An ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a test that allows you to measure the presence of antibodies in a patient's serum.
It can be used to detect anti-measles antibodies in patients who have been vaccinated against measles and other diseases, such as rubella and chickenpox.
A sandwich ELISA uses two antibodies to bind to an antigen. One antibody has a special enzyme attached, which can be detected with a color change or by fluorescence.
The second antibody has been coated onto the surface of the microtiter plate, which contains many wells for testing samples. When the first antibody binds with its antigen, it will also bind with the second antibody on the plate. The enzyme-linked one will then coat itself on top of this double-coated structure and make it visible through light or color changes.
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Reproduction 1:Question 1
A mutation that occurs in an organism that reproduces sexually
will most likely affect the traits of the offspring if the mutation
A mutation that occurs in an organism that reproduces sexually will most likely affect the traits of the offspring if the mutation alters the DNA in a gamete of a parent.
Any cell's DNA can be altered by other genetic flaws, ultraviolet radiation, environmental exposure to specific chemicals, replication errors, and other genetic insults.
It is possible for an organism's progeny to inherit a mutation if it develops in a germ-line cell (a cell that will develop into gametes, such as egg or sperm) or in a cell that will produce them. Accordingly, the mutation will exist in each and every cell of the growing embryo.
Somatic mutations differ from germ-line mutations in that they take place in cells from different parts of an organism's body.
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what was the purpose of the water-filled transperent plastic tank in the chollera photosyntegis experiments?
The chollera photosynthesis system's water-filled translucent plastic tank. A water tank is placed in the path of the light to dissipate heat.
How are plastics made?Through the polymerization and polycondensation process, mineral wealth like cellulose, coal, nat gas, salt, and petroleum products are used to create polymers. Plastics are created using natural, organic materials including cotton, coal, nat gas, salt, or, of course, crude oil.
What does the word "plastic" actually mean?A group of materials known as plastics can be moulded when they're soft and afterwards hardened to keep the intended shape. These materials may be created artificially or organically. Plastics are made of polymers. A polymer is a substance made up of several repeating units.
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certain bacteria and viruses are more likely to be spread by fomites than other species of microbes. research pathogens that are commonly transmitted by fomites and provide one bacteria and one virus example. describe how fomite-spread pathogens gain access to the body and the most effective methods for preventing transmission.
Fomites can become infected with a plague through direct contact with bodily fluids, soiled hands, talking, sneezing, coughing, or vomiting, or by being exposed to an airborne virus.
Indirect entails a private coming into contact with a contaminated object. This frequently happens as a result of contaminated objects or environments from dirty hands. This surface still has the microorganism thereon, expecting the subsequent person to touch it and pick it up.
What about bacteria?Some bacteria aid within the digestion of food, assist the body produce necessary vitamins, and eliminate disease-causing cells.Additionally, bacteria are employed to form nutritious foods like yogurt and cheese. But contagious microorganisms offer you a disease.Within your body, they multiply rapidly.Bacteria can feed a spread of ways.The energy that heterotrophic bacteria, often mentioned as heterotrophs, produce comes from eating organic carbon.Most of them take up decaying organic matter like dead meat.These parasitic microorganisms can either aid or harm their host.Actually, the event of germs is simply delayed.Cooking food at 165 degrees or above is the sole technique to destroy microorganisms using temperature.Bacteria also die in extremely acidic environments, such as pickle juice.Bacteria must be killed using water that's 140 degrees Fahrenheit or hotter.This system is used by most restaurants to kill bacteria on food and cooking equipment and to clean surfaces.Bacteria can also be killed by chlorine.Medicines mentioned as antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals.Learn more about bacteria here:
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not all individuals are identical in what? A. ecosystem, B. community, C. Organism, D. Populations
According to the research, the correct answer is option B. In a community not all individuals are identical.
What is a community?It is a group of populations of different individuals, who live in the same place or biotope in which they find the environmental circumstances to guarantee their survival.
In this sense, these organisms of different species coexist and interrelate in a geographical region, forming a trophic chain and competing for the prolongation of their species.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, a community is established by the set of different individuals that live in the same habitat, thus the correct answer is option B.
