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Required: Question 5: (25 marks) (a) Decompose the change in ROCE into components due to financing activities and operating activities. (4 marks) The CEO of Everest Ltd. stated the following in the company's 2021 annual report: "Everest continues to make good use of shareholders' funds through new investments. Shareholders' faith in the company was rewarded by improved performance as indicated by an increase in return on common equity". In response to the managing director's comments, you set about analysing the growth of the company and produce the following table: (b) Decompose the change in RNOA into components due to profit margin and asset turnover. (6 marks) (c) Decompose the change in common shareholders' equity into components due to sales growth, the change in net assets required to support sales, and changes in borrowing. Return on common equity (ROCE) Return on net operating assets (RNOA) Net borrowing cost (NBC) Sales ($ millions) Operating income after tax ($ millions) Average net operating assets ($ millions) Average net financial obligations ($ millions) Average common shareholders' equity ($ millions) 2021 15.47% 12.86% 3.50% 530 153 1,190 260 930 2020 14.89% 13.87% 3.00% 430 129 930 80 850 (6 marks)

The amount of utility a person derives from consuming a good or service is subjective and varies depending on the individual. The statement "Brian gets 35 utils from eating one sandwich while Julia receives 45 utils from eating one sandwich" is not true and is compatible with the properties of utility.

Utility is the usefulness or satisfaction a person receives from consuming a good or service. The amount of satisfaction or pleasure a person gets from consuming a good or service is referred to as the utility of that good or service. The following is a statement that is not true and is consistent with the properties of utility: Brian gets 35 utils from eating one sandwich while Julia receives 45 utils from eating one sandwich. The reason this statement is not true is that the amount of utility a person derives from consuming a good or service is subjective and varies depending on the individual. The properties of utility are as follows: Utility is a subjective concept that varies depending on the individual. The utility is measured in units called utils, which are used to quantify the amount of satisfaction or pleasure a person receives from consuming a good or service. The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility is a law of utility that states that the additional utility obtained from consuming an additional unit of a good or service decreases as the quantity of that good or service consumed increases.

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International information systems architecture (IISA) development requires a comprehensive approach that incorporates several major dimensions.

These dimensions can help to provide a better understanding of the various components of IISA. All of the dimensions of developing an international information systems architecture except the domestic environment. This is an important consideration when developing IISA because it is critical to understand how domestic business processes and practices are affected by international operations, and how they may need to be adapted to ensure that the IISA functions effectively.

However, the other dimensions are also important and are as follows:

Global environment: It is important to understand the global environment in which the organization operates. This includes understanding the political, economic, social, technological, and legal factors that influence the organization's operations and its ability to succeed in the global marketplace.

Corporate global strategies: It is essential to have a clear understanding of the organization's corporate global strategies. This involves understanding the organization's goals and objectives, as well as the specific strategies that it has in place to achieve these goals.

Organization structure: It is important to understand the organization's structure, including its hierarchy and the relationships between different departments and units within the organization.

Management and business processes: It is essential to understand the management and business processes that are used within the organization. This includes understanding how decisions are made, how resources are allocated, and how work is organized and coordinated to achieve organizational objectives.

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Journal entries related to the above transactions for fiscal years 2021 and 2022.The following are the necessary journal entries related to the above transactions for fiscal years 2021 and 2022:2021Apr.

1 Accounts Receivable — Singh Company 30,000Notes Receivable — Singh Company 30,000To record the acceptance of the note in settlement of accounts receivable.July 1 Notes Receivable — Jack Nguyen 25,000Cash 25,000To record the issuance of a note from Jack Nguyen.2022Apr. 1 Cash 30,900Notes Receivable — Singh Company 30,000Interest Revenue 900To record the collection of the note from Singh Company,

which includes the principal and interest of $1,800 ($30,000 × 6% × 9/12)April 1 Accounts Receivable — Jack Nguyen 25,000Notes Receivable — Jack Nguyen 25,000To record the dishonor of Jack Nguyen's note.April 1 Notes Receivable — Jack Nguyen 25,000Accounts Receivable — Jack Nguyen 25,000To record the re-establishment of the account receivable for Jack Nguyen, assuming the company ultimately expects to collect the note.Interest will be recorded in December, as per the annual adjusting entries since Interest is paid on the maturity date of all notes.

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The balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in stockholders' equity for Astro Corporation's Year 1 fiscal year have been prepared.

The stockholders were paid a $4,600 cash dividend.

