short note on sodium permutit​

Partition coefficient Chloroform = 11.98, Diethyl Ether = 2.81 and Benzene = 1.05      

Chloroform would be the ideal solvent to use when extracting the chemical from an aqueous solution because it has the highest solubility.

A solution is a homogenous mixture of one or even more solutes in a solvent. Adding sugar cubes to a cup of tea or coffee is an example of a solution. A property that facilitates the dissolution of sugar molecules is solubility. Solubility is the property of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a particular solvent. A solute is any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance that dissolves in a solvent.    

The compound needs 2 grams of solvent to dissolve it.

Finding solubility

For water, 2g/90ml= 2.22

For chloroform, 2g/7.50= 26.6

For diethyl ether, 2g/32= 6.25

For benzene, 2g/85= 2.35

Partition Coefficients -

For chloroform = 11.98

For Diethyl Ether = 2.81

For Benzene = 1.05

As a result of its high solubility, chloroform would be used to extract a compound from an aqueous solution.

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If 2.00 tons of coal is burned, then the mass of nitrogen in the form of nox gases, is produced by this combustion is 400134 g of nitrogen.

The chemical reaction equation can be written as

C135H96O9NS + 156O2 ------- 135CO2 + 48H2O + NO + SO2

Mass of 2.0 tons of coal in gram = 1.814 × 10^(6) g

Molar mass of C135H96O9NS can be calculated as = 135(12) + 96(1) + 14 + 32 = 1904 moles of coal

Now, number of moles of coal burned = 1.814 × 10^(6) g / (1906 g/mol) = 952.7 moles of coal

If 1 mole of coal produced 1 mole of NO

Total 952.7 moles of coal produced 952.7 moles of NO

Mass of NO can be calculated as

Mass of NO produced = 952.7 × 30 = 28581 g

1 mole of NO = 30 g of NO

Thus, 14 g of nitrogen is contained in 30 g of NO

Let xg of nitrogen is contained in 28581 g of NO

Then,

x = 14 × 28581 = 400134 g of nitrogen.

If 2.00 tons of coal is burned, then the mass of nitrogen in the form of nox gases, is produced by this combustion is 400134 g of nitrogen.

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0.3147128245 moles of AgNO₃ will be needed to completely react with 10.0 g of Cu.

Determine the number of moles of copper by dividing its mass by its molar mass.

moles Cu = mass Cu / MM Cu

moles Cu = 10.0 g/ 63.55 g/mol

moles Cu = 0.1573564123

Based on the balanced chemical reaction between copper and silver nitrate, 1 mole Cu needs 2 moles AgNO₃ to proceed with the reaction completely.

Cu + 2AgNO₃ ⇒ 2Ag + Cu(NO₃)₂

If there are 0.1573564123 moles Cu, then 0.3147128245 moles AgNO₃ is needed.

moles AgNO₃ = 0.1573564123 moles Cu(2 moles AgNO₃ / 1 mole Cu)

moles AgNO₃ = 0.3147128245

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When you are working diligently in the chemistry lab, when suddenly a small explosion occurs in the rear of the room , immediately and automatically capturing your attention, this is an example of Reflexive attention.

Reflexive attention is essentially a semi-autonomous decision making system.

The brain regulates vital body functions such as heartbeat, movements and learning processes. Also, the brain controls the psychological processes such as memory, wakefulness, and attention.

Attention is categorized into two groups; voluntary and reflexive.

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The solution for addressing transportation concerns and reducing the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere might include promoting vehicles powered by renewable energy sources to harvest the crops and get them to market (Option B).

The expression renewable energy sources make reference to different types of energy that replace the use of fossil based fuels in order to avoid the increase in the carbon dioxide level.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that renewable energy sources such as wind energy or solar energy replace fossil based fuels.

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The ground state electronic configuration of Nitrogen atom is 1s²2s²2p³

The ground state electronic configuration of vanadium atom is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d³

Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons within an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s²2s²2p⁶. This means that the 1s, 2s and 2p subshells have 2, 2 and 6 electrons respectively.

The electronic configuration of a type of atom (neutral or ionic) allows us to understand the shape and energy of its electrons. Many general rules are followed in assigning an electron's "position" to its possible energy states, but these assignments are arbitrary and it is always unknown which electron is being described. Knowing the electronic configuration of a species allows us to better understand its binding ability, magnetism and other chemical properties.

