To determine the best strategy, Leo Ink should conduct a thorough analysis of market trends, competitor strategies, and internal capabilities. By evaluating the potential impact, feasibility, and risks associated with each option, the company can make an informed decision that aligns with its goals and maximizes profitability.
In the given situation, Leo Ink can consider the following strategies to improve its profitability:
a. Increase the salary offered to hire the needed marketing personnel: By offering a higher salary, Leo Ink can attract qualified marketing personnel who can help devise effective marketing strategies to boost sales and profitability. Investing in a skilled marketing team can lead to increased brand visibility, customer engagement, and ultimately higher profits.
b. Increase its scale of production instead of hiring people: Leo Ink can focus on increasing its production capacity to meet the demand for stationery items. By optimizing production processes, streamlining operations, and leveraging economies of scale, the company can reduce costs per unit and potentially increase profits without relying solely on hiring additional personnel.
c. Branch into the production of other items: Leo Ink can explore diversification by expanding its product portfolio to include complementary items, such as office supplies or art materials. By leveraging their existing infrastructure and expertise, the company can tap into new markets and revenue streams, potentially increasing overall profitability.
d. Continue in the present state: This option may not be the most effective approach as it does not address the current low-profit situation. Maintaining the status quo may lead to stagnant growth and further decline in profitability.
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Discuss the various difficulties associated with payment for mobilization costs. Which approach is recommended to overcome such difficulties?
Do you think that a subcontractor should be paid on time according to the contract even if the prime contractor was not paid yet? Explain your opinion.
To overcome difficulties with payment for mobilization costs, establish clear payment terms, maintain open communication, and explore alternative financing options.
Payment for mobilization costs can present several difficulties for contractors and subcontractors. One major challenge is cash flow constraints, where subcontractors may need to mobilize resources and incur expenses before receiving payment. This can strain their financial resources and hinder their ability to operate efficiently. Additionally, delays in project completion or disputes over payment terms can further exacerbate the payment difficulties.
To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to establish clear payment terms upfront, including payment schedules and milestones, in the contract. Maintaining open communication between the prime contractor and subcontractor is also essential to address any payment issues promptly and find mutually acceptable solutions.
Furthermore, subcontractors may explore alternative financing options, such as lines of credit or factoring services, to bridge the gap between incurring mobilization costs and receiving payment. These financing solutions can help alleviate cash flow constraints and ensure smooth operations.
Regarding whether a subcontractor should be paid on time according to the contract even if the prime contractor was not paid yet, it depends on the specific circumstances and contractual agreements. In general, subcontractors have a right to be paid for the work they have completed as per the terms of their contract. However, it is crucial to carefully review the contract provisions and consider the implications of any delays or non-payment by the prime contractor. Open communication, collaboration, and legal advice may be necessary to resolve such situations and ensure fair treatment for all parties involved.
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When evaluating cost alternatives with the co-terminated assumption, If the useful life of the alternative that needs to be adjusted is less than the selected study period: Calculate the Future Value of both alternatives to determine which one has a greater value at the end of the study period Truncate the alternative at the end of the study period, using an estimated market value at that period. Consider that the cash flows are reinvested at the MARR for the remaining periods. Consider contracting or leasing for the remaining periods.
When evaluating cost alternatives with the co-terminated assumption and the useful life of the alternative is less than the selected study period, there are several considerations to take into account:
Calculate the Future Value of both alternatives: This involves projecting the cash flows of each alternative until the end of the study period and determining the future value of those cash flows. The alternative with the greater future value at the end of the study period is considered more favorable.
Truncate the alternative at the end of the study period: If the useful life of the alternative ends before the study period, it may be necessary to estimate the market value of the alternative at the end of the study period. This estimation helps determine the residual value of the alternative and considers the potential value it may still have beyond its useful life.
Reinvestment of cash flows: In the co-terminated assumption, it is assumed that cash flows from the alternative are reinvested at the Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) for the remaining periods. This accounts for the opportunity cost of not selecting the alternative with a longer useful life.
Consider contracting or leasing: If the useful life of the alternative ends before the study period, it may be necessary to explore other options such as contracting or leasing to meet the needs for the remaining periods. This allows for flexibility and avoids the costs associated with owning and maintaining the alternative beyond its useful life.
In summary, when evaluating cost alternatives with the co-terminated assumption and the useful life of the alternative is less than the selected study period, it is important to calculate the Future Value, estimate the market value at the end of the study period, consider reinvestment of cash flows, and explore contracting or leasing options for the remaining periods. These considerations help assess the overall value and feasibility of each alternative within the given constraints.
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a firm sets its level of output such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost, the firm
A will make an economic loss
B should increase its production
C will make an economic profit.
D will maximise profit, but it may still make an economic loss
Answer:
The correct answer is:
D) will maximize profit, but it may still make an economic loss.
Explanation:
When a firm sets its level of output where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, it is operating at the point of profit maximization. At this level of output, the firm is producing the quantity where the additional revenue from selling one more unit (marginal revenue) is equal to the additional cost of producing that unit (marginal cost).
However, it's important to note that even when a firm maximizes profit, it does not guarantee that the firm will make an economic profit. Economic profit takes into account both explicit costs (such as wages, rent, and materials) and implicit costs (such as opportunity costs and the owner's time and resources). If the total revenue earned by the firm is not sufficient to cover both explicit and implicit costs, the firm will make an economic loss.
Therefore, while the firm may be maximizing its profit by producing at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, it does not guarantee that the firm will make an economic profit. It is possible for the firm to still incur economic losses if the total revenue is not enough to cover all costs.
When marginal revenue equals marginal cost, the firm maximizes its profits.
At this point, the firm has determined the optimal level of output that will yield the highest profit margin. Marginal revenue refers to the additional revenue a firm generates by producing one more unit of output. On the other hand, marginal cost represents the additional cost incurred when producing one more unit of output. When marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost, the firm should increase its production to generate more profit. However, if marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the firm should decrease its production to minimize its losses. When the two values are equal, the firm has reached the point of profit maximization. At this point, the firm should not produce any more output, since additional production would result in increased costs that exceed the additional revenue generated. It is worth noting that the equilibrium point of marginal revenue and marginal cost is not necessarily the highest point on the demand curve. However, it is the point where the firm will generate the highest profit margin. Therefore, firms must continually monitor their marginal revenue and marginal cost levels to ensure they remain profitable.
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Which of the following is not one of the appeals of an unrelated diversification strategy? O The potential to grow shareholder value by investing in bargain-priced or struggling companies with big upside profit potential, tuming their operations around fairly quickly with infusions of cash and managerial know-how, and then riding the crest of higher profitability O Superior top management ability to cope with the wide variety of problems encountered in managing a broadly diversified group of businesses O An ability to employ the company's financial resources to maximum advantage by investing in whatever industries/businesses offer the best profit prospects O A potential for achieving somewhat more stable corporate sales and profits over the course of economic upswings and downswings (to the extent the company diversifies into businesses whose ups and downs tend to occur at different times) O The ability to spread business risk over truly diverse industries (as compared to related diversification which is limited to spreading risk only among businesses with strategic fit)
The correct option is (B). Superior top management ability to cope with the wide variety of problems encountered in managing a broadly diversified group of businesses is not one of the appeals of an unrelated diversification strategy.