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YR 7 BIOLOGY WORKSHEET!! Find attachment below ⬇️
In this question about muscle cells and cells, the correct options are.
B.
c.
c.
a.
b.
c.
a.
d.
b.
d.
b.
How is muscle tissue made up?
Muscle tissue is formed by elongated cells with the ability to contract, which are called muscle fibers. These fibers have several contractile protein filaments, that is, with the ability to contract. Among them are actin and myosin filaments.
What is muscle tissue?
Muscle tissue is a tissue of mesodermal origin characterized by the presence of elongated cells, called muscle fibers or myocytes, with a cytoplasm rich in protein fibers, which give this tissue the ability to contract.
What are the main characteristics of muscle tissue?Among its main characteristics are:
excitabilitycontractilityextensibility and elasticity.Muscles represent 40% of body mass. Therefore, in many animals muscle tissue is the most abundant. Muscle tissue cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers or myocytes.
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a change in bowel habits prompts a 53-year-old woman to see her physician. on physical examination there are no lesions noted on digital rectal examination, but her stool is positive for occult blood. a colonoscopy is performed and reveals a 6 cm friable mass inthe cecum. a biopsy of this mass is performed and microscopic examination shows a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. after resection of the tumor, the oncologist begins treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) combined with other chemotherapeutic agents. 5-fu not only kills tumor cells but also rapidly growing cells of the immune system and intestine. what is the mechanism by which 5-fu selectively kills fast growing cells?
The mechanism by which 5-fu selectively kills fast growing cells is K-RAS mutation in the neoplastic cells.
An abnormal mass of tissue that paperwork whilst cells grow and divide extra than they need to or do no longer die once they have to. Tumors may be benign (not most cancers) or malignant (cancer). Benign tumors may also grow big however do not spread into, or invade, close by tissues or different parts of the frame.
There are three primary styles of tumor:
1) Benign: these tumors are not cancerous. They do no longer invade close by tissue or spread to other parts of the frame. ...
2) Premalignant: In these tumors, the cells aren't but cancerous, however they could doubtlessly end up malignant.
3) Malignant: Malignant tumors are cancerous.
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When a researcher examines the consistency of data collected in a study, the researcher is considering which of the following characteristics?
A. reliability
B. validity
C. standard deviation
D. mode
2. Some students used these dialysis tubing bags as models of human red blood cells. The students observed the changes in the bags when they were placed in different solutions and recorded the mass of each setup in the table below. (0 R Dialysis tubing Which statement best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model?
The cell membrane allows the solute to enter the cell which causes the cell to shrink is the statement that best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model.
The semipermeable cell membrane provides for the selective entry and exit of solutes, water, salts, and other substances. The concentration of the solute inside the cell was raised when it entered the cell membrane.
Water began to migrate outside of the cell membrane as the water gradient outside the cell wall diminished, which caused the cell to contract.
Cell membranes act as boundaries and checkpoints. Because of their semi-permeability, some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but not others. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as small hydrophobic compounds, quickly traverse membranes.
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how can we check if proteins have been successfully transferred from the polyacrylamide gel to nitrocellulose?
It will be challenging for the protein to go from the polyacrylamide gel to the nitrocellulose membrane if it is not completely denatured. Larger proteins transmit less than smaller proteins, which explains this.
Denaturing the protein by using the appropriate amount of the detergent SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate), which enables the transfer of the protein from the polyacrylamide gel to the nitrocellulose membrane.
We need to add antibodies and run a western blot to see if the transfer went through properly.
What is nitrocellulose?Nucleic acid and protein detection are frequently used in research and diagnostic applications, and nitrocellulose membranes are one of the most significant and ancient cellulose derivatives. Only a few studies, though, have looked into whether they can serve as scaffolds for cell growth.
Based on mixed cellulose esters (MCE), die cut nitrocellulose membrane filters can withstand bases, weak acids, non-polar liquids, and hydrocarbons. They offer higher protein binding than CA membrane filters alone and are made of cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate (CA).
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from all three sites surveyed what was the total number of tuskless elephants killed
In the early 2000s, more than 2,500 elephants which is reduced to 200 tuskless elephants.