The corporation's Year 1 fiscal year is presented in the balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in stockholders' equity.ASTRO CORPORATION

Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

For the Year Ended December 31, Year 1

Common Stock: Issued for cash, 4,200 shares, $10 par:

$42,000

Retained Earnings, January 1, Year 1:$0Add: Net income for Year 1:$18,843Less: Dividends declared and paid during Year 1:$4,600Retained earnings, December 31, Year 1:$14,243ASTRO CORPORATION

Balance SheetDecember 31, Year 1

Assets: Current Assets

Cash:$33,686

Accounts receivable:$0Prepaid rent:$5,000Total Current Assets:$38,686Liabilities

Current LiabilitiesAccounts payable:$2,257Accrued expenses payable:$3,000Total Current Liabilities:$5,257Stockholders' Equity

Common Stock:4,200 shares, $10 par value:$42,000Retained Earnings:$14,243Total Stockholders' Equity:$56,243Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:$61,500ASTRO CORPORATION

Statement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, Year 1

Cash Flows from Operating Activities:

Cash received from customers:

$57,100Cash payments for operating expenses:

(38,257)Net cash provided by operating activities:$18,843

Cash Flows from Investing Activities:

Purchase of rent property(5,000)Net cash used in investing activities:(5,000)Cash Flows from Financing Activities:

Proceeds from issuance of common stock

42,000Dividends paid to stockholders(4,600)Net cash provided by financing activities:37,400

Net increase in cash during Year 1:51,243

Cash balance at January 1, Year 1:

$0Cash balance at December 31, Year 1:$33,686 (51,243 + 0 = 33,686)

Therefore, the balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in stockholders' equity for Astro Corporation's Year 1 fiscal year have been prepared.

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To find the average variable cost for producing 34 sneakers, we need to know the total variable cost and divide it by the quantity of sneakers produced.

Since the question does not provide information on the total variable cost, we cannot calculate the average variable cost accurately. The variable cost per unit is needed to compute the average variable cost.

However, if you have the information on the total variable cost, you can divide it by the quantity of sneakers (34) to find the average variable cost per unit.

For example, if the total variable cost for producing 34 sneakers is $1,500, the average variable cost per unit would be calculated as follows:

Average Variable Cost per Unit = Total Variable Cost / Quantity

Average Variable Cost per Unit = $1,500 / 34

Average Variable Cost per Unit ≈ $44.12 (rounded to the nearest hundredth)

Please provide the total variable cost to obtain an accurate calculation of the average variable cost for producing 34 sneakers.

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The key features of NoSQL technology are distributed data management, horizontal scalability, and high availability. One of these features is not a key feature of NoSQL technology is the Structured Query Language (SQL).

In SQL databases, all data must be normalized and arranged into tables, whereas in NoSQL databases, data can be stored in various formats, such as documents, key-value pairs, graphs, or column families. Because of their distributed architecture, NoSQL databases are better suited for storing and handling large amounts of unstructured data such as video and audio files, text documents, and images.

Moreover, NoSQL databases are known for their horizontal scalability, meaning that they can add more nodes to a database cluster as traffic grows, and they can scale back down when the traffic subsides.

Another key feature of NoSQL technology is its ability to maintain high availability of data, even when a portion of the database or a node goes down. In conclusion, the feature that is not a key feature of NoSQL technology is the Structured Query Language (SQL). NoSQL databases are ideal for storing unstructured data, they are highly scalable, and they provide high availability of data.

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Macademian Industries is one of the most significant industries of the country. It contributes to the economic development of the country in a considerable amount. However, the industry has been facing some difficulties lately, mainly due to the non-investment-friendly policies of the policymakers.

To address the issue, the industry authorities approached the policymakers and requested a revision of their decisions to a more investment-friendly climate. The policymakers discussed the present economic condition of the country and assessed the benefits and drawbacks of their policies.The policymakers agreed to the request and revised their policies, taking into consideration the interests of the industry. They created a more investment-friendly climate, which was conducive to the growth and expansion of the industry.

The new policies resulted in significant investments in the industry, which led to job creation and economic growth. The industry became more productive and competitive in the international market. The policymakers were also able to boost the country's economic development, which was beneficial for the entire population.To sum up, the policymakers' decision to revise their policies to a more investment-friendly climate was a wise and practical decision. The decision had a significant positive impact on the industry, the economy, and the country as a whole.

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Yes, using Rihanna as a celebrity endorsement for the brand in targeting a younger segment is an effective strategy for building the image of the brand for this segment.