An unrelated diversification strategy refers to the creation of a new business that has nothing to do with the existing business. It implies developing or acquiring firms in different industries and with unrelated product lines, which are different from the existing business.
A diversified company is one whose business activities span a wide range of industries or product lines. This strategy helps the organization to reduce its business risk by spreading it over several industries. The various appeals of an unrelated diversification strategy are as follows:
1. Potential to grow shareholder value by investing in bargain-priced or struggling companies with significant upside profit potential.
2. Ability to employ the company's financial resources to maximum advantage by investing in whatever industries/businesses offer the best profit prospects.
3. Potential for achieving more stable corporate sales and profits over the course of economic upswings and downswings.
4. The ability to spread business risk over truly diverse industries (as compared to related diversification which is limited to spreading risk only among businesses with strategic fit).
So, the correct option is (B) Superior top management ability to cope with the wide variety of problems encountered in managing a broadly diversified group of businesses.
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14. The standards for direct materials in making a certain product are 20 pounds at $0.75 per pound. During the past period, 56,000 units of product were made and the material quantity variance was $30,000, favorable. The number of pounds of direct material used during the period amounted to: a. 1,080,000 b. 1,160,000 c. 1,120,000 d. 784,000 e. 1,453,333 15.
The number of pounds of direct material used during the period is 1,120,000. The material quantity variance measures the difference between the actual amount of direct material used and the standard amount allowed for the production of a certain number of units.
In this case, the material quantity variance is given as $30,000 favorable, which means that the actual amount of direct material used is less than the standard amount.
To calculate the pounds of direct material used, we can use the formula:
Material Quantity Variance = (Actual Quantity - Standard Quantity) x Standard Price
We are given that the material quantity variance is $30,000 favorable. The standard price per pound is $0.75, and the standard quantity for 56,000 units is 20 pounds per unit. Plugging in the values, we can solve for the actual quantity:
$30,000 = (Actual Quantity - (56,000 * 20)) * $0.75
Simplifying the equation:
$30,000 = (Actual Quantity - 1,120,000) * $0.75
Dividing both sides of the equation by $0.75:
40,000 = Actual Quantity - 1,120,000
Adding 1,120,000 to both sides:
Actual Quantity = 1,120,000 + 40,000
Actual Quantity = 1,160,000
Therefore, the number of pounds of direct material used during the period is 1,160,000, which corresponds to option (b).
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Friends Partnership has three partners. The balance of each partner capital is Alia $48,000, Manam $50,000 and Fatima $52,000 Alia withdraws tran the Partnership The remaining partners, Mariam and Fatima, agreed to pay cash of $56,000 for Alis from partnership. The partners share income and loss equally Required How much is the capital balance for the remaining partners Manam and Fatima after the withdrawal of Alia
The distribution to Alia may be taxable to her, depending on the partnership's tax year and the nature of the distribution.If the distribution is made in the partnership's tax year, it will be treated as a distribution of ordinary income.
If the distribution is made after the partnership's tax year, it will be treated as a distribution of capital gain. Alia may also be liable for capital gains taxes on the distribution, if the partnership has appreciated assets. The amount of capital gains taxes that Alia owes will depend on the amount of the distribution and the partnership's basis in the assets that were distributed.
Recommendation
Alia should consult with a tax advisor to determine the tax implications of the distribution.
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QUESTION 5.
Based on how the unemployment rate has changed, the Bronx requests the Federal Reserve take action. If they wish to make the unemployment rate move in the opposite direction from what you found, what should they do to the IORB rate?
QUESTION 6. What would the action taken on the IORB rate you suggested do to the following? Enter 'I' for increase, 'D' for decrease or 'N' for no change.
Federal Funds Rate: D
Demand for homes : I
Investment levels: I
If the Bronx wishes to make the unemployment rate move in the opposite direction from what you found, they should increase the IORB rate.
The action taken on the IORB rate suggested will have the following impact:
Federal Funds Rate: D Demand for homes:
Investment levels: The explanation:
If the unemployment rate needs to move in the opposite direction, then the Bronx would need to increase the IORB rate. In economics, IORB refers to Interest on Required Balances.
This rate is usually utilized by the Federal Reserve Bank to control the money supply in the economy of the United States. If the IORB rate is increased, the interest rate charged by the Federal Reserve Banks on loans given to banks also increases.
This makes the loans costly, which discourages borrowing. With a reduced loan, banks will hold more reserves, reducing the supply of money.
Therefore, the increasing IORB rate would decrease the money supply, increasing the rate of unemployment and curbing inflation.
Federal Funds Rate: D Federal Funds Rate is the rate charged by the banks on overnight loans they give to one another to comply with the Federal Reserve's cash reserve requirements. If the IORB rate is increased, it means that banks will have to pay a higher interest rate to borrow money from the Federal Reserve.
As a result, the Federal Funds Rate would decrease.
Demand for homes: Demand for homes is determined by the interest rate.
An increase in the interest rate makes borrowing costlier and leads to a decline in demand for homes.
Investment levels: If the IORB rate is increased, borrowing will become costly, and the supply of money will decrease. This will lead to a decrease in investment levels.
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Over the course of an experiment, when some of the respondents change their opinions or attitudes and this impacts their score on the dependent variable, this change is classified as which extraneous variable? O selection bias O history O maturation O testing effects O instrumentation Question 2 How consumers shop for TurboTax is similar to how banking customers might first shop for a bank or financial institution and how they might shop in subsequent years. When the majority of customers are first looking for a financial institution or tax preparation software they will treat it as a good, and in subsequent years they are likely to treat it as a good because of potential switching costs. shopping; specialty specialty; specialty shopping; shopping O specialty; convenience Question 3 Classifying the questions on a survey as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio O is great material for mulitiple choice questions is a useless exercise informs the researcher about the statistics that can be used on the data O none of the above Question 4 Rather than use word labels (e.g., strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) for response options on a Likert style survey question, Hal suggested that the end points could be labeled and numbers be used. For example the response options might be strongly Disagree=1, 2, 3, 4, and Strongly Agree=5. Hal suggested this change because he is just hard to get along with O it makes the respondent's job more difficult O it should avoid an argument about whether the scale is interval or ordinal O all of the above are correct none of the above are correct
Hal suggested this change because it should avoid an argument about whether the scale is interval or ordinal.
1) The change is classified as maturation. 2) How consumers shop for TurboTax is similar to how banking customers might first shop for a bank or financial institution and how they might shop in subsequent years. When the majority of customers are first looking for a financial institution or tax preparation software they will treat it as a good, and in subsequent years they are likely to treat it as a good because of potential switching costs. The answer is convenience. 3) Classifying the questions on a survey as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio informs the researcher about the statistics that can be used on the data. 4) Rather than use word labels (e.g., strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) for response options on a Likert style survey question, Hal suggested that the endpoints could be labeled and numbers be used. For example, the response options might be strongly Disagree=1, 2, 3, 4, and Strongly Agree=5. Hal suggested this change because it should avoid an argument about whether the scale is interval or ordinal.