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Answer:  6.022 x 10²³ units

Explanation:

The theoretical yield in grams for this reaction under the given conditions is 11.05g.

The theoretical yield is the greatest amount of a product that can be produced in a chemical reaction. It can be determined using the chemical equation with balance. the relative formula mass, mass, and mass of the  limiting reactant, as well as the relative formula mass of the result

Given,

Mass of H₂ = 1.96 g

Mass of N₂ = 9.78 g

Molar mass of H₂ = 2 g/mol

Molar mass of N₂ = 28 g/mol

Lets calculate the moles of N₂ and H₂,

Moles of H₂ = [tex]\frac{given mass}{molar mass}[/tex]

H₂ = [tex]\frac{1.96}{2}[/tex]

H₂ = 0.98 mol

same for moles of N₂ = [tex]\frac{given mass}{molar mass}[/tex]

N₂ = [tex]\frac{9.78}{28}[/tex]

N₂ = 0.349 mol

Now, calculate limiting and excess reagent.

The balanced chemical equation is:

3H₂ + N₂ = 2NH₃

From the balanced reaction we conclude that.

As, 3 mole of H₂ react 1 mole of N₂

So, 0.98 moles of H₂ react with 0.98/3 = 0.32 moles of N₂

From this we conclude that, N₂ is an excess reagent because the given moles are greater than the required moles and H₂ is a limiting reagent and it limits the formation of product.

Let us calculate the moles of NH₃

From the reaction, we conclude that

As, 3 mole of H₂ react to give 2 mole of NH₃

So, 0.98 mole of H₂ react to give [tex]\frac{2}{3}[/tex]×0.98 = 0.65 mole of NH₃

Now we have to calculate the mass of NH₃

Mass of NH₃ = Moles of NH₃ × Moles of NH₃

Molar mass of NH₃ = 17 g/m

Mass of NH₃ = 0.65 × 17

Mass of NH₃ = 11.05g

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According to the given statement A solution's ammonia concentration will be 0.0106 M.

The amount of solute contained in a specific solution volume is the substance's concentrations. The molarity of solute for 1 L of solution, or molarity, is used to express quantities.

NH₄OH(aq) + HCl (aq)⇒ NH4Cl(aq) + H2O (l)

According to the neutralization law,

n[tex]_1[/tex]M[tex]_1[/tex]V[tex]_1[/tex] = n[tex]_2[/tex]M[tex]_2[/tex]V[tex]_2[/tex]

where,

M[tex]_1[/tex] = molarity of HCl solution = 0.1080 M

V[tex]_1[/tex] = volume of HCl  solution = 24.60 ml

M[tex]_2[/tex] = molarity of NH₄OHsolution = ?

V[tex]_2[/tex] = volume of NH₄OH solution = 250.0 ml

n[tex]_1[/tex] = valency of HCl  = 1

n[tex]_2[/tex] = valency of NH₄OH= 1

1 * 0.1080 M * 24.60 = 1 * M2  * 250.0

M2 = 0.0106

As a result, a solution's ammonia concentration will be 0.0106 M.

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The Bohr model for the atom explains how electrons chenges different energy levels and accounted for the emission spectra of atoms.

The Bohr model postulates that electrons orbit the nucleus at constant electricity ranges. Orbits in addition to the nucleus exist at better electricity degrees. While electrons go back to a decreased strength level, they emit energy in the shape of light.

Bohr's model shows that the atomic spectra of atoms are produced via electrons gaining energy from a few supplies, leaping as much as a better electricity degree, then without delay losing returning to a lower strength stage and emitting the strength difference among the 2 power ranges.

Bohr explained the steadiness of atoms by using presenting that electrons revolve across the nucleus inside the exact circular paths having fixed strength and while transferring in the same orbit they do now not lose or benefit from strength.

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The complete table shows characteristics of gas law :      

                               Variables                    constant               Equation

Boyles law        pressure , volume         Temperature        PV = k

Charles law     volume ,temperature      pressure             V = kT

Gaylussac law  pressure, temperature      volume            P = kT

combined       pressure, temperature    no. of moles        PV = kT

     gas law                       volume                        

1) The Boyles law states that : The pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to volume of gas.