The reason behind this is that Rihanna is considered to be one of the most influential figures in the music and fashion industry and her involvement in the brand can help in attracting the attention of younger consumers towards the brand. Moreover, Rihanna has a massive fan following among young people and her endorsement can positively impact the perception of the brand among this segment of consumers. Celebrity endorsement is a marketing strategy where a famous person promotes a brand or product to create an association between the brand and the celebrity's personality.

Rihanna is a well-known figure and has a large following on social media platforms. These followers are young and are mostly the target market for many brands. Rihanna is a popular and influential figure who has managed to capture the attention of a younger audience over the years. She has also managed to build a personal brand for herself in the music and fashion industry. By associating with Rihanna, the brand can gain the trust and loyalty of younger consumers who look up to her as a role model.

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Understanding on-site tech infrastructure is important for several reasons:

a) Operational efficiency: Having knowledge about the on-site tech infrastructure allows event organizers to plan and execute events more efficiently. They can ensure that the necessary technical equipment and support systems are available and properly integrated, minimizing the risk of technical glitches or failures during the event.

b) Seamless execution: Events often rely on various technologies, such as sound systems, lighting setups, video displays, and network connectivity. Understanding the on-site tech infrastructure enables event planners to coordinate these elements effectively, ensuring a seamless execution of the event and enhancing the overall attendee experience.

c) Troubleshooting and problem-solving: In the event of technical issues or emergencies, understanding the on-site tech infrastructure empowers event organizers to quickly identify and address problems. They can collaborate with technical staff or external vendors to troubleshoot issues promptly, minimizing disruptions and ensuring the smooth progression of the event.

d) Cost optimization: Knowledge of the on-site tech infrastructure enables event organizers to make informed decisions when it comes to selecting equipment or engaging external service providers. By understanding the existing infrastructure, they can avoid unnecessary duplication of equipment and services, resulting in cost savings for the event.

References:

Event Manager Blog. (2021). Why Understanding Venue Technical Infrastructure Is So Important.  

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Opportunity cost and production possibilities Juanita's initial PPF (production possibilities frontier) is represented by the blue points on the graph shown above. If Juanita is currently producing 1 car per day by using combination D, her opportunity cost of producing a second car per day is 3 kites per day.

This is because the difference between D and B on the kite's axis is 3. Now, suppose Juanita is currently using combination C, producing two cars per day. Her opportunity cost of producing a third car per day is 6 kites per day. This is because the difference between C and A on the kites axis is 6. From the analysis, it is evident that as Juanita increases her production of cars, her opportunity cost of producing one more car is increasing. Suppose Juanita buys a new tool that enables her to produce twice as many cars per hour as before, but it doesn't affect her ability to produce kites. This would lead to the shifting of her PPF to the right (shown by the green triangle points on the graph). Since Juanita can now produce more cars per hour, her opportunity cost of producing kites is increasing. This is because the PPF curve is becoming steeper, meaning that in order to produce more cars, Juanita will have to give up more kites.

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In the context of healthcare, quality can be defined as the degree to which health services meet the expectations and needs of patients, providers, and other stakeholders. The definition of quality is often influenced by various healthcare stakeholders such as patients, providers, payers, regulatory agencies, and policymakers.

Patients: Patients usually define quality in terms of their experience, outcomes, and access to care. For patients, quality healthcare means receiving care that is timely, safe, effective, efficient, patient-centered, and equitable. Providers: Providers define quality in terms of their ability to deliver evidence-based care that is consistent with current best practices. For providers, quality healthcare means using the latest technologies, adhering to best clinical practices, and providing care that is efficient, effective, and patient-centered.

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1. Bonds payable are converted into common stock - Non-cash investing and financing activity. 2. Merchandise is sold to customers for cash - Operating activity. 3. Common stock is sold for cash above par value - Financing activity. 4. Equipment is purchased using a 3-year, 10% note payable - Investing activity. 5. 100 shares of Amazon common stock are purchased for cash - Investing activity.

1. When bonds payable are converted into common stock, it is a non-cash investing and financing activity because it involves a conversion of a liability into equity without any cash flow. 2. Selling merchandise to customers for cash is an operating activity as it represents the core revenue-generating operation of the business. 3. Selling common stock for cash above par value is a financing activity as it involves raising funds by issuing equity shares. 4. Purchasing equipment using a note payable is an investing activity as it involves acquiring long-term assets. 5. Purchasing 100 shares of Amazon common stock for cash is an investing activity as it involves acquiring an ownership interest in another company.

