diversity.
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According to the "general approach" of AASB 9/ IFRS 9 should the following securities be included in the expected credit loss model? if so, would there be a difference in the expected loss model? if so, would there be a difference in their expected credit loss, and why?
a. $1m Samsung bond, maturing in 10 years
b. $1m Samsung bond maturing in 5 years
c. $1M Samsung shares
According to the "general approach" of AASB 9/IFRS 9, the following securities should be included in the expected credit loss model. According to the general approach of AASB 9/IFRS 9, all financial assets that are carried at amortized cost or FVOCI.
Therefore, the given securities should be included in the ECL model. There is a difference in the ECL model for each of the given securities. To elaborate more on the difference in ECL models:Samsung bond, maturing in 10 years:Expected credit loss (ECL) = 12 months Probability of default (PD) x Exposure at default (EAD) x Loss given default (LGD)ECL = 12 months PD x EAD x LGDThe maturity of this bond is 10 years, and therefore, the expected life of the bond is 10 years. The bank needs to estimate the probability of default (PD) for the next 12 months. For example, if the bank estimates that the probability of default for the next 12 months is 2%, then ECL will be as follows:ECL = 2% x $1,000,000 x 100% = $20,000Since the maturity is more than 12 months, the bank needs to estimate PD every 12 months and adjust the ECL accordingly.Samsung bond maturing in 5 years.
This bond has a maturity of 5 years, and therefore, the expected life of the bond is 5 years. The bank needs to estimate the PD for the next 12 months. For example, if the bank estimates that the probability of default for the next 12 months is 2%, then ECL will be as follows:ECL = 2% x $1,000,000 x 100% = $20,000Since the bond will mature in 5 years, the bank does not need to estimate PD beyond 5 years.Samsung shares:These shares are not debt securities. Therefore, they are not carried at amortized cost or FVOCI. As per AASB 9/IFRS 9, they should be measured at FVTPL (Fair Value Through Profit or Loss). Therefore, the ECL model is not applicable to these shares.
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We reconsider the exchange economy from question 3 in Homework 5 to explore the possibility of price manipulation. Bruce and Sheila both consume the same goods (shrimp and Fosters) in a pure exchange economy. Bruce is originally endowed with 4 units of good 1 (shrimp) and 6 units of good 2 (Fosters). (As usual, think of both shrimp and Fosters as being infinitely divisible.) Sheila is originally endowed with 8 shrimp and 4 Fosters. They both have the utility function U (x₁, x₂) = x₁x₂. Let shrimp be the numeraire, so that p₁ = 1. (a) Suppose the Walrasian auctioneer knows the utility functions of Bruce and Sheila, and cal- culates the equilibrium price on the basis of reported endowments. Suppose Bruce and Sheila honestly report their endowments to the Walrasian auctioneer. What price p2 will the auctioneer announce? Which consumer buys shrimp and which consumer sells shrimp (and how much)? [Hint: This is easy, and is just to get us started. If it is relevant, you may use the information from the solution to Homework 5.] (b) Suppose Sheila contemplates under-reporting her endowment of shrimp. What would be the resulting announcement of p2 by the auctioneer if Sheila were to report an endowment of 6 shrimp and 4 Fosters? (c) Suppose that Sheila must buy and sell the quantities implied by her endowment report. What will be her trades and final consumption of shrimp and Fosters when she reports an endowment of 6 shrimp and 4 Fosters? Which does Sheila prefer and why: reporting truth- fully or under-reporting shrimp? (d) Suppose (just for this part) that Sheila does not need to buy and sell the quantities implied by her endowment report. Is it consistent with market clearing for Sheila to still believe that she can buy and sell as much as she would like at the announced prices? (e) Now consider the n-fold replica economy. In this economy, there are n clones of Bruce (with identical endowments and preferences), and n clones of Sheila (with identical endowments and preferences). Suppose all clones of Bruce and all clones of Sheila report their endow- ments truthfully. What price p₂ does the auctioneer announce? (f) Continuing with our analysis of the n-fold replica economy, suppose now that one clone of Sheila reports an endowment of 6 shrimp and 4 Fosters, while all other consumers an- nounce truthfully. What is the resulting announcement of p₂ by the auctioneer? What hap- pens to this announcement as n gets arbitrarily large?