P ∝ 1/V

PV = k

k is constant

2) The Charles law `states that at constant pressure the volume is directly proportional to temperature of gas.

V ∝ T

V = kT

3) The gay - lussac law states that at constant volume pressure is directly proportional to temperature.

P ∝ T

P = kT

4) The combined gas law is the combination of temperature , pressure and volume .

PV = kT

Thus, The complete table shows characteristics of gas law :      

                              Variables                    constant               Equation

Boyles law        pressure , volume         Temperature        PV = k

Charles law     volume ,temperature      pressure             V = kT

Gaylussac law  pressure, temperature      volume            P = kT

combined        pressure, temperature    no. of moles        PV = kT

     gas law                        volume                        

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Answer:

The answer is A: temperature and moles of gas

Edge 2023

The volume of chlorine gas produced at STP by the current of 2.5 amperes flowing for a period of 1.8 hours through an aqueous solution of silver chloride is 1.504 L.

The moles of chorine gas that are liberated at STP by passing a given current through an electrolyte containing chloride ions is determined from the equation of the oxidation reaction that occurs when chlorine gas is liberated from chloride ions.

The equation of the oxidation reaction is given below:

2 Cl⁻ ---> Cl₂ (g) + 2 e

From the equation of reaction, two moles of electrons liberated 1 mole of chlorine gas.

The volume of 1 mole of chlorine gas = 22.4 L

Quantity of current in 2 moles of electrons = 2 * 96500 C

Quantity of current in 2 moles of electrons = 193000 C

Quantity of current in 2.5 amperes flowing for a period of 1.8 hours = 2.5 * 1.8 * 3600

Quantity of current in 2.5 amperes flowing for a period of 1.8 hours = 12960 C

The volume of chlorine gas produced = 12960 * 22.4/1930000

The volume of chlorine gas produced = 1.504 L

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Complete question:

What volume of chlorine gas measured at STP would be liberated by the current of 2.5 amperes flowing for a period of 1.8 hours through an aqueous solution of silver chloride?

Yes, alcohol burns off when cooking. To make sure that alcohol cooks out completely, you need to cook the food longer. The possible situation for alcohol in recipes is fermentation.

Foods undergo fermentation process for saving and storing them for longer periods through preservation.

In general, alcohol is used during fermentation process to increase their storage time.

During fermentation, food is cooked for about 15 minutes. That is why most foods contain almost 40 percent of alcohol in them.

In order to remove alcohol, it is necessary to cook food longer. The longer you cook, the more alcohol cooks out.

However, to remove all traces of alcohol, make sure to cook food for about three hours.

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1) The species oxidized shows a(n) = increase in oxidation number.

2) The species reduced shows a(n) = decrease in oxidation number.

3) The species that shows a decrease in oxidation number is the = oxidizing agent.

4) The species that shows an increase in oxidation number is the = reducing agent.

The degree of biological activity controls both the formation of zones where specific redox processes predominate and the progression of environmental redox reactions. Anoxia, which are situations when the concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen is extremely low, is a requirement but not a sufficient condition for lowering conditions. The active microbial population shifts from communities that depend on aerobic respiration, in which molecular oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor, to anaerobic respiration, in which other chemical substances take the place of molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor supporting respiration, as a result of the development of anoxia.

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With density 1.00 g/ml and a specific heat of 4.184 j/g we can see that the heat of the chemical reaction in joules is H = 1,596 J

We are given

Total volume of the mixture = 70.6 ml

Change in temperature = 6.1 °C

Density of reaction mixture =  1.00 g/ml

Specific heat of water =  4.184 J/g = 4200 J/Kg

Now Density = mass/volume

Mass of water = Density × volume

Mass of water =  1 g/mL × 62.3 mL

Now in order to find heat in joules, let's use the formula.

H = mcθ

m = mass of water

c = heat capacity of water

θ = temperature rise

Now substituting the values we get

H = 0.0623 Kg × 4200 J/Kg × 6.1 °C

H = 1,596 J = 1.5 KJ

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Equation showing the Mn³⁺ cation acting as an acid:

Mn³⁺+ H₂O → MnOH²⁺ + H⁺

A cation is a positively charged ion in a metal element whose formation is carried out by releasing one or more electrons from its outermost electrons to achieve stability.