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It is widely recognized that customers are more likely to return and make repeat purchases when they have a positive experience with a company. Satisfied customers also tend to become brand advocates and spread positive word-of-mouth, which can attract new customers and drive sales. On the other hand, negative customer experiences can have a detrimental effect on a company's reputation and sales.

Positive Example:

A customer visits a retail store and receives exceptional service from the staff. The staff members are friendly, knowledgeable, and go above and beyond to assist the customer. As a result, the customer has a great shopping experience, makes a purchase, and leaves the store satisfied. This positive experience enhances the customer's perception of the brand, increases the likelihood of repeat business, and may even lead to recommendations to friends and family.

Negative Example:

A customer contacts a telecommunications company's customer service to resolve an issue with their internet connection. The customer is greeted with long wait times, unhelpful representatives, and unresolved problems. The poor customer experience leaves the customer frustrated and dissatisfied. They decide to switch to a competitor's service, share their negative experience with others, and discourage potential customers from choosing the company. This negative experience can result in lost sales and damage the company's reputation.

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57. The objective of the promotional strategy is to differentiate the product.

58. Informative advertising is most apt to be used in the introductory stage of the product life cycle.

59. Television is an attractive advertising medium because it offers mass coverage and flexibility.

60. Marketers allocate the largest share of their consumer-oriented promotions to premiums.

61. Samples are particularly useful in promoting new products.

57. Differentiating the product is the objective of the promotional strategy because the company wants to highlight the longer warranties as a unique feature that sets their products apart from the competitor's products.

58. Informative advertising is commonly used in the introductory stage of the product life cycle to create awareness and educate consumers about the new product.

59. Television offers mass coverage and flexibility in terms of reaching a wide audience and tailoring advertisements to different target markets, making it an attractive advertising medium.

60. Marketers allocate the largest share of their consumer-oriented promotions to premiums, which are incentives or gifts given to customers as a reward for purchasing a product or taking a specific action.

61. Samples are particularly useful in promoting new products because they allow potential customers to try the product before making a purchase, increasing the likelihood of adoption and generating positive word-of-mouth.

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TISDALE INCORPORATED Multiple-step Income Statement For the year ended December 31, 2021

Sales revenue $350,000

Cost of goods sold -200,000

Gross profit $150,000

Operating expenses:

Selling expenses -70,000

Administrative expenses -50,000

Total operating expenses -120,000

Operating income $30,000

Non-operating revenue $120,000

Income before taxes $150,000

Income tax expense -40,000

Net income $110,000

In the above multiple-step income statement, we start with the sales revenue and deduct the cost of goods sold to calculate the gross profit. Then, we deduct the operating expenses (selling expenses and administrative expenses) to calculate the operating income.

Next, we include the non-operating revenue and calculate the income before taxes. Finally, we deduct the income tax expense to arrive at the net income.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, Tisdale Incorporated reported a net income of $110,000.

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Nadal Ltd's journal entries for its investment in Willams Ltd in 20X8 include recording the purchase of shares, share of profit, payment of dividends, and reclassifying profit and dividend received.

Journal entries for Nadal Ltd's investment in Willams Ltd in 20X8:

1. Investment in Willams Dr. $210,000

  Cash Cr. $210,000

  (To record purchase of shares on Jan 1, 20X6)

2. Investment in Willams Dr. $13,500

  Share of profit from Willams Cr. $13,500

  (To record share of profit earned by Willams for year ended Dec 31, 20X8)

3. Cash Dr. $9,000

  Investment in Willams Cr. $9,000

  (To record payment of dividends by Willams on Dec 31, 20X8)

4. Investment in Willams Dr. $13,500

  Retained earnings Cr. $13,500

  (To reclassify share of profit earned by Nadal from its investment in Willams)

5. Cash Dr. $9,000

  Investment in Willams Cr. $9,000

  (To reclassify dividend received by Nadal from its investment in Willams)

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The principles of management are a set of guidelines used to direct and manage an organization's activities to achieve a defined goal. In any organization, motivation is a key factor that drives productivity.

The motivational theories of management explain why and how people behave in a certain way at work. Theories of motivation can be broadly classified into two categories: content theories and process theories.Content theories are concerned with what motivates employees, while process theories focus on how motivation occurs. Herzberg's two-factor theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory are examples of content theories of motivation.

The theory of goal-setting, expectancy theory, and equity theory are examples of process theories of motivation.The two-factor theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not the opposite of each other. Instead, they exist as separate factors. Job satisfaction comes from intrinsic factors such as recognition, achievement, and personal growth, while dissatisfaction comes from extrinsic factors such as pay and working conditions. Therefore, to motivate employees, an organization should provide opportunities for personal growth and recognition.Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is based on a hierarchy of needs that motivates human behavior.