What is the percentage of Tuskless elephants?Whereas the usual level of tusklessness in elephant residents is somewhere between 3 percent and 4 percent, on the report of a Ugandan report, a 1989 survey of Queen Elizabeth National Park discloses tusklessness in the elephant population to be between 9 percent and 25 percent. This find proposes the mutation for tusklessness may kill male elephants, per the New York Times. The team deliberated that 18.5 percent of female elephants did not have tusks before the war began. After the war, 33 percent of 91 female elephants born were naturally tuskless, per Nature.
So we can conclude that In well-protected elephant natives, tusklessness can be as low as 2 percent. Today, half of Gorongosa's females are tuskless.
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the continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of dna . how does the process of mitosis faithfully parcel out exact copies of this heritable information in the production of genetically identical daughter cells?
Mitosis faithfully parcels out exact copies of this heritable information in the production of genetically identical daughter cells as The cell "replicates" its chromosomes by copying them.
Daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells are produced through mitosis. The cell copies its chromosomes, or "replicates," and then divides them equally so that each daughter cell has a complete set.
Mitosis is a process by which more cells with the same genetic makeup as the parent cell. It is essential not only for the growth and development of our bodies but also for the development of embryos. Mitosis creates new cells and replaces old, lost, or damaged cells.
Each chromatid of a duplicated chromosome attaches to a microtubule on one of the mitotic spindles during mitosis. The chromatids are pulled toward the cell's poles during anaphase by mitotic spindles, resulting in two identical chromosomal sets at each pole.
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striated muscles appear striated or banded under a microscope. striated muscle fibers include which muscle types? select all that apply. smooth muscle cells skeletal muscle cells muscle fibers that close the shells of clams cardiac muscle cells
Striated muscle fibers include the skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
What are skeletal and cardiac muscles?
These skeletal muscles make up 30-40% of our complete body mass. These muscles are the ones which connect to bones through tendons, allowing us a wide range of mobility and functions. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles; this means we control how they work.
The cardiac muscles are specific to the heart. The thick middle layer of heart is made up of cardiac muscle. It performs rhythmic contractions, which allows the heart to pump blood. Pumping of blood is the most important job of the cardiac muscle, after which flows into the circulatory system.
Hence, striated muscle fibers have both cardiac and skeletal muscles.
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Which term best describes the smallest function unit of life?
- Atom
- Cell
-Tissue
-Organ
dnp is a toxin that destroys the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain. where in the cell does dnp act? a. plasma membrane b. mitochondrial matrix c. inner mitochondrial membrane d. nuclear membrane
The toxin dnp degrades the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain. The location of dnp in the cell is. mitochondrial inner membrane
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles with phospholipid bilayers and proteins as inner and outer membranes. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is of particular interest because it houses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. As a result, the inner mitochondrial membrane serves as a functional barrier between the cytosol and the matrix, preserving the proton gradient that drives oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial inner membrane, like the cell membrane, is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Various proteins embedded in this bilayer serve to transport electrons.
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when you send electrical impulses to one of your muscles, there is a certain level of stimulus where the muscle will first show a twitch. why don't you see a twitch before this?
A twitch occurs when one muscle fiber contracts in response to a command stimulus by the nervous system.
The time interval between the activation of a motor neuron and contraction of muscle is called the lag phase. In the duration of lag phase an action potential travels to the end of motor neuron .
This action potential release of acetylcholine and depolarization of the motor end plate. Muscle twitch has three phase latent period, a contraction phase, and a relaxation phase. A classified muscle response allows alteration in muscle tension. Twitches and spasms can be warning signs which shows the nerves that control your muscles.
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Mark all of the terms that relate to the structure of RNA.
a
thymine
b
double helix
c
ribonucleic acid
d
adenine
e
cytosine
f
single helix
g
guanine
h
uracil
i
hydrogen bonds
j
deoxyribonucleic acid
explain how erosion and deposition of a river's material over time, as the water flows down through, made the old stream look the way it does.
Erosion and deposition occurs by slow flowing rivers creates broad floodplains and meanders.