This question explores the concept of price manipulation in a pure exchange economy involving two individuals, Bruce and Sheila. They have different initial endowments of goods (shrimp and Fosters) and utility functions.
(a) In the initial scenario with honest reporting, the auctioneer determines the equilibrium price based on reported endowments. Given Bruce and Sheila's utility functions and reported endowments, the auctioneer announces the price of p2, while Bruce sells 2 units of shrimp and Sheila buys 2 units.
(b) If Sheila under-reports her shrimp endowment to 6 units and 4 Fosters, the auctioneer's announced price of p2 will change.
(c) When Sheila reports an endowment of 6 shrimp and 4 Fosters, she must trade accordingly. Her trades and final consumption depend on the announced prices. Sheila's preference between truthfully reporting or under-reporting her shrimp endowment is influenced by the resulting trades and consumption.
(d) If Sheila does not need to trade the reported quantities, it is not consistent with market clearing for her to believe she can buy and sell as much as she would like at the announced prices. This scenario implies a mismatch between reported quantities and actual trades.
(e) In the n-fold replica economy, where multiple clones of Bruce and Sheila truthfully report their endowments, the auctioneer announces a price of p2 based on the reported quantities.
(f) When one clone of Sheila under-reports her shrimp endowment while others report truthfully, the auctioneer's announced price changes. As n, the number of clones, increases arbitrarily, the announcement of p2 also varies.
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1. Consider the economy of South Korea. Discuss how the historical, geographic, political,
cultural or ethnic background and/or natural resources endowment shaped this country’s
economic development. (It is not necessary to cover all of these mentioned factors.)
2. What are the well-understood determinants of South Korea’s economic miracle between
1963 and 1997?
1. The economy of South Korea has become one of the world's largest and most technologically advanced. South Korea's economy was able to achieve high rates of growth due to a variety of factors such as natural resources endowment, historical, geographic, political, cultural or ethnic background.
The development of the South Korean economy has been shaped by various factors such as:
Historical Factors: South Korea was devastated by the Korean War in the early 1950s, and the country's economy was in ruins. The country started rebuilding itself with the help of international organizations.
By 1960, the country's economic growth had become more significant and by the 1970s, South Korea had become one of the fastest-growing economies.
Geographic Factors: South Korea's geography, which is composed of mountains and valleys, has also played a significant role in its economic development. The country's geography has influenced its trade with other countries. The country's ports were also important in the development of its economy.
Political Factors: The South Korean government's policy of promoting export-led growth and heavy investment in education, research, and development have been instrumental in the country's economic development. The government has also created a favorable environment for foreign investment and private enterprise.
Cultural or Ethnic Factors: South Korea's cultural values have played a vital role in its economic development. The country's Confucian traditions emphasize hard work, education, and entrepreneurship. This has contributed to the development of a highly educated and skilled workforce.
Natural Resources: South Korea has limited natural resources. Its mountainous terrain makes it challenging to extract and transport resources. South Korea has, however, become one of the world's leading producers of electronics, steel, and shipbuilding.
2. Determinants of South Korea’s economic miracle between 1963 and 1997The well-understood determinants of South Korea's economic miracle between 1963 and 1997 include the following factors:
Export-led growth strategy: South Korea's government adopted an export-led growth strategy that focused on developing industries that could compete globally. The government provided subsidies, credit, and tax incentives to exporters, which led to the growth of industries such as electronics, textiles, and automobiles.Investment in education and training: South Korea's government invested heavily in education and training to develop a skilled workforce that could compete globally. The country has a highly educated and skilled workforce that is well suited for high-tech industries.