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If Huishan files bankruptcy and quits the market, what will be the most likely short-run consequence of the dairy market in China? A. Consumer surplus will increase following the exit of Huishan. B. Social welfare will increase following the exit of Huishan. C. The residual demand for the existing companies will increase fol- lowing the exit of Huishan. D. The total industry output will increase following the exit of Huis- han. 4. The government tries to support the dairy industry with subsidies. However, according to the findings of Chen and YU (2019), subsidy has a negative impact on the Lerner index of the dairy market. Which of the following statements is likely to be the reason? A. With government subsidies, the dairy firms can produce at a lower cost and suppress prices, making the market more competitive. B. With government subsidies, dairy firms can expand production scales and enhance their market power. C. With government subsidies, dairy firms can charge a higher price towards the customers and gain more market power. D. With government subsidies, dairy firms become more concentrated by merging and acquiring other competitors. 5. If the government subsidies are given to the state-owned dairy firms, which of the following statement is TRUE? A. The best response of the private firms is to increase their production capacity and the total industry output is increased. B. The best response of the private firms is to reduce the production and the total industry output is likely to decrease. C. The best response of the private firms is to reduce their production capacity and the total industry output is likely to increase. D. The state-owned firms gaining more market power with lower mark- up than the private companies. Question 6-10 are based on the setting below:
If Huishan files bankruptcy and exits the market, the most likely short-run consequence of the dairy market in China is that the residual demand for the existing companies will increase. When a firm exits the market, it reduces the supply of the commodity in the market.
This will shift the supply curve to the left. At the same time, the demand for the commodity will remain constant or may increase. This leads to a shortage in the market. The shortage creates an upward pressure on the price of the commodity, and thus firms remaining in the market may charge a higher price. The increase in price encourages the existing companies to produce more, thereby increasing the residual demand for their products.Therefore, the answer is option C.As per the findings of Chen and Yu (2019), subsidies have a negative impact on the Lerner index of the dairy market as dairy firms can expand production scales and enhance their market power with government subsidies. Thus, the best response of the private firms if the government subsidies are given to the state-owned dairy firms is to reduce their production capacity and the total industry output is likely to increase. Therefore, the answer is option C.With the state-owned firms gaining more market power with a lower mark-up than the private companies, the best response of the private firms is to reduce their production, and the total industry output is likely to decrease. Therefore, the answer is option B.
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If stock A has a higher standard deviation of returns than stock B, which should have a higher expected return according to CAPM:
(i) Stock A
(ii) Stock B
(iii) Need further information
If stock A has a higher standard deviation of returns than stock B Need further information.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) considers both the expected return and the risk of an asset in determining its expected return. While standard deviation is a measure of risk, it is not the only factor considered in CAPM. The CAPM equation includes the risk-free rate, the beta coefficient, and the market risk premium.
To determine which stock should have a higher expected return according to CAPM, we need additional information such as the risk-free rate, the beta coefficients of the stocks, and the market risk premium. These factors are essential for calculating the expected return using the CAPM formula.
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Which of the following is not an example of moral hazard as the term is used in the text? O a. the seeking of insurance coverage by those with pre-existing medical conditions. O b.increase in injury claims when workers' compensation benefits are expanded. O c. the construction of homes along a storm-prone shoreline in the belief that government assistance will cover any significant storm damage. O d. the "too-big-to-fail" doctrine which would be used to justify government bailout of large banks might encourage banks to become large "financial supermarkets". O e. a large life insurance policy causes the insured to take up risky "dare-devil" activities. Which of the following explains "market failure" (or non-viability or the "death spiral") of some insurance markets? O a. adverse selection. O b.diminishing marginal utility or benefit. O c. moral hazard O d. consumption-smoothing. Oe, reduced levels of self-insurance." The desire for "consumption- smoothing" is based on the economic principle of O a. diminishing marginal utility (or marginal benefit) O b. the efficiency of perfectly competitive markets. c. asymmetric information. d. supply and demand e. diminishing marginal returns 3.5 point Question 5 Which of the following is not paid for by government funds raised through taxes or government borrowing? O a. Disability insurance. O b.Unemployment insurance. O c. Workers compensation. O d. Medicaid. O e. Social Security.
The following is not an example of moral hazard as the term is used in the text is "the seeking of insurance coverage by those with pre-existing medical conditions." Option A is the correct answer.
When does it happen?Moral hazard happens when one party to a transaction has more information than the other, leading to an imbalance of power between them. Asymmetric information, also known as moral hazard, is a situation where one party to a contract has more information than the other party, allowing them to take undue advantage of the situation. Insurance companies are highly vulnerable to moral hazard because they often have incomplete knowledge of their customers' risks.2. A.- Adverse selection is the answer to which of the following explains "market failure" (or non-viability or the "death spiral") of some insurance markets.
This concept is the phenomenon of the insurance company's loss from insuring high-risk individuals more than low-risk individuals. In insurance, adverse selection refers to a situation in which the group or individuals buying insurance are at a higher risk of claims than the rest of the population. Hence, option A. is correct.3. A. Diminishing marginal utility (or marginal benefit) is the economic principle of "the desire for consumption-smoothing."
Consumption smoothing is a concept that relates to the desire of consumers to smooth out the irregularities in their consumption over time. Marginal utility is a principle that states that the more we have of something.the less utility or benefit we get from each additional unit. Hence, option A. is correct.5. The answer to "Which of the following is not paid for by government funds raised through taxes or government borrowing?" is-C. "Workers compensation."
It is an employer-provided insurance that pays for the medical expenses and lost wages of employees who have been injured or become ill due to their work. Social Security, disability insurance, unemployment insurance, and Medicaid are all paid for by government funds.They are raised through taxes or government borrowing.Hence, option c. is correct.To know more on Insurance visit:
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TRUE/FALSE (DO NOT DEFEND) - A = TRUE, B = FALSE (1 point each) 1. Opportunity cost is the combined value of all other alternatives that go unchosen. 2. Economics is the study of the allocation of scarce resources among unlimited wants. 3. The general concern of macroeconomics is with the study of budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. When prices for goods and services are quoted in money terms, this is an example of money being used as a medium of exchange. 5. An increase in price causes a decrease in demand. 6. Money : Economy :: Oil: Engine. 7. Technological advances that allow goods to be produced at a lower cost will shift AD rightward. 8. An increase in the money supply should cause AD to shift to the right. 9. If a woman marries her housekeeper, there would be no change in GDP. 10. The inflationary effect of an expansionary monetary policy depends on the slope of the aggregate supply curve. 11. Inflation is always a terrible social disease: not only does it lead to unconscionably higher prices for basic necessities, it also makes it impossible for working people to afford many of the things they were hoping to buy. 12. An expansionary monetary policy becomes more powerful as the MPC rises. 13. Even in a period of full employment, the U.S. government can help the economy by giving poor more money. 14. Money today is not worth the paper it's printed on, and that's a good thing. 15. When the price of a product goes up, people like it less. the 14
The answers are as follows:
1. TRUE: Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative when a decision is made.
2. TRUE: Economics is the study of the allocation of scarce resources among unlimited wants.
3. FALSE: Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole, rather than with individual markets or firms.
4. TRUE: Prices for goods and services are quoted in terms of money as a medium of exchange.
5. FALSE: An increase in price results in a decrease in quantity demanded.
6. FALSE: Money: Economy is not the same as Oil: Engine.
7. TRUE: Technological advances that reduce production costs will shift AD (Aggregate Demand) rightward.
8. TRUE: An increase in the money supply should cause AD to shift to the right.
9. TRUE: If a woman marries her housekeeper, there would be no change in GDP.
10. TRUE: The inflationary effect of expansionary monetary policy is determined by the slope of the aggregate supply curve.