These needs are arranged in a pyramid, with physiological needs at the base and self-actualization needs at the top. As a result, an organization should meet an employee's basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs such as self-actualization.The theory of goal-setting is based on the idea that people are motivated by specific goals. It explains that individuals who set specific, challenging goals for themselves and receive feedback on their performance are more likely to achieve their goals.Expectancy theory states that people are motivated by their expectations of what will happen as a result of their actions.

Thus, employees are more likely to be motivated if they believe that their efforts will lead to a desired outcome.Equity theory is based on the idea that people compare themselves to others to assess whether they are being treated fairly. This theory explains that employees are more likely to be motivated if they feel that they are being treated fairly in comparison to their peers.

In conclusion, motivation is a crucial factor in improving productivity in an organization. The motivational theories of management, such as content theories and process theories, provide insight into why and how people behave in a certain way at work. An organization can use these theories to identify the factors that motivate employees and create a work environment that enhances productivity.

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Asymmetric information in contract design refers to a situation where one party in a transaction has more information or knowledge than the other party. This information asymmetry can lead to inefficiencies and challenges in designing contracts that effectively align the interests of both parties.

When agents are boundedly self-interested, meaning they have social preferences and consider the welfare of others in addition to their own, it can have implications for the volume of information rent. Information rent refers to the economic benefits that a party can gain by possessing and leveraging superior information.

In the presence of boundedly self-interested agents, the volume of information rent may decrease compared to situations with purely self-interested agents. This is because boundedly self-interested agents are more likely to share information, cooperate, and engage in mutually beneficial exchanges that enhance overall welfare.

For example, let's consider a situation where a company is hiring a manager for a specific project. The company knows that the success of the project depends on the manager's expertise and knowledge of a particular technology. However, the manager may possess private information about their true level of expertise.

If both the company and the manager are purely self-interested, the manager may have an incentive to exaggerate their expertise to negotiate a higher salary. In this case, there is a risk of adverse selection, where the company ends up hiring a manager who is not as competent as claimed.

On the other hand, if the manager has social preferences and cares about the overall success of the project, they may be more inclined to provide accurate information about their expertise. They understand that misrepresentation could harm the project and ultimately their reputation. In this scenario, the company can make a more informed hiring decision, and the volume of information rent, i.e., the economic benefit gained by the manager from asymmetric information, is likely to be lower.

Boundedly self-interested agents are more likely to engage in cooperation, information sharing, and building trust, which can mitigate the adverse effects of asymmetric information. This, in turn, reduces the potential for large information rents and leads to more efficient contract design and outcomes.

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The correct answer is - only one statement is correct, which is "Using a moving average forecast method with an interval of 4, the MSE for quarter 10 is 245".

The quarterly time series consists of nine quarters of demand data in this question. There are three statements about forecasting for the tenth quarter. The naive forecast method, the moving average forecast method with an interval of 4, and the exponential forecast method with an alpha of 0.54 and a forecast for quarter 1 of 140. To determine how many of these statements are accurate, we'll need to calculate the mean squared error (MSE) for each method.

The naïve forecast method assumes that the next period's demand will be equal to the current period's demand. Hence, the forecast for quarter 10 is 140. Thus, the mean squared error (MSE) for the 10th quarter using a naive forecast method would be calculated as follows:

MSE = [(actual demand - forecast demand)^2] / n
MSE = [(140 - 140)^2] / 1 = 0

The MSE for the 10th quarter using the naïve forecast method is 0.

Moving average forecasting uses the average demand over a specified number of periods to forecast the demand for the next period. A four-quarter moving average is used in this case. Hence, the forecast for the tenth quarter using a four-quarter moving average would be calculated as follows:

Forecast for Q10 = (Q7 + Q8 + Q9 + Q10)/4 = (170+150+140+170)/4 = 157.5

Now, we can calculate the MSE for the tenth quarter using a four-quarter moving average:

MSE = [(actual demand - forecast demand)^2] / n
MSE = [(140 - 157.5)^2] / 1 = 306.25

The MSE for the 10th quarter using a moving average forecast method with an interval of 4 is 306.25.