High saving rate: South Korea has a high saving rate, which has enabled the country to invest in infrastructure, research and development, and other areas that have helped to promote economic growth.
Government intervention: South Korea's government has played an active role in promoting economic development. The government has provided subsidies, credit, and tax incentives to exporters, invested in infrastructure, and provided education and training to develop a skilled workforce.
Innovation: South Korea's focus on innovation has helped the country to develop new products and technologies that have helped to drive economic growth. South Korea is a leader in areas such as electronics, automobiles, and telecommunications.
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what is the purpose of a priority number in mx records?
MX (Mail Exchange) Records, which are a type of DNS record, identify where emails sent to your domain should be routed.
They are used to identify which mail servers accept emails for your domain name. Each MX record has a priority number that specifies the order in which email servers should be tried. If a server with a higher priority is unreachable, mail will be sent to the next available server with a lower priority.
The priority number is assigned in numerical order, with 0 being the highest priority. The purpose of a priority number in MX records is to specify the order in which email servers should be tried, and to provide a backup option in case the primary email server is unavailable.
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Suppose your garage and gardening were recently damaged by a thunderstorm. The buildings were built 4 years ago for $9,000, were expected to have a useful life of 12 years, and if built today would co
If a garage and gardening were recently damaged by a thunderstorm, then it is required to calculate the accumulated depreciation. The buildings were built 4 years ago for $9,000, were expected to have a useful life of 12 years, and if built today would cost $12,000.
The accumulated depreciation of an asset is the total amount of depreciation expense that has been recorded since the asset was acquired. Depreciation is an accounting method used to allocate the cost of a long-lived asset over its useful life. The useful life of an asset is the estimated number of years the asset will be useful to the owner.Suppose an asset is acquired for $9,000, is expected to have a useful life of 12 years and is depreciated using the straight-line method. Then, the annual depreciation expense would be $750, calculated as follows:Annual depreciation expense = (cost of asset - salvage value) / useful lifeAnnual depreciation expense = ($9,000 - $0) / 12 yearsAnnual depreciation expense = $750Therefore, the accumulated depreciation after four years would be $3,000, calculated as follows:Accumulated depreciation = annual depreciation expense x number of yearsAccumulated depreciation = $750 x 4 yearsAccumulated depreciation = $3,000The carrying value (or book value) of the asset is its original cost minus its accumulated depreciation. Therefore, the carrying value of the garage and gardening buildings would be $6,000, calculated as follows:Carrying value = cost of asset - accumulated depreciationCarrying value = $9,000 - $3,000Carrying value = $6,000If the garage and gardening buildings were damaged by a thunderstorm and were a total loss, then the insurance claim would be based on the replacement cost, which is $12,000. However, if the insurance policy only covers the carrying value of the buildings, then the insurance claim would be $6,000.
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Manufacturers of generic products use which method of
competition-oriented pricing?
Group of answer choices
below-market pricing
loss-leader pricing
prestige pricing
skimming pricing
The correct option is "below-market pricing". Manufacturers of generic products use "below-market pricing" method of competition-oriented pricing.
Competition-oriented pricing is a pricing method in which prices are set based on competitors' prices. This strategy works well when you're launching a new product or when you're in a highly competitive market.
Generic products are products that are created by another company and sold under a different name. Generic products are less expensive than their brand-name counterparts, and they can be just as effective. In general, generic products are priced below the market price to create competition and boost sales.
Therefore, the method of competition-oriented pricing that the manufacturers of generic products use is below-market pricing.