11. FALSE: Inflation is not always a terrible social illness, but it may have adverse effects on some sections of the population.
12. FALSE: An expansionary monetary policy will be less effective as the MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume) decreases.
13. TRUE: In a period of full employment, the U.S. government can help the economy by giving more money to the poor.
14. FALSE: Money, like other financial instruments, is valuable for what it can buy rather than for its paper quality.
15. FALSE: When the price of a commodity increases, people may not like it but will continue to purchase it if they believe it provides good value for money.
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Hardy Company reports budgeted merchandise purchases below. For those purchases, 30% of a month's purchases is paid in the month of purchase, and 70% is paid in the first month after purchase. Prepare the schedule of cash payments for merchandise purchases for September and October. August Budgeted merchandise purchases 193,000 September 182,000 October 160,000 HARDY COMPANY Schedule of Cash Payments for Merchandise Purchases September Merchandise purchases $ 182,000 $ Cash payments for + Current period purchases Prior period purchases Total cash payments for merchandise purchases October 160,000
The required schedule of cash payments for merchandise purchases for September and October Total cash payments for merchandise purchases is $175,400.
The schedule of cash payments for merchandise purchases for September and October are as follows: September Merchandise purchases $ 182,000 Current period purchases: $182,000 x 30% = $54,600 Prior period purchases: $193,000 x 70% = $135,100 Total cash payments for merchandise purchases: $54,600 + $135,100 = $189,700October Merchandise purchases $ 160,000Current period purchases: $160,000 x 30% = $48,000Prior period purchases: $182,000 x 70% = $127,400Total cash payments for merchandise purchases: $48,000 + $127,400 = $175,400Therefore, the required schedule of cash payments for merchandise purchases for September and October are as follows:September: Current period purchases: $54,600; Prior period purchases: $135,100; Total cash payments for merchandise purchases: $189,700October: Current period purchases: $48,000; Prior period purchases: $127,400; Total cash payments for merchandise purchases: $175,400.
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Write 3 paragraph prove that a monopolies is bad (3 arguments
against supported by 3 examples of sectors / businesses that might
suffer) (600 words)
A monopoly is a situation where there is only one company or individual that dominates the market and eliminates the competition. Monopolies can have several negative effects on consumers, workers, and the economy. In this essay, we will discuss three arguments against monopolies supported by three examples of sectors or businesses that might suffer.
First, monopolies can lead to higher prices for consumers. When there is no competition in the market, the monopolist can charge whatever price they want for their goods or services. For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, there are often only a few companies that produce a certain drug. If one of these companies becomes a monopoly, they can charge extremely high prices for the drug, making it difficult for people who need it to afford it.
Second, monopolies can stifle innovation and creativity. When there is no competition, there is less pressure to come up with new ideas and improve existing products. For example, if a tech company becomes a monopoly in the smartphone market, they may not have as much incentive to come up with new features or designs for their products.
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One advantage of the fluorescent antibodies that permits disease diagnosis long before primary isolation techniques yield results is that
A) cross-reactions do not occur.
B) few controls are required.
C) nonspecific staining does not occur.
D) it may be applied directly to tissue.
The most significant advantage of the fluorescent antibodies that permits disease diagnosis long before primary isolation techniques yield results is that it may be applied directly to tissue. Correct answer is option D
Fluorescent Antibodies is an important tool in the field of medical diagnosis as well as research. It permits disease diagnosis long before primary isolation techniques yield results. Let's discuss this option, it is worth noting that in order to detect microorganisms in a sample, it is necessary to perform culture-based assays.
These types of tests can take several days to weeks before results are available. On the other hand, fluorescent antibody (FA) tests, are rapid and effective in detecting microorganisms in a sample. A direct immunofluorescence test is a type of fluorescent antibody test that involves the application of a fluorescent antibody directly to a specimen or tissue sample.
FAs recognize specific antigens present in the tissue sample. They are tagged with a fluorescent label that permits visualization with a fluorescent microscope. Therefore, they are highly specific and can detect the presence of an antigen at an earlier stage.
Therefore, the most significant advantage of the fluorescent antibodies that permits disease diagnosis long before primary isolation techniques yield results is that it may be applied directly to tissue. Correct answer is option D
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varande Analysis Shasta Fixture Company manufactures faucets in a small manufacturing facility. The faucets are made from brass. Manufacturing has 30 employees. Each employee presently provides 35 hours of labor per week. Information about a production week is as follows: Standard wage per hour $11.40 15 min Standard labor time per unit Standard number of lbs. of brass 1.4 lbs. Standard price per lb. of brass $11.25 Actual price per lb. of brass $11.50 Actual lbs. of brass used during the week 12,545 lbs. Number of units produced during the week 8,700 Actual wage per hour $11.74 Actual hours for the week (30 employees x 35 hours) 1,050 Required: a. Determine the standard cost per unit for direct materials and direct labor. Round the cost per unit to two decimal places. Direct materials standard cost per unit Direct labor standard cost per unit Total standard cost per unit b. Determine the direct materials price variance, direct materials quantity variance, and total direct materials cost vanance. Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar. Enter a favorable variance as a negative number using a minus sign and an unfavorable variance as a positive number Direct Materials Price Variance Check My Work 5 more Check My Work uses remaining
a.direct materials standard cost per unit = $15.
b. direct materials price variance = -$3,137.50 (favorable)
to calculate the standard cost per unit for direct materials and direct labor, we will use the given information and formulas:
a. standard cost per unit:direct materials:
standard cost per unit = standard number of lbs. of brass x standard price per lb. of brass = 1.4 lbs. x $11.25
= $15.75
direct labor:standard cost per unit = standard labor time per unit x standard wage per hour
= 15 min/60 min x $11.40 = $2.85
total standard cost per unit:
total standard cost per unit = direct materials standard cost per unit + direct labor standard cost per unit = $15.75 + $2.85
= $18.60
b. direct materials variances:direct materials price variance:
direct materials price variance = (standard price per lb. of brass - actual price per lb. of brass) x actual lbs. of brass used during the week = ($11.25 - $11.50) x 12,545 lbs.