The intermediate reaction is an acid-base reaction. Acid-base reactions generally produce salt and water. However, in this reaction what is formed is an anion and a conjugate acid-base cation because it uses the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base principle. Mn³⁺ acts as an acid so that it donates a proton MnOH²⁺ to H⁺ so that the species formed are MnOH²⁺ and H⁺.

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Answer:

Let us know formula and denotion for Lithium oxide is Li2O.

Explanation:

While on the basis of Electronic configuration:

Lewis structure(for Lithium atom)-Li•

For Oxygen atom- it is 6 dots in the Word O(for Oxygen) but is needed to paired in a pair(of two dots if possible) by the use of either all sides where two dots are presented two sides While one dot is represented on other two sides.

When we come across we might have a simple question how and why the Lithium oxide is Li2O

So,as we know Li(have one electron in its outermost shell),written as Li^+/+1 While Oxygen requires 2 more electrons to stabilize its valency,so it written as O^-2/2-

On combining,Li^+ & O^-2

Exchange and crossing up of valency is done forming Li2O.

Do check the image uploaded for better clarity and understanding.

The three major flaws addressed by Moran's periodic spiral are:

1) Since hydrogen possesses distinct attributes that set it apart from every other element in the table, it effectively does not belong to any of the table's 18 columns.

2) The lanthanides and actinides, which are the elements from each period of the f block, have comparable properties but are not shown in columns in the table.

3) The column-and-row layout of the  periodic table hides the continuity between the pieces, which is better represented by an a spiral.

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The spot with the lowest Rf value would be the most polar one and, thus, the one that is least soluble in the stationary phase.

Does more polarity indicate a higher or lower Rf value?

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the mole percent of oxygen be in the diving gas for the partial pressure of oxygen in the mixture to be 0.21 atm , the same as in air at 1 atm is 2.52%

Atm 8.32 is the total pressure.

0.21 atm is the partial pressure of oxygen gas.

The relationship between partial pressure, total pressure, and mole fraction is depicted here.

partial oxygen pressure Total pressure x Mole percent of oxygen -

Calculate the gas's mole fraction of oxygen.

0.21 atm 8.32 x Mole fraction

Mole fraction = 0.21/8.32 = 0.0252

As illustrated below, determine the mole percent of the gas. Mole percent is equal to the mole fraction divided by 100, which is 0.0252 times 100 and 2.52% respectively.

As a result, oxygen's mole percent is 2.52%.

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Answer:

1. Protons

2. Protons and Neutrons

3. Valence electrons

Explanation:

Answer: 6.59 x 10^24 formula units

Explanation: Formula units are another word for atoms, meaning we use Avogadro's number (6.022x10^23 atoms per mole), we multiply 10.95 by Avogadro's number to get the answer

Structures produced by the catalytic reduction of the given compound, in which H₂ is in excess are attached as a picture.

Upon the catalytic reduction of the given compound 1-ethylcyclohexa-1,4-diene (missing in question) by using excess hydrogen, two compounds (1R,2S)-1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane and (1S,2R)-1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane results. One compound has R,S configuration and the other has S,R configuration. By using the CIP rules priorities are given to the groups attached to the chiral carbon. CIP rules are based on the atomic masses of the groups attached so the minimum number is given to the group having the highest atomic mass. As it is a mixture of two enantiomers so we can call it a recemic mixture.

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partial pressure of n2o in the gas mixture was found to be 143.6 kPa

what is partial pressure?

Each gas that makes up a mixture of gases has a partial pressure, which represents the pressure that would exist if that gas alone had filled the complete volume of the initial mixture at the same temperature. According to Dalton's Law, the partial pressures of the individual gases make up the overall pressure of a perfect gas combination.

A gas's partial pressure is a gauge of its molecules' thermodynamic activity. However, unlike liquids or gas mixtures, gases behave differently depending on their partial pressures when dissolving, diffusing, and reacting. This characteristic of gases often holds true for gas chemical reactions in biology.

As per the data give

Moles (o2) = 2.83 mol

Moles (n2o) = 8.41 mol

Total pressure = 192 kPa

so the total number of moles should be calculated

Total No.of moles = no of moles in  o2  + no of moles in n2o = 2.83 + 8.41 = 11.24 mol

mole fraction for n2o

Mole fraction = moles  of compound/ Total moles

Mole fraction for n2o = 8.41 / 11.24 = 0.748

so now calculate the partial pressure of n2o

pn2o = 0.748 192 kPa

pn2o = 143.6 kPa

therefore the partial pressure of the n2o was 143.6 Kpa

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Two elements on Mendeleev's table that combines with oxygen in the same ratio as magnesium are Beryllium and Calcium.