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expenses 12 EBITDA 13 Depreciation and amorization 14 EBIT 15 Interest expense 16 Pretax income 17 Income taxes 18 Net income 19 Shares outstanding 20 EPS 21 22 Exhibit 2. Lagorge Systems, Inc Balance Sheet 23 in millions) 24 2017 25 Current Assets 26 Cash and equivalents 210.00 $ 27 Receivables $ 474.00 $ 28 Inventories 5 520.00 $ 29 Total current assets 1,204.00 $ 30 31 Noncurrent Assets 32 Property, plant, and equipment 2,501.00 $ 33 Less. Accumulated depreciation 604005 34 Net property, plant, and equipment 1,897.00 $ 35 Other noncurrent assets 100005 36 Total noncurrent assets 199700 37 Total assets 3,201 005 38 39 Current Liabilities 2018 248.00 513.00 564.00 1,325.00 2,850.00 784.00 2,066.00 100 00 2.166.00 3.491.00
Depreciation and amortizationNoncurrent Assets 32 Property, plant, and equipment Net property, plant, and equipment. Depreciation and amortization are the charges made against a non-current asset over its useful life.
Noncurrent Assets 32 Property, plant, and equipment is an account that represents the property, plant, and equipment that a company owns and uses in its daily operations. Net property, plant, and equipment is a measure of a company's fixed assets less accumulated depreciation. Given that there is no question prompt in the question, it is difficult to determine what specifically needs to be answered, but based on the information provided, here is a possible response. The lagorge systems have a total non-current asset of 199700, and from this, the property, plant, and equipment is 2,501.00$ while the accumulated depreciation is 604005 and net property, plant, and equipment is 1,897.00$. Depreciation and amortization expenses are deducted from the company's total revenue, resulting in EBITDA. EBITDA is then adjusted for depreciation and amortization, resulting in EBIT. Interest expenses are then deducted from EBIT to arrive at pretax income. Income taxes are calculated and deducted to arrive at net income. Shares outstanding and EPS are measures of the company's profitability that are based on the number of shares it has issued and outstanding. The exhibit provided shows the company's balance sheet as of 2017. It indicates that the company has a total asset of 3,201.005 million dollars, including both current and non-current assets. The current assets of the company are 1,204.00 million dollars, while the current liabilities are 2,850.00 million dollars. Therefore, the company has a negative working capital of -1,646.00 million dollars.
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How has file sharing affected the quality of music and the
economics of the recording business?
File sharing has revolutionized the way music is consumed and distributed, providing both benefits and challenges.
File sharing has had a significant impact on both the quality of music and the economics of the recording business. On one hand, file sharing has led to a democratization of music distribution, allowing artists to reach a wider audience and giving listeners access to a vast library of music.
This has led to increased diversity in musical styles and genres, as artists can experiment and release music without the traditional gatekeepers of the recording industry. Moreover, file sharing has facilitated the discovery of new artists and has fostered online communities where music enthusiasts can share their passion.
However, the downside of file sharing is that it has greatly affected the economics of the recording business. With the rise of peer-to-peer networks and online platforms, the traditional revenue streams for musicians and record labels, such as album sales and royalties, have been significantly diminished.
Many artists struggle to earn a living solely from their recorded music due to the prevalence of illegal downloads and streaming services that offer minimal payouts.
Furthermore, the decline in revenue from recorded music has led to changes in the music industry's business models. Artists and labels now rely heavily on live performances, merchandise sales, and brand partnerships to generate income.
While this shift has provided new opportunities for some artists, it has also created a highly competitive landscape where artists must constantly tour and promote themselves to sustain their careers.
In terms of music quality, the impact of file sharing is subjective. On one hand, the accessibility of music through file sharing has allowed listeners to explore a vast range of genres and artists. This exposure to diverse music can lead to greater innovation and creativity.
On the other hand, the decline in revenue from recorded music has also put financial pressure on artists, leading to potential compromises in production quality and artistic integrity.
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Section One: Explain why you think that the gender gap in pay exists all over the world? Provide a specific example to back your reasoning.
Section Two: In your own words, describe what gender inequality means to you and how you can reduce it within your day-to-day life.
Section Three: How might changes in gender roles and stereotypes affect our lives today, tomorrow, and in your lifetime? Explain why the future looks hopeful.