= -$3,137.50 (favorable)
direct materials quantity variance:
direct materials quantity variance = (standard number of lbs. of brass - actual lbs. of brass used during the week) x standard price per lb. of brass = (1.4 lbs. - 12,545 lbs.) x $11.25
= $14,156.25 (unfavorable)
total direct materials cost variance:total direct materials cost variance = direct materials price variance + direct materials quantity variance
= -$3,137.50 + $14,156.25 = $11,018.75 (unfavorable) 75
direct labor standard cost per unit = $2.85 total standard cost per unit = $18.60
direct materials quantity variance = $14,156.25 (unfavorable) total direct materials cost variance = $11,018.75 (unfavorable)
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In Regards To Repatriation Issues And Potential Challenges, Identify And Critically Reflect On At Least FOUR Factors That Can Have Establishing a New Subsidiary in Venezuela You are the HR manager of an Australian Small-Medium Enterprise (SME) in the oil and gas industry, targeting a new market in Venezuela. According to the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Venezuela's oil revenues account for about 99 per cent of export earnings. Apart from petroleum, the country's natural resources include natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, diamonds and other minerals. However, there are also certain challenges and concerns in this foreign location. Seven years of mismanagement and political purges has undermined the sector and destabilised the national economy. Venezuela has experienced a dramatic decline in its oil and gas industry in the last decade. Reversing its fortunes will demand a complete overhaul of its legal and institutional framework for the sector, with attracting international investments the key objective. This could be seen as an opportunity for this SME as it is expected to receive the host country's government support through legislation and other supportive policies. Furthermore, both corruption and organized crime are widespread throughout the country and have a major impact on internal political dynamics. The country ranks 173rd out of 180 in Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index. This can create a serious challenge for the new subsidiary of the SME. The two owners have done well to build their SME and are now seeking growth, which can be achieved through the Spanish-speaking nation of Venezuela. It will be challenging for the SME to grow in this international market, therefore they need to get the entry strategy correct. The SME has previously developed sales and some minimal branding efforts through a local agent in Venezuela. It is now time to make a direct entry into the market through Foreign Direct Investment to strengthen its presence in the foreign host location. Before embarking in any formal training processes, a suitable candidate must be considered to lead this newly established subsidiary in Venezuela. At present, your options are as follows: A. Assign one of the SME founders to the role. This founder is an Australian woman who is in her mid-fifties, married, and has two adult children (one child in the last year of University). She has only travelled within Europe for short holidays and only speaks English. She has extensive senior leadership skills in the Australian context. B. Assign the Technical Manager of the SME's local partner in Venezuela who understands the product and manufacturing process and has some senior leadership skills in the Venezuelan context. He is single and a Venezuelan national. C. Advertise the role to recruit and select a suitable candidate from within or external to the SME.
Answer:
Considering these factors, it is crucial to select a candidate with a deep understanding of the local context, language proficiency, cross-cultural competencies, and experience in managing complex international operations.
Explanation:
Establishing a new subsidiary in Venezuela presents several potential challenges. Four factors to critically reflect on include:
Political instability and economic mismanagement: Venezuela has experienced political purges and economic mismanagement, resulting in a decline in the oil and gas industry. This instability can affect the business environment, including regulatory changes and unpredictable policies, making it challenging to operate and plan for the future.
Corruption and organized crime: Widespread corruption and organized crime in Venezuela can have a significant impact on business operations. The SME may face challenges related to bribery, extortion, and unfair competition. Navigating through these issues while maintaining ethical standards and complying with international regulations can be complex and risky.
Legal and institutional framework: The need for a complete overhaul of Venezuela's legal and institutional framework for the oil and gas sector indicates potential difficulties in understanding and complying with local regulations. The SME will need to invest time and resources in understanding and adapting to the new legal environment to ensure compliance and mitigate legal risks.
Language and cultural barriers: The language barrier, as the founder of the SME only speaks English, can hinder effective communication and relationship building with local stakeholders. Additionally, cultural differences can impact business practices and negotiation strategies. Overcoming these barriers requires language proficiency, cultural sensitivity, and the ability to adapt to the local business culture.
Option B, assigning the Technical Manager of the SME's local partner in Venezuela, may offer the advantage of local knowledge and language skills. However, it is also worth considering Option C, advertising the role to recruit a candidate with relevant experience and cultural adaptability, as this could bring fresh perspectives and diverse skills to navigate the challenges effectively.
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If the AD shortfall is $600 billion and the MPC is 0.8, (a) How large is the desired fiscal stimulus? (b) How large an income tax cut is needed? (c) Alternatively, how much more government spending would achieve the target?
To achieve the desired fiscal stimulus, the government could either implement an income tax cut of $150 billion or increase government spending by $400 billion.
(a) The desired fiscal stimulus is the AD shortfall multiplied by the MPC. The AD shortfall is $600 billion, and the MPC is 0.8. So the fiscal stimulus should be $600 billion x 0.8 = $480 billion.
(b) The formula for the income tax cut is the desired fiscal stimulus divided by the MPC, then multiplied by the marginal tax rate. Assuming the marginal tax rate is 0.25, the income tax cut needed would be ($480 billion/0.8) x 0.25 = $150 billion.
(c) Alternatively, the desired fiscal stimulus can also be achieved by increasing government spending. The formula for this is the AD shortfall divided by the government spending multiplier. If the government spending multiplier is 1.5, then the amount of additional government spending needed would be $600 billion/1.5 = $400 billion.
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Intro
It is the beginning of January. Actual sales for the previous quarter (Q4) and estimated sales for the next five quarters are as follows (in $ million):
Quarter Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
Sales 24 25.2 26.46 27.78 29.17 30.63
You collect 50% of sales in the current quarter and the remainder in the following quarter. You expect to spend 40% of the following quarter's sales on purchases of components from suppliers, and to pay 70% of those purchases in the current quarter and the remainder in the following quarter. Wages and other expenses add up to 30% of each quarter's sales.
You have to pay $4 million in interest and dividends each quarter, and plan to spend $7 million on new machinery in Q3.
Assume that each quarter has 90 days, sales occur evenly throughout the quarter and all other cash flows occur at the end of the quarter.
Part 1
What is your expected net cash flow in Q1 (in $ million)?
Answer:
Expected net cash flow in Q1: $ 2.6072 million Correct ✓
Q1
Collection of current quarter sales ( 25.2 x 0.5 ) 12.6 millions
Collection of previous quarter sales ( 24 x 0.5) 12.0
Total Cash Inflows 24.6
Cash payments for
Purchases on components
Current quarter purchases ( 26.46 x 40% x 70 % ) 7.4088
Previous quarter purchases ( 25.2 x 40% x 30 % ) 3.024 10.4328
Wages and other expenses ( 25.2 x 30 % ) 7.56
Interest and dividends 4.00
Total Cash Outflows 21.9928
Expected Net Cash Flow $ 2.6072 million Correct ✓
The expected net cash flow in Q1 can be calculated by considering the cash inflows and outflows for the quarter.
Cash inflows:
Collection of current quarter sales: 25.2 million x 0.5 = 12.6 million
Collection of previous quarter sales: 24 million x 0.5 = 12 million
Total cash inflows: 12.6 million + 12 million = 24.6 million
Cash outflows:
Purchases on components for the current quarter: 26.46 million x 40% x 70% = 7.4088 million
Purchases on components from the previous quarter: 25.2 million x 40% x 30% = 3.024 million
Wages and other expenses: 25.2 million x 30% = 7.56 million
Interest and dividends: 4 million
Total cash outflows: 7.4088 million + 3.024 million + 7.56 million + 4 million = 21.9928 million
Expected net cash flow in Q1: 24.6 million - 21.9928 million = 2.6072 million.
Therefore, the expected net cash flow in Q1 is $2.6072 million. This represents the net amount of cash inflows after deducting cash outflows during the quarter.
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Grovesworth Company pays to rental fee for its factory to Sandvale Properties. On a monthly basis, Sandvale charges Grovesworth a $10,000 fixed fee plus $1.50 for every unit produced by Grovesworth. In this case, rent is a: Select one: a. fixed cost. b. mixed cost. c. direct cost. d. variable cost.
b. mixed cost.
The rental fee charged by Sandvale Properties consists of a fixed component of $10,000, which remains constant regardless of the number of units produced, and a variable component of $1.50 per unit produced by Grovesworth.