Exponential smoothing is a forecasting method that is used to produce short-term forecasts based on historical data. It assigns exponentially decreasing weights as the observation gets older. The most recent observations receive higher weights than the older observations. Using an exponential forecast method with an alpha of 0.54 and a forecast for quarter 1 of 140, the forecast for the tenth quarter is calculated as follows:

Ft+1 = αAt + (1 − α)Ft
F10 = 0.54(140) + (1 − 0.54)F9
F10 = 64.6 + 0.46F9

where F9 is the forecast for the 9th quarter, which is given in the question as 140.

Now, we can calculate the MSE for the tenth quarter using an exponential forecast method:

MSE = [(actual demand - forecast demand)^2] / n
MSE = [(140 - F10)^2] / 1

MSE = [(140 - (64.6 + 0.46(140)))^2] / 1
MSE = [(140 - 202.4)^2] / 1 = 3905.76

The MSE for the tenth quarter using an exponential forecast method with an alpha of 0.54 is 3905.76.

Therefore, only one statement is correct, which is "Using a moving average forecast method with an interval of 4, the MSE for quarter 10 is 245".

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a) The higher prices of goods and services increase the demand for labor which reduces unemployment; b) The natural rate of unemployment is 3.36%;c)The natural rate of unemployment is 12.5%.

a) Phillips Curve theory represents a trade-off between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. It suggests that when inflation rises, unemployment falls and when inflation falls, unemployment rises.

The relationship between inflation and unemployment is inversely related. The labor market can explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment. When inflation is high, wages increase, increasing the cost of production and, in turn, prices of goods and services.

b) To find the natural rate of unemployment, substitute the values of m+z and a in the formula.

Tlt = + (m+z) – aut Tlt = 7.4% – (1.2 * uN)

Where uN is the natural rate of unemployment. 7.4% – (1.2 * uN) = uN 7.4% = 2.2 uN

uN = 3.36%.

c) Natural rate of unemployment can be found by the equation;

Tlt = + (m+z) – aut m+z = 2.8% a = 0.16 Tlt = 0 + 2.8% – 0.16uN Tlt = 2.8% – 0.16uN 2% = 0.16uN

uN = 12.5%.

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Applying the five steps of the Planning Process to Uber's development of its app-driven online cab service involved establishing objectives, such as creating a convenient ride-hailing service.

They developed premises, recognizing the potential demand and technological advancements. Uber generated alternative courses of action, exploring driver recruitment and pricing models. They evaluated alternatives, considering market size and regulatory challenges. Finally, they selected the best alternative and implemented it by launching their app-based service.

Uber's strategic plan for self-driving cars involves disruption and increased safety, but potential job losses and regulatory challenges are drawbacks. Their tactical plan includes testing, partnerships, and pilot programs, with benefits of innovation and concerns of public skepticism. The functional plan focuses on hiring skilled personnel and building infrastructure, with advantages of attracting talent and challenges of high costs.

Planning tools Uber could employ to address unexpected issues include scenario planning to anticipate disruptions, contingency planning to mitigate impacts, and risk management to identify and manage risks and uncertainties.

Using Management by Objectives, Uber can work with municipalities and provinces by setting clear objectives, establishing performance metrics, fostering communication, and adapting objectives as needed to achieve self-driving car goals. This approach facilitates collaboration and alignment with government entities.

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To accumulate $130,000 in 18 years with an annual interest rate of 4.5%, the required lump-sum payment today would be approximately $51,173.

To determine the lump-sum payment needed to accumulate a specific amount in the future, we can use the concept of present value. Present value calculates the current worth of a future sum of money based on a given interest rate and time period.

In this case, we need to find the present value of $130,000 in 18 years at an interest rate of 4.5%. Using the formula for present value, which is:

Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Interest Rate)^Time Period

Plugging in the values, we get:

Present Value = $130,000 / (1 + 0.045)^18

Present Value ≈ $130,000 / (1.045)^18

Present Value ≈ $51,173

Therefore, a lump-sum payment of approximately $51,173 today, invested at an annual interest rate of 4.5%, would accumulate to $130,000 over an 18-year period. This calculation takes into account the time value of money, allowing us to determine the required present value to achieve the desired future amount.