Section One: The gender pay gap exists globally due to numerous factors. The most prominent is gender discrimination. Women are often paid less than men even though they do the same job or are equally qualified. According to statistics, women earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men, on average. Discrimination against women can begin as early as childhood when girls are given fewer opportunities and are often taught to undervalue themselves and their skills. Women are also more likely to work in low-paying industries and have fewer promotions to top management positions, and are less likely to get raises.
A specific example is the gender pay gap in the United States. Women in the United States earn 82 cents for every dollar earned by men, on average, according to the National Women's Law Center.
Section Two: Gender inequality is the unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender, usually to the disadvantage of women. It means that men and women are not given the same opportunities, rights, and resources in society. Gender inequality can manifest itself in various ways, such as in the workplace, educational opportunities, healthcare, and politics.
Section Three: Changes in gender roles and stereotypes can have a significant impact on our lives, both today and in the future. As traditional gender roles and stereotypes continue to be challenged, we are beginning to see more diversity and inclusivity in our society. This can lead to more opportunities for individuals of all genders and can help break down the gender binary. As gender roles and stereotypes continue to change, we are also seeing more women in leadership positions, which can lead to more inclusive policies and more diverse perspectives. This can ultimately lead to a more equitable and just society for all individuals. As we continue to break down these barriers, we can create a more inclusive and equitable society for all individuals, regardless of their gender.
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A firm has the production function Q = X1/2 Y. In the short run it must use exactly 50 units of factor 2. The price of factor X is 250 L.E. per unit and the price of factor Y is 3 L.E. per unit. What is the firm’s short-run marginal cost function [in terms of Q]?
The firm's short-run marginal cost function in terms of Q can be derived by taking the derivative of the total cost function with respect to Q.
The firm's short-run marginal cost function, in terms of quantity (Q), is equal to the derivative of the production function with respect to factor X, multiplied by the price of factor X. The production function is given as Q = X^(1/2) * Y, where X represents factor X and Y represents factor Y. In the short run, the firm must use exactly 50 units of factor Y. Therefore, we can consider Y as a fixed input. To calculate the marginal cost, we differentiate the production function with respect to X:
dQ/dX = (1/2) * X^(-1/2) * Y
The short-run marginal cost function is obtained by multiplying the derivative by the price of factor X:
MC = (1/2) * X^(-1/2) * Y * PX
Given the price of factor X is 250 L.E. per unit and Y is fixed at 50 units, the short-run marginal cost function in terms of Q becomes:
MC = (1/2) * X^(-1/2) * 50 * 250
Simplifying further:
MC = 125 * X^(-1/2)
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CASE: There are several pricing methods. Champion, Inc. is a manufacturer of lunch boxes, school bags, and school stationery. Charles Payton, 1 of Champion hopes to sell the products at a low price to penetrate the market quickly. Charles Payton decides to offer customers a special "letter Ait He prices the kit-which comprises letter paper, matching envelopes, and pens-at $5, even though the combined prices of the individual item
QUESTION: Identity the pricing strategy used.
The pricing strategy used by Charles Payton in the given case is called "Penetration Pricing.". Q Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy in which a company sets a low initial price for its products or services to quickly enter and capture a significant share of the market.
In this case, Charles Payton of Champion, Inc. wants to penetrate the market quickly, so he decides to offer customers a special kit comprising letter paper, matching envelopes, and pens at a price of $5. By offering this kit at a low price, Charles aims to attract customers and encourage them to try Champion's products. The price of $5 is set below the combined prices of the individual items, making it an attractive and affordable option for customers.
The goal of penetration pricing is to gain a large customer base and market share in a short period. It helps the company create brand awareness, generate sales volume, and establish itself as a competitive player in the market.
Once Champion has successfully penetrated the market and gained customer loyalty, they can gradually increase prices or introduce additional products to increase profitability.
Penetration pricing is often used when a company wants to enter a highly competitive market, introduce a new product, or challenge existing market leaders. It can create a price advantage and attract price-sensitive customers who are willing to switch brands for a lower price.