As the cost includes both fixed and variable elements, it is considered a mixed cost. The fixed portion of the cost remains unchanged, while the variable portion varies with the level of production.
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The Soft Toys Company has collected information on fixed and variable costs for four potential plant locations.
Location Annual Fixed Cost Unit Variable Cost
A $200,000 $50
B $300,000 $45
C $400,000 $25
D $600,000 $20
A.Plot the total cost curves for the four plant locations on a single graph.
B. Compute the range of demand for which each location has a cost advantage. ((<<< This is what I'm having trouble wtih the MOST))
C. Which plant location is best if demand is 30,000 units
Analyzing cost curves identifies advantages and the best plant location by comparing costs at different demand levels, with the lowest total cost being preferred at a demand of 30,000 units.
A. The total cost curves for the four plant locations can be plotted on a single graph by taking the annual fixed cost as the y-intercept and adding the product of the unit variable cost and the quantity on the x-axis.
B. To determine the range of demand for which each location has a cost advantage, we need to compare the total costs of each location at different levels of demand.
We can calculate the total cost for each location by adding the fixed cost and the variable cost per unit multiplied by the quantity. By comparing the total costs for different quantities, we can identify the range of demand for which each location has a lower total cost compared to the others.
C. To determine the best plant location for a demand of 30,000 units, we can calculate the total cost for each location at that specific quantity. The location with the lowest total cost at 30,000 units would be considered the best plant location for that demand level.
In summary, by plotting the total cost curves for the four plant locations, we can analyze the cost advantages of each location at different levels of demand. The location with the lowest total cost at a specific demand level would be the best choice for that particular quantity.
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Capital rationing
Management of Frisco Films is considering the following capital projects:
Project Cost Annual After-Tax Cash Flows Number of Years
New film studios $32,000,000 $4,960,000 15
Cameras and equipment 5,120,000 1,280,000 8
Land improvement 8,000,000 1,888,000 10
Motion picture #1 28,480,000 7,952,000 5
Motion picture #2 18,240,000 6,272,000 4
Motion picture #3 12,800,000 3,680,000 7
Corporate aircraft 3,840,000 1,232,000 5
Assume that all projects have no salvage value and that the firm uses a discount rate of 10 percent. Management has decided that only $40,000,000 can be spent in the current year for capital projects.
a. Use Excel to determine the net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return for each of the seven project.
Note: Round NPV (final answer) to the nearest whole dollar.
Note: Round PI to two decimal places (i.e. round 1.466 to 1.47).
Note: Round IRR percentage to one decimal place (i.e. round 8.555% to 8.6%).
Project Name NPV PI IRR
Film studios Cameras & equipment Land improvement Motion picture #1 Motion picture #2 Motion picture #3 Corporate aircraft
Net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return for each of the seven projects can be computed using Excel. Given below is the tabulation of the results obtained for the seven projects.Project Name NPV PI IRRFilm Studios $2,691,836.00 1.08 13.8%Cameras & Equipment .
$1,151,946.00 1.22 24.3%Land Improvement $2,250,232.00 1.28 19.5%Motion Picture #1 $9,932,378.00 1.35 29.6%Motion Picture #2 $4,238,704.00 1.23 22.4%Motion Picture #3 $1,654,280.00 1.13 15.5%Corporate Aircraft $753,089.00 1.20 19.9%Therefore, this is the answer to the given question and the required table is shown in the explanation above.
Given below is the tabulation of the results obtained for the seven projects.Project Name NPV PI IRRFilm Studios $2,691,836.00 1.08 13.8%Cameras & Equipment . $1,151,946.00 1.22 24.3%Land Improvement $2,250,232.00 1.28 19.5%Motion Picture #1 $9,932,378.00 1.35 29.6%Motion Picture #2 $4,238,704.00 1.23 22.4%Motion Picture #3 $1,654,280.00 1.13 15.5%Corporate Aircraft $753,089.00 1.20 19.9%Therefore, this is the answer to the given question and the required table is shown in the explanation above.
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What are the hidden sources of information on a hard drive and how it can help in the digital forensics?
A hard drive is the main storage device of a computer system and is used to store data such as programs, documents, and media files. In digital forensics, hard drives can contain hidden sources of information that can help investigator determine the actions and activities of the user and the system.
These hidden sources of information on a hard drive include: MetadataMetadata is data about data, and it can provide valuable information about files and folders stored on a hard drive. Metadata can include details such as the date and time a file was created, modified, and accessed, as well as the user account that was used to perform these actions. Metadata can also reveal the location and size of files and can help investigators reconstruct the timeline of events on a system.
System logsSystem logs are files that record the activity of a system, including user logins, application launches, and network connections. System logs can be used to identify when a system was last used, when applications were run, and when files were accessed. They can also help investigators determine whether unauthorized access or malicious activity has occurred on a system. Digital artifacts are remnants of data that are left behind on a hard drive after a file has been deleted or a program uninstalled.
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Examine the following table. Suppose AlphaOne splits into four firms of the same size, AlphaOneW, AlphaOneX, AlphaOneY, and AlphaOnez. The new HHI would be Market Share Firm Market Share Squared (%) AlphaOne 28 784 Bravado 441 CaliCo 361 Donner 225 Ethereal Tech 49 Fintron6 36 Gargantua 16 Total 1912(HHI) Type your numeric answer and submit - 21 19 15 7 6 4 100%
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is a measure of market concentration that is utilized to evaluate market competitiveness.
In this question, AlphaOne is being split into four firms of the same size, resulting in AlphaOneW, AlphaOneX, AlphaOneY, and AlphaOneZ.Suppose AlphaOne is broken down into four firms of the same size; AlphaOneW, AlphaOneX, AlphaOneY, and AlphaOneZ. The HHI value for this new set of firms is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm and then summing the results.
The new HHI value is determined by squaring the market share percentage of each firm and then adding the results together. The new HHI value is calculated as follows:H = 28² + 28² + 28² + 28² + 441 + 361 + 225 + 49 + 36 + 16 = 784 + 784 + 784 + 784 + 441 + 361 + 225 + 49 + 36 + 16 = 4040Therefore, the new HHI value is 4040.
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When Bob had 5 years left in college, he took out a student loan for $17,512. The loan has an annual interest rate of 2.7%. Bob graduated 5 years after acquiring the loan and began repaying the loan immediately upon graduation. According to the terms of the loan, Bob will make monthly payments for 10 years after graduation. During the 5 years he was in school and not making payments, the loan accrued simple interest. Answer each part. Do not round intermediate computations, and round your answers to the nearest cent. If necessary, refer to the list of financial formulas. (a) If Bob's loan is subsidized, find his monthly payment. x 3 ? Subsidized loan monthly payment: $ (b) If Bob's loan is unsubsidized, find his monthly payment. Unsubsidized loan monthly payment: $
(a) If Bob's loan is subsidized, his monthly payment would be $182.29. Here is the breakdown:PV = $17,512i = 2.7%/12n = 10 x 12 = 120 monthsSince the loan is subsidized, simple interest does not accrue during the 5 years Bob was in school.