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(1) Record all of the transactions related to the common stock of Life Path Fitness during the years 2016 and 2017 are as follows: Journal Entries Date Account Titles and Debit Credit July 21, 2016Cash 909,000

Common Stock 909,000 (Issuance of common stock)July 27, 2017Retained Earnings 9,090 Dividend Payable 9,090 (Declaration of stock dividend)August 15, 2017Dividend Payable 9,090 Common Stock 9,090 (Issuance of stock dividend)December 4, 2017

Retained Earnings 3,500 Cash Dividend Payable 3,500 (Declaration of cash dividend)December 14, 2017Cash Dividend Payable 3,500 Cash 3,500 (Payment of cash dividend)(2) After the stock dividend is issued, the number of outstanding shares is calculated as follows: Number of outstanding shares = 90,900 shares × (110%) = 99,990 shares Therefore, there are 99,990 outstanding shares after the stock dividend is issued. No Entry for account titles and 0 for amounts. Common Stock (July 21, 2016): $909,000Retained Earnings (July 27, 2017): $9,090Dividend Payable (July 27, 2017): $9,090Common Stock (August 15, 2017): $9,090Retained Earnings (December 4, 2017): $3,500Cash Dividend Payable (December 4, 2017): $3,500Cash Dividend Payable (December 14, 2017): $3,500Cash (December 14, 2017): $3,500

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Answer:

The amount of the annual cash flow produced by the tanning salon in 1 year is expected to be approximately $277,081.85(plus or minus $10).

To calculate this, we can use the perpetuity formula, which calculates the present value of an infinite stream of cash flows. The formula is as follows:

PV = CF / (r - g)

Where:

PV = Present Value

CF = Cash Flow

r = Discount Rate

g = Growth Rate

In this case, the present value (PV) is given as $778,600.00, the cost of capital (r) is 10.91% (0.1091 as a decimal), and the growth rate (g) is 8.10% (0.081 as a decimal). We need to solve for the cash flow (CF).

Plugging in the values, we have:

$778,600.00 = CF / (0.1091 - 0.081)

Solving for CF, we find:

CF ≈ $277,081.85

Therefore, the amount of the annual cash flow produced by the tanning salon in 1 year is expected to be approximately $277,081.85, plus or minus $10.

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The correct answer is (a) All three statements are true.

Statement I: The marginal cost curve intersects the minimum point of both the average variable cost (AVC) curve and the average total cost (ATC) curve. This statement is true because in the short run, as long as marginal cost is below the average cost curves, the average cost curves will be falling. The intersection occurs at the minimum point of the curves.

Statement II: When marginal cost is below average variable cost (AVC), average variable cost is falling. This statement is also true. If marginal cost is below AVC, it means that the marginal cost of producing additional units is lower than the average cost of producing existing units. This would bring down the average cost, resulting in falling AVC.

Statement III: When marginal cost is below average total cost (ATC), average total cost is falling. This statement is true as well. If marginal cost is below ATC, it implies that the additional cost of producing one more unit is lower than the average cost of all units produced. Consequently, it would lead to a reduction in the average cost, causing falling ATC.

Therefore, all three statements are true, indicating that the marginal cost curve intersects the minimum points of both the AVC and ATC curves, and when marginal cost is below both AVC and ATC, average variable cost and average total cost are falling.

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To plot Valerie's initial production possibilities frontier (PPF), we can use the given combinations and their respective outputs:

Choice | Hours Producing Trains | Hours Producing Kites | Trains Produced | Kites Produced

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A      |           8            |          0            |        4        |       0

B      |           6            |          2            |        3        |      10

C      |           4            |          4            |        2        |      16

D      |           2            |          6            |        1        |      19

E      |           0            |          8            |        0        |      20

Now, let's plot Valerie's initial PPF on the graph:

         |          

    30   |          

    25   |          

    20   |          

    15   |   Blue Points (PPF)

    10   |    ●    ●

     5   |      ●

     0   |   ●

         -------------------------

          3  5  0  1  2  4  6  7  8

          Trains

The PPF connects the blue points (circle symbols) representing the various combinations of train and kite production.

Next, let's determine the opportunity costs:

Opportunity cost of producing a second train per day:

From combination D to combination C, the number of trains increases from 1 to 2, while the number of kites decreases from 19 to 16.

Opportunity cost = (Change in Kites Produced) / (Change in Trains Produced)

Opportunity cost = (16 - 19) / (2 - 1) = -3

Opportunity cost of producing a third train per day:

From combination C to combination B, the number of trains increases from 2 to 3, while the number of kites decreases from 16 to 10.