How do erosion and deposition occur?Rivers and bourn deposit sediment where the speed of the water current decreases. In rivers, toppling occurs along the inside bank of the river bend. This "area" is where water flows slower while erosion happens along the outside bank of the bend, where the water flows a lot faster. Most river erosion happens close to the mouth of a river. On a river bend, the longest sharp side has slower moving water. Here deposits build up. On the narrowest sharpest side of the curve, there is faster-moving water so this side tends to crumble away mostly.
So we can conclude that land use and stream oversight can also trigger erosion responses.
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proofreading removes approximately 99% of mismatches before dna replication moves on. how many mutations would you expect to see in the human genome if mismatches can be repaired by proofreading?
6,000. The majority of the replicative polymerases' proofreading activity is in charge of removing incorrectly incorporated nucleotides from the primer terminus prior to further primer extension.
What about DNA?The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to develop and perform .This data can be passed from one generation to the next thanks to DNA molecules.Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid.The DNA of a privateer can be found in almost all of their cells.Nucleotides are chemical building units that structure DNA.A phosphate group, a sugar group, and one among four different nitrogen bases make up these building components.Nucleotides are joined together into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups switching places, to make strands of DNA.It contains information needed to make proteins, which are other big molecules.These instructions are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures called chromosomes that are found inside each of your cells.Numerous smaller pieces of DNA, referred to as genes, structure these chromosomes.Today, DNA has three separate purposes: genetic, immunological, and structural, all of which differ greatly from each other and depend in different ways on the bases and the sugar phosphate backbone.DNA encodes the knowledge required to produce proteins, which is the main connection between DNA and proteins.DNA, however, isn't a protein.Long strands of nucleotides structure DNA.Learn more about DNA here:
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which of these is a feature of most shield volcanoes? broad base, steep sides, violent eruptions, or thick lava?
Answer: Broad Base
Explanation:
Social sciences are
a.
the observable facts or events that involve human society.
b.
how people relate to one another and influence each other’s behavior.
c.
the hidden meanings behind human actions.
d.
the disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and functions of human society in a scientific manner.
Social sciences are the disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and functions of human society in a scientific manner.
what are the application studying social science ?Social science is the field of study where the paragliding word concerned with occurrences created by humans and opposed to traditional sciences.
under this sciences anthropology, evolutionary psychology is often categorized fall under that same group.
It can be used to involve in engineering field as either a decision science or other specialty with a technical bent.
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which type of chromosome mutation increases the amount of genetic material? a) deletion b) duplication c) inversion d) translocation e) transversion
Duplication is the chromosome mutation increases the amount of genetic material.
Duplication in the context of genomics refers to a type of mutation that produces one or more copies of a segment of DNA (which can be as small as a few bases to as large as a large chromosomal region). Duplication occurs in all organisms.
Duplications can arise from uneven crossovers that occur during meiosis between misaligned homologous chromosomes. The products of this recombination are duplications and mutual deletions at the exchange sites.
Chromosomal mutations are mutations involving long stretches of DNA. These mutations may include deletions, insertions, inversions, or translocations of DNA stretches or segments. In some cases, the deleted pieces attach to other chromosomes, destroying both the chromosome that lost the DNA and the one that gained it.
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A bird species that lives in an environment with constant climate and food resources is most likely to show an evolutionary pattern of.
A bird species that lives in an environment with constant climate and food resources is most likely to show an evolutionary pattern of gradual speciation.
In the field of biology, gradual speciation can be described as the evolutionary process by which changes in a species occur in small steps over a long period of time.
A bird species that have a constant food supply and a constant climate does not need to adapt to any changes in the environment as its requirements are constant. Such species will not change rapidly due to natural selection. Any change in these bird species will be a gradual one occurring over a long period of time.
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the dermis is composed largely of multiple choice question. a) stratified columnar epithelium. b) dense regular connective tissue. c) stratified squamous epithelium. d) dense irregular connective tissue.
The dermis is composed largely of multiple choice question - stratified squamous epithelium.
There are three basic layers to the skin. The outer, avascular layer known as the epidermis is primarily made up of keratinocytes and keratinocyte remnants. The intermediate layer known as the dermis is home to the skin's blood vessels, nerves, and other supporting systems. Of the three layers, the hypodermis is the deepest.