They form in a ratio of 1:1 with oxygen.

What is the reason behind  Berylium and Calcium in the ratio of 1:1 with oxygen?

The one-to-one charge ratio results in the formula CaO. Calcium and Oxygen have iconic bonding because calcium loses two electrons and oxygen gains two to complete their octet.

BeO can be produced by the reaction between beryllium and oxygen .In this reaction , each Be atom loses its two valence electrons to 0 atoms , forming Be2+ions and O2- ions. The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms the iconic bond .

One characteristic used by Mendeleev to develop his classification system of the elements:

Mendeleev was directed by two variables: Expanding nuclear masses, and Gathering of components having comparative properties. Mendeleev thought about formulae of hydrides and oxides as one of the fundamental models for order, among substance properties.

One difference between Mendeleev's Table and the Modern Periodic Table is :

Mendeleev's periodic table is based on atomic mass whereas +The modern periodic table is based on the atomic number.

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The empirical formula of a mineral is FeCr2O4.

What is known as empirical formula?

The definition of an empirical formula for a compound is one that displays the ratio of the components present in the complex but not the precise number of atoms in the molecule. Subscripts are used next to the element symbols to indicate the ratios.

Explanation:

[tex]O: 28.59 g x 1 mole O/16 g = 1.79 moles OFe: 24.95 g x 1 mole/55.8 g = 0.447 moles FeCr: 46.46 g x 1 mole/52 g = 0.893 moles CrDividing through by 0.447 one gets 4O, 1Fe and 2CrEmpirical formula = FeCr2O4[/tex]

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The ratio between the components is the empirical formula. Presented as;  FeCrO₃.

Typically, the equation is used to only show the components of a molecule. When one wishes to rapidly identify the elements they are working with, this is helpful. When you want to learn how many atoms of each element are present in the molecule, the chemical formula is the most helpful.

Divide the percentage composition by the atomic mass of the elements

Fe =24.95 / 55.845  = 0.4467

Cr = 46.46 / 51.9961 = 0.8935

O = 28.59 / 16  = 1.78

Step 2:

Divide all though by the smallest number (0.4467)

Fe = 0.4467 / 0.4467 = 1.002

Cr = 0.8935 / 0.4467 = 1

O = 1.78 / 0.4467 = 3.038

The ratio between the components is the empirical formula. Presented as; FeCrO₃

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Substance A is a solid at 115° Celsius. Its particles are not moving while Substance B is a liquid at 115° degrees Celsius. Its particles are moving around freely.

Solid particles in substance A are not moving because they are held together by strong intermolecular forces. Liquid particles in substance B are moving around freely because they are not held together by strong intermolecular forces.

Intermolecular forces are the forces that hold molecules together. These forces are much weaker than the covalent or ionic bonds that hold atoms together in a molecule, but they are strong enough to keep molecules from flying apart. The four main types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole forces.

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Move the decimal so there is a non-zero digit to the left of the decimal point. The number of decimals you move will be the exhibitor on the 1010. If the decimal has been moved to the right, the exponent will be negative. If the decimal has been moved to the left, the exponent will be positive.

[tex]1.8 \times 10 { }^{1} [/tex]

Answer:

C) lattice of neutral atoms with delocalised electrons

Explanation:

Fact 1: metals are elements and therefore they contain atoms that are electrically neutral

Fact 2: in all atoms, the electrons are delocalised/ are free moving electrons (as the electrons serve their purpose in different forms depending whether you look at it the chemistry way or physics way)

metals are solid and hence they have a lattice structure

(tho at my school we focus on giant ionic lattice structure when explaining based on ionic compounds so i can't guarantee that 'giant ionic lattice structure' and 'lattice structure' are the same, hence i just stick with lattice structure for this explanation ^^)

explanation for other options:

they said negative/positive ions which is not true since atoms are electrically neutral

only when the atoms undergo chemical reactions will they be charged

Answer: B

Explanation: Genetics has to do with genes, which is appearance, which is hereditary from the parent :)