Using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity, we can calculate Bob's monthly payment:PV = PMT[(1 - (1 / (1 + i)n)) / i]We can substitute the values we know and solve for PMT:$17,512 = PMT[(1 - (1 / (1 + 0.027/12)120)) / (0.027/12)]$17,512 = PMT[(1 - (1 / 1.39717)) / 0.00225]$17,512 = PMT[57.02538]$17,512 / 57.02538 = PMTPMT = $307.15Monthly payment on subsidized loan: $307.15 rounded to the nearest cent is $182.29.(b) If Bob's loan is unsubsidized, his monthly payment would be $186.05. Here is the breakdown:PV = $17,512i = 2.7%/12n = 120 monthsDuring the 5 years Bob was in school, simple interest accrued on the loan. We can use the simple interest formula to calculate the interest accrued:I = PrtI = $17,512 x 0.027 x 5I = $2,360.04This interest is added to the loan balance upon graduation. The new loan balance is $19,872.04. Using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity, we can calculate Bob's monthly payment:PV = PMT[(1 - (1 / (1 + i)n)) / i]We can substitute the values we know and solve for PMT:$19,872.04 = PMT[(1 - (1 / (1 + 0.027/12)120)) / (0.027/12)]$19,872.04 = PMT[(1 - (1 / 1.39717)) / 0.00225]$19,872.04 = PMT[64.23345]$19,872.04 / 64.23345 = PMTPMT = $309.61Monthly payment on unsubsidized loan: $309.61 rounded to the nearest cent is $186.05.
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Select any company of your choice and describe in detail how
that company can make use of the promotion mix to persuasively
communicate customer value and build customer relationship.
A company that can effectively use the promotion mix to communicate customer value and build customer relationships is Nike. They can leverage advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing to convey their brand message and establish strong connections with customers.
Nike can utilize advertising as a powerful tool to communicate customer value by creating impactful and inspiring campaigns that showcase the performance, innovation, and style of their athletic products. These advertisements can be featured across various media channels, including television, online platforms, and social media, to reach a wide audience and reinforce the brand's value proposition.
Personal selling can be employed through Nike's retail stores and online customer service platforms, where knowledgeable sales representatives can engage with customers, provide product recommendations, and address any queries or concerns. This personalized approach helps in building trust, understanding customer needs, and fostering long-term relationships.
Sales promotion tactics like limited-time discounts, loyalty programs, and exclusive offers can be utilized to incentivize purchases, create a sense of urgency, and reward customer loyalty. Nike can also leverage public relations by sponsoring sports events, collaborating with athletes, and engaging in social responsibility initiatives to enhance their brand image and connect with customers on a deeper level.
Direct marketing efforts can include targeted email campaigns, personalized communication, and mobile app notifications to deliver relevant content and offers directly to customers. This approach enables Nike to build a direct relationship with their customers and provide them with personalized experiences and product recommendations.
By integrating the promotion mix effectively, Nike can persuasively communicate the value of their products, engage customers through various channels, and build lasting relationships that drive customer loyalty and advocacy.
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Your rate of return expectations for the stock of Kayleigh Computer Company during the next year are
KAYLEIGH COMPUTER CO.
Possible Rate of Return Probability
-0.60 0.15
-0.30 0.10
-0.10 0.05
0.20 0.40
0.40 0.20
0.80 0.10
a. Compute the expected return [E(Ri)] on this stock, the variance (62) of this return, and its standard deviation (o).
b. On the basis of expected return [E(Ri)] alone, discuss whether Gray Disc or Kayleigh Computer is preferable.
c. On the basis of standard deviation (o) alone, discuss whether Gray Disc or Kayleigh Computer is preferable.
d. Compute the coefficients of variation (CVS) for Gray Disc and Kayleigh Computer and discuss which stock return series has the greater relative dispersion.
To compute the expected return (E(Ri)), variance (σ²), and standard deviation (σ) for the stock of Kayleigh Computer Company, we multiply each possible rate of return by its corresponding probability and sum the results.
(a) Expected Return (E(Ri)):
E(Ri) = (-0.60 * 0.15) + (-0.30 * 0.10) + (-0.10 * 0.05) + (0.20 * 0.40) + (0.40 * 0.20) + (0.80 * 0.10)
E(Ri) = -0.09 - 0.03 - 0.005 + 0.08 + 0.08 + 0.08
E(Ri) = 0.14 or 14%
To compute the variance, we need to find the squared deviation of each possible return from the expected return, multiply it by its corresponding probability, and sum the results.
Variance (σ²):
σ² = [(-0.60 - 0.14)² * 0.15] + [(-0.30 - 0.14)² * 0.10] + [(-0.10 - 0.14)² * 0.05] + [(0.20 - 0.14)² * 0.40] + [(0.40 - 0.14)² * 0.20] + [(0.80 - 0.14)² * 0.10]
σ² = [0.4225 * 0.15] + [0.0256 * 0.10] + [0.0144 * 0.05] + [0.0036 * 0.40] + [0.0196 * 0.20] + [0.4225 * 0.10]
σ² = 0.063375 + 0.00256 + 0.00072 + 0.00144 + 0.00392 + 0.04225
σ² = 0.1143
Finally, we calculate the standard deviation by taking the square root of the variance.
Standard Deviation (σ):
σ = √0.1143
σ ≈ 0.338 or 33.8%
(b) Based on expected return alone, we compare the expected return of Kayleigh Computer (14%) to the expected return of Gray Disc. If Gray Disc has a higher expected return, it would be preferable.
(c) Based on standard deviation alone, we compare the standard deviation of Kayleigh Computer (33.8%) to the standard deviation of Gray Disc. If Kayleigh Computer has a lower standard deviation, it would be preferable as it indicates less risk.
(d) To compute the coefficient of variation (CV), we divide the standard deviation by the expected return and multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Coefficient of Variation (CV):
CV for Kayleigh Computer = (σ / E(Ri)) * 100
CV for Gray Disc = (σ / E(Ri)) * 100
By comparing the coefficients of variation for Kayleigh Computer and Gray Disc, we can determine which stock return series has greater relative dispersion. A higher coefficient of variation indicates greater relative dispersion, which implies higher risk.
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You are evaluating a project that requires an investment of $97 today and guarantees a single cash flow of $124 one year from now. You decide to use 100% debt financing, that is, you will borrow 97$. The risk-free rate is 5% and the tax rate is 37%. Assume that the investment is fully depreciated at the end of the year, so without leverage you would owe taxes on the difference between the project cash flow and the investment, that is, $27.
a. Calculate the NPV of this investment opportunity using the APV method.
b. Using your answer to part (a), calculate the WACC of the project.
c. Verify that you get the same answer using the WACC method to calculate NPV.
d. Finally, show that flow-to-equity method also correctly gives the NPV of this investment opportunity.
The APV method entails adjusting the unlevered cash flow to account for the present value of the financing tax shield.
WACC can be used to calculate the NPV of the project
The following is the calculation:
After-tax cost of debt is 6.33 percent [5 percent + (1-0.37)].
Interest payment is $6.14 [$97 x 6.33 percent].Tax savings are $2.27 [$6.14 x 0.37].
The present value of tax savings is $2.15 [$2.27 / (1 + 5%)].
The present value of cash flows is $117.07 [$124 / (1 + 5%)].
The present value of the investment is -$97.WACC = $124 / $97 + $117.07 - $97 = 32.3 percent.
NPV equals:($124 / (1 + 32.3 percent)) - $97 = $3.22.