Opportunity cost = (Change in Kites Produced) / (Change in Trains Produced)

Opportunity cost = (10 - 16) / (3 - 2) = -6

As Valerie increases her production of trains, her opportunity cost of producing one more train is increasing. This is because she must allocate more time and resources away from kite production, resulting in a larger reduction in kite production for each additional train. Now, let's plot Valerie's new PPF after acquiring the new tool that allows her to produce twice as many trains per hour:

         |          

    30   |          

    25   |         Green Points (New PPF)

    20   |    ▲    

    15   |      ▲      

    10   |       ▲

     5   |      ▲

     0   |   ●

         -------------------------

          3  5  0  1  2  4  6  7  8

          Trains

The green points (triangle symbols) represent Valerie's new PPF, which shows an increase in the maximum possible train production per day due to the improved productivity from the new tool. The PPF for kite production remains unchanged. As Valerie can now make more trains per hour, her opportunity cost of producing kites is lower than it was previously. This is because she can produce more trains without sacrificing as much kite production.

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The opportunity cost of purchasing the TV is $1000, option C.Hence, option (c) is correct.

Opportunity cost refers to the forgone alternatives. So, if the price of a TV is $5000 and the price of a laptop is $1300, then assuming that you have a budget of $6000, the opportunity cost of purchasing the TV can be calculated as follows:

Opportunity cost = Total budget - Cost of TV= $6000 - $5000= $1000

Therefore, the opportunity cost of purchasing the TV is $1000, option C.Hence, option (c) is correct.

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a) What is the cost of underestimating demand for each program? Cs =$4 Cost of underestimating demand per program = Underestimated demand * Cost per program.

Underestimated demand = z * standard deviation + mean - Demand= (z * 10,000) + 40,000 - 40,000(We subtract 40,000 from mean as the average attendance for a game is 60,000 and two-thirds of which buy the program, hence the demand = 40,000)Cs = Cost per program - Recycling revenue - Cost of underestimation= $1 - $0.10 - $4= -$3.1The cost of underestimating demand for each program is -$3.1.

b) What is the overage cost per program? C0 =$.90. Overage cost per program = Cost per program - Revenue from the sale of the program= $1 - $0.10 - $0.90= $0.90Therefore, the overage cost per program is $0.90.c) How many programs should be ordered per game? We can determine the number of programs to be ordered per game using the formula below: Underestimated demand = z * standard deviation + mean - Demand= (z * 10,000) + 40,000 - 40,000 = z * 10,000.

The total demand is two-thirds of the average attendance, which is60,000 * 2/3 = 40,000 programs.

To determine the z-value, we will use the standard normal distribution table. Z = (X - μ) / σZ = (40,000 - 40,000) / 10,000 = 0.

Therefore, no programs need to be ordered since the number of programs printed is equal to the demand. Hence, the number of programs that should be ordered per game is 40,000.

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An increase in production costs will negatively affect other markets like housing and urban development.

If production costs have increased by $60,000, it is likely that other markets like housing and urban development will be negatively affected by this decision. Steel beams and other steel products aren’t easily substituted, meaning the demand is somewhat inelastic.

To elaborate, a change in one market affects the demand and supply of another. This is known as the cross-elasticity of demand. As per the given example, if the fisher market increases its supply, the cost of beef and other substitutes will decrease. Therefore, the demand for these products will also decrease.

This shows that the fisher market and the beef market are related to one another.The same logic can be applied to housing and urban development. Steel is one of the most important raw materials in the construction industry. Therefore, a change in the steel market will affect the housing and urban development industry. As steel products aren't easily substituted, the demand for steel products is inelastic. A decrease in supply or an increase in production costs will lead to a decrease in the demand for steel products. As a result, the housing and urban development industry will be negatively affected.

In conclusion, an increase in production costs will negatively affect other markets like housing and urban development.

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In a team, different roles need to be performed by different individuals, based on their skill sets, experiences, and capabilities.

The following are some of the essential roles that are needed for the success of the team and the project it is working on:1. Leader: This person should be responsible for directing the team and delegating tasks to the team members based on their capabilities.2. Coordinator: This person should be responsible for managing the different activities within the team, ensuring that they are aligned with the project's goals.3. Expert: This person should be an expert in a particular field that is relevant to the project. They should provide their expertise to the team whenever needed.4. Innovator: This person should be responsible for coming up with new ideas and approaches to solve problems. They should be creative and open-minded.To ensure that the team has a good balance between conformity and deviance, and then has a moderate level of cohesiveness, the following steps can be taken:1. Create clear and specific goals for the team that are aligned with the project's goals.2. Encourage open communication among team members and provide opportunities for feedback and discussion.3. Establish clear roles and responsibilities for each team member and ensure that they understand their responsibilities.4. Create a positive and supportive team environment that encourages collaboration and innovation.5. Celebrate successes and recognize the contributions of each team member.

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