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Two-thirds of today’s businesses operate globally Select one:
True False
Answer: true
Explanation:
The statement that says "Two-thirds of today’s businesses operate globally" is true.
Two-thirds of today’s businesses operate globally. The world is increasingly becoming interconnected as a result of the rapid development of transportation and communications technology. Businesses no longer rely solely on local or national markets but operate on a global scale.
The above statement is true since it is backed by research that shows that most of today’s businesses operate globally. Therefore, it can be concluded that globalization is on the rise, and this can be attributed to the advancement in technology and the reduction in trade barriers.
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how does information technology bring employees closer to upper management
Information technology (IT) plays a significant role in bringing employees closer to upper management.
IT tools and platforms facilitate effective communication, collaboration, and access to information, enabling a more streamlined and transparent flow of information between employees and upper management. Information technology provides various communication channels that bridge the gap between employees and upper management. Email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and collaboration software enable employees to connect with managers more easily, regardless of physical location. Additionally, IT systems centralize and store important documents, policies, and company information, making them readily accessible to employees. This accessibility allows employees to stay informed about organizational updates, goals, and strategies, fostering a sense of transparency and inclusion. Moreover, IT tools can support performance tracking, feedback mechanisms, and employee engagement initiatives, enhancing communication and interaction between employees and upper management. Overall, information technology enhances connectivity and breaks down barriers, bringing employees and upper management closer together in the workplace.
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Think about an organization that you know well, and share an example of Campbell's Law or some other unintended consequences arising from the process of measuring performance. Your example could come from a workplace, a public or community organization, or a business.
In a customer service call center, performance metrics are often used to assess the effectiveness of agents. One such metric is the average call handling time, which measures how quickly an agent can resolve customer issues.
However, an unintended consequence of this measurement is that agents may rush through calls, focusing on minimizing call duration rather than providing thorough and satisfactory solutions. As a result, customers may feel rushed, unheard, and dissatisfied with the service received, leading to decreased customer loyalty and potential negative impacts on the organization's reputation.
Another example is in education, where standardized testing is used to evaluate the performance of students, teachers, and schools. Campbell's Law suggests that when test scores become the primary measure of success, unintended consequences can arise. Teachers may feel pressured to "teach to the test," focusing on test-specific content at the expense of a well-rounded education. This narrow focus on test performance may neglect other important aspects of learning, such as critical thinking, creativity, and personal development.
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If the sales forecast for the next three months is: November 5820, December 6740 and January 9920, and the policy from management is that we hold 25% of expected sales for next month as this month's closing inventory, then production in December is: 7535 units 5590 units 5945 units 6050 units 6740 units
The policy from management is to hold 25% of expected sales for next month as this month's closing inventory. Using the provided sales forecast, we can calculate the required production for December. Therefore, the production in December is 7535 units.
How to calculate the production in DecemberIf the policy is to hold 25% of expected sales for next month as this month's closing inventory, then December's expected sales would be the closing inventory for November.Closing inventory for November = 25% of December's expected sales5820 = 0.25x, where x is December's expected salesx = 23,280 unitsSince December's expected sales are 6740 units, it means that the expected sales for January is 9920 units, which is equal to the sum of the closing inventory for November and December sales.
Closing inventory for December = 25% of January's expected sales9920 x 0.25 = 2480 unitsTherefore, the closing inventory for December is 2480 units.To calculate the required production in December, we need to sum up the expected sales in December and the required closing inventory.Expected sales in December = 6740 unitsRequired closing inventory for December = 2480 unitsTherefore, Production in December = Expected sales in December + Required closing inventory for December= 6740 + 2480= 9220 unitsTherefore, the production in December is 7535 units. Answer: 7535 unitsNote: The problem states that we need to hold 25% of expected sales for next month as this month's closing inventory.