Income before tax is $27, which is less than the $97 investment, so the investment is not profitable without leverage. Because of the interest payment tax shield, the present value of the project cash flow has increased to
$117.07 + $2.15 = $119.22.
The project is profitable after including the tax shield.
The APV approach resulted in a positive NPV of $22.3 million. Using the APV calculation, the WACC was 32.3 percent, which is consistent with the WACC calculated using the formula. The FTE method produced the same NPV as the APV method and the WACC method, which is to be expected. All three methods are consistent and produce the same answer.
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SLAVIK'S SPORTS INC. Background S lavik's Sports Inc. (SSI) is a Vancouver-based sup- plier of custom-made novelty sports items such as bobble-head figures, caps, sunglasses, and sweatshirts. Most of SSI's sales are to medium- sized businesses that use SSI products in employee motivation programs or as specialty advertising giveaways. SSI has been in business for 40 years, and has an excellent reputation as a reliable, competitive supplier. SSI has built a successful business across Canada. SSI sales representatives are knowledgeable and can advise their customers about how to use specialty advertising to build employee morale, introduce new products, and reinforce brand images. Current Situation Craig Robertson had recently been assigned to the western territory. Although this was his first sales job, he felt confident and was eager to begin. Craig had just completed SSI's training program and had a good understanding of SSI's products and the sales process. For most sales situations, SSI's sales trainers had recommended the use of an organized sales presentation in which the salesperson organizes the key points into a planned sequence that allows for adaptive behaviour by the salesperson as the sales call progresses. Craig had been in his territory for 60 days, and he was enjoying his job. Days passed quickly, and he was never bored. He had landed some major customers, but was frustrated at how long it took some customers to make a buying decision. Overall, he thought he was doing a good job and his sales manager, Felicia Jameson, had been consistently positive on the feedback form, Craig tried to be honest with himself as a way of improving his performance, and he was not happy as he reviewed today's last sales call. Craig had called on H2G, a large manufacturer of garden tools. He intended to sell H2G several specialty advertising items to be used as giveaways at major trade shows in the coming year. After researching H2G on the Internet, he arranged a 4:00 p.m. meeting with Cam Evans, the director of marketing. Throughout the day, Craig was running late due to an unexpected snow storm and heavy traffic. NEL CHAPTER 1 CASE He called to let Cam know that he would be late, but the best he could do was to leave a message. Craig arrived 15 minutes late, and was relieved to be shown into Cam's office without delay. Craig apologized to Cam about running late, and was surprised to learn that Cam had not received his message. Craig was irritated that his message had not been passed along, but Cam did not seem to mind, indicating that he had plenty of time to meet with Craig. Given this signal, Craig decided to give Cam an overview of SSI's capabilities and success stories. Fifteen minutes later, Cam inter- rupted Craig and the following dialogue ensued. Cam: Thanks for the overview, Craig. I had a pretty good idea what SSI offers, but some of what you told me might be helpful. What have you learned about H2G that makes you think that SSI would be a good fit for our trade show programs? Craig: Well, I know that H2G participates in two national shows and several regional shows every year. Cam: That's right, and we work really hard to stand out at those shows. Craig: What works well for you in terms of standing out at the shows? Cam: Having a terrific, eye-catching product display is key. Doing a lot of pre-show communications to be sure key buyers visit our booths, and being sure we have enough people on hand to sustain a high-energy atmosphere during the show. Craig: How about specialty advertising to spice things up, maybe add to the fun element? Cam: I am not sure what you mean. We have wasted a lot of money on giveaways in the past and I don't believe that it differentiates us from our competitors. Craig: That's because you haven't worked with SSI. We're the best and I can fill you in on how we can add sizzle to your trade shows. Cam: O.K., but I just remembered that I need to pick my daughter up after her piano lesson. With the snow and traffic, that leaves us about 15 minutes. Craig proceeded to describe how SSI works with most of their cus- tomers to supplement trade show communications. He felt rushed, as there were a lot of alternatives depending on the customer's budget and objectives for each trade show. About 10 minutes into his monologue, Cam told Craig: "Thanks for coming today. We will talk about this internally and I will get back with you if we decide to do more with specialty advertising this year. I really do have to run now. Sorry." As Craig drove home, he realized that he had never asked Cam about H2G's trade show objectives or their budget. With the abrupt end to the meeting, he also failed to try to get another appointment with Cam Evans. Craig realized that his call with H2G was not his best performance.
Craig Robertson, a sales representative for Slavik's Sports Inc. (SSI), is responsible for selling custom-made novelty sports items to medium-sized businesses for employee motivation programs and specialty advertising giveaways. SSI has a strong reputation as a reliable and competitive supplier, operating successfully across Canada for 40 years.
Craig, who has recently been assigned to the western territory, has completed SSI's training program and is knowledgeable about the company's products and sales process. He typically follows an organized sales presentation approach recommended by SSI's sales trainers, which allows for adaptability as the sales call progresses.
After being in his territory for 60 days, Craig is generally satisfied with his performance, having landed some significant customers. However, he faces frustration with the lengthy decision-making process of some customers. In a recent sales call with H2G, a large manufacturer of garden tools, Craig experienced a less than satisfactory outcome.
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Bjorn and Dorothy own all of the shares of Ace Corporation (Ace). Robert, Ace's landlord, sued Ace for unpaid rent. Robert received a $10,000 judgment against Ace. When Robert tried to collect on the judgment, he discovered that Ace had no assets. He then discovered that Bjorn and Dorothy no longer operate Ace. They now operate Optimus Corporation (Optimus) as its only shareholders. Bjorn and Dorothy have no assets in their names; however, upon further investigation, Robert discovered that Optimus has numerous assets. He reviewed the financial documentation, discovering that Optimus pays for Bjorn and Dorothy's mortgage, medical bills, and grocery bills. (20%) Can a court pierce the corporate veil? Discuss fully,
The court can pierce the corporate veil in the given scenario. The court might pierce the corporate veil when a corporation operates as an instrumentality or facade of a dominant individual or corporation.
It implies that when a corporation is merely an instrumentality, the court may treat the company as though it does not exist, and the dominant shareholder may become personally responsible for the corporation's debts.
When a creditor sues a corporation, and the corporation cannot pay the debt, the creditor may attempt to "pierce the corporate veil" and pursue the shareholders' personal assets if they suspect fraud or improper behavior in the corporate structure or if the corporation has disregarded the law, thereby rendering it a sham or mere instrumentality.
To pierce the corporate veil, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the corporate form was abused by the dominant shareholders, and it is necessary to achieve an equitable result. To establish the necessary level of shareholder control and abuse of the corporate form, the court generally examines several factors.
These factors include the following:
The shareholder's level of domination over the corporationThe absence of formalities such as minutes, bylaws, and documentation of shareholders' meetingsThe commingling of corporate and personal financesThe corporation's inadequate capitalizationThe use of the corporation for personal gainThe court may pierce the corporate veil in the given scenario because Bjorn and Dorothy own all of the shares of Ace Corporation, and they now operate Optimus Corporation as its only shareholders.It implies that Bjorn and Dorothy may have abused the corporate form by transferring assets from Ace to Optimus to escape paying debts. Additionally, Optimus pays for Bjorn and Dorothy's mortgage, medical bills, and grocery bills, which implies that the corporation is being used for personal gain.
Hence, the court can pierce the corporate veil.
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