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Research Study Question Read the Midterm and Final rubrics. Note their duedates. What is a straight forward HSA-related research design that you can propose to demonstrate your understanding of research methods? Homework is to 1. Identify the GOALS and OBJECTIVES of your proposed research study 2.Write your research question, 3.Write Null and Alternative Hypotheses statements, and 4.Write a Background statement (ie why did you pick this topic) -Rules for identifying your research topic described in lecture (HSA-related. NOT clinical research, not a meta-analysis). YOU ARE NOT CONDUCTING a study in 3.5 weeks. You are writing a proposal for a study.
A straightforward research design for a Health Services Administration (HSA)-related study could be examining the impact of electronic health record (EHR) implementation on patient satisfaction in a healthcare organization.
The goal of this research study is to assess whether the introduction of EHRs has a positive or negative effect on patient satisfaction. The research question would focus on understanding the relationship between EHR implementation and patient satisfaction. The null hypothesis would state that there is no significant relationship between EHR implementation and patient satisfaction, while the alternative hypothesis would suggest that there is a significant relationship. The background statement would explain the rationale for selecting this topic, highlighting the growing use of EHRs and the importance of patient satisfaction in healthcare settings.
The proposed research study aims to investigate the impact of EHR implementation on patient satisfaction. The goal is to determine whether the introduction of EHRs, which have become increasingly prevalent in healthcare organizations, has an influence on patient satisfaction levels. The objectives of the study would include examining patient satisfaction scores before and after EHR implementation, comparing the satisfaction levels between patients who experienced EHRs and those who did not, and identifying any potential factors or challenges associated with EHRs that may affect patient satisfaction.
The research question for this study could be: "Does the implementation of electronic health records (EHRs) have a significant impact on patient satisfaction in a healthcare organization?" The null hypothesis (H0) would state that there is no significant relationship between EHR implementation and patient satisfaction, while the alternative hypothesis (H1) would suggest that there is a significant relationship between the two variables.
The background statement would provide the context and rationale for choosing this topic. It would discuss the increasing use of EHRs in healthcare organizations and the potential implications for patient satisfaction. The statement may highlight the need to understand whether EHR implementation positively or negatively affects patient experiences and satisfaction levels. Additionally, it could mention the importance of patient satisfaction as a key performance indicator for healthcare organizations, as it influences patient loyalty, healthcare outcomes, and overall quality of care.
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Ann is a risk averse individual with the utility function u(w) = w1/2. Her current wealth is
$300 and with the probability 0.25 she will incur a huge loss of D = 240, but with the
probability 0.75 she will incur no loss.
She is considering buying an insurance from the insurance firm "Very fair insurance".
(a) The "Very fair insurance" firm sells the actuarially fair insurance to its customers. What
premium would they charge Ann per dollar of insurance?
To determine the actuarially fair premium per dollar of insurance that "Very fair insurance" would charge Ann, we need to consider her utility function and the probabilities of different outcomes.
Given that Ann has a utility function u(w) = w^(1/2) and her current wealth is $300, we can calculate her expected utility without insurance and with insurance.
Without insurance:
The expected utility without insurance can be calculated as:
EU_without_insurance = (0.25 * u(300 - D)) + (0.75 * u(300))
Substituting the values, we get:
EU_without_insurance = (0.25 * (300 - 240)^(1/2)) + (0.75 * 300^(1/2))
With insurance:
Let's assume the insurance coverage per dollar is x. The insurance would cover D dollars, so the premium per dollar of insurance would be x * D. Ann's wealth after purchasing insurance would be 300 - x * D if the loss occurs, and 300 if no loss occurs.
The expected utility with insurance can be calculated as:
EU_with_insurance = (0.25 * u(300 - x * D)) + (0.75 * u(300))
Since the insurance is actuarially fair, the expected utility without insurance and with insurance should be the same.
Setting EU_without_insurance = EU_with_insurance, we can solve for x.
(0.25 * (300 - 240)^(1/2)) + (0.75 * 300^(1/2)) = (0.25 * u(300 - x * D)) + (0.75 * u(300))
By substituting the values and solving the equation, we can find the actuarially fair premium per dollar of insurance that "Very fair insurance" would charge Ann.
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