What is Stratified columnar epithelium ?Column-shaped cells are organized in numerous layers to form the uncommon epithelial tissue known as stratified columnar epithelium. It is located in the male urethra, anus, pharynx, and conjunctiva.
ciliated columnar epithelium that is stratified. The lining of the foetal oesophagus is an example of an epithelium with many layers, the deeper cells of which are polyhedral in shape, and the surface cells of which are columnar with motile cilia.
What is Dense regular connective tissue ?Type I collagen fibers are the major component of dense regular connective tissue. It can be found in the body's ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses, which all need a lot of tensile strength. The collagen fibers are aligned parallel to one another and closely spaced together.
What is stratified squamous epithelium ?Stratified squamous epithelium: This kind of epithelium typically serves as a barrier against water loss and/or the invasion of germs into the underlying tissue. Your skin's epidermis, or top layer, is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
What is dense irregular connective tissue ?A form of dense connective tissue called dense irregular connective tissue lacks parallel bundles of extracellular fibers, particularly collagen fibers (as opposed to the dense regular connective tissue whose collagen fibers are arranged in a parallel fashion).
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scientists develop models to help them understand the natural world
Scientists make definite assumptions to maximize this aim of understanding natural world. It is presumed by scientists that:
A. Through a organised study, nature can be understood.
B. Revisions are something that scientific thoughts are open to.
C. The test of time is something that shows scientific ideas withstand to.
Laws of nature are explained as scientific laws.
Nature is thought by scientists as a single system that is handled by natural laws. Scientists tries to extend their understanding of the natural world by discovering natural laws. Scientific laws are the result of laws of nature.
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. the medium ground finch (geospiza fortis) and the cactus finch (geospiza scandens) are similar in size and appearance. a. which physical trait varies the most between these two species? b. the medium ground finch and the cactus finch are adapted to consume different types of foods. can you think of a situation in which the medium ground finches would have a survival advantage over the cactus finches? a disadvantage?
Cactus finches have longer beaks than medium ground finches, which is the physical difference between these two species that differs the most.
What species of ground finch are associated to huge cacti?Taxonomy. Darwin's finches, a group of closely related birds that developed on the Galápagos Islands, includes the Espanola cactus finch. The Tiaras grassquits, which may be found in South America and the Caribbean, are linked to the group.
What became of the medium-sized finches?Due of low population sizes, there has been an inbreeding depression in the medium ground finch population. When fitness declines as a result of people mating with genetic relatives, it is known as inbreeding depression. Normal outcomes include a decrease in heterozygosity and a loss of genetic diversity.
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Which axis indirectly shows the relative amount of dna per cell? by what relationship?.
The x-axis indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. As the DNA was stained, there is a relationship between fluorescence and DNA content.
The x-axis does not show the relative amount of DNA per cell directly. It can be seen through a special type of graph known as a histogram. If we look at it, peaks and dips can be seen as similar to fluorescence.
This indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. This confirms the relationship between the fluorescence and the relative amount of DNA in the cell.
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exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. this process is called multiple choice transcription. translation. deamination. denaturation.
Exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called denaturation
What is Denaturation?
It is one of the phenomenons that results in the disturbance of stability and structure of the proteinThe stability and structure of protein depends on physical and chemical conditions.
Temperature and pH affect the stability to a great extent.Due to changes in temperature, pH or other chemical activities, hydrogen bonds present in the proteins get disturbed. This results in unfolding of globular proteins and uncoiling of the helix structure.The uncoiling of helix structure affects chemistry of proteins and they lose their biological activity. This phenomenon of losing their activity and uncoiling of helix structure due to physical or chemical changes is called denaturation of proteins.During denaturation of proteins, the secondary and tertiary structures get destroyed and only primary structure is retained.Learn more about Denaturation at Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/12323414
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what was one step congress took during the covid-19 pandemic to lessen the blow to those impacted?
Many steps were taken by congress during the covid-19 pandemic to lessen the blow to those impacted. COVID-19 pandemic has severe and devastating impacts on American society, economy and health sectors compounding public as well as social crisis & economic burdens.
In 2020, COVID-19 pandemic spread worldwide bringing national and global emergency and crisis. However, American were severely effected by the pandemic.
Congress took some immediate and sensible measures to mitigate the effects of the pandemic and also made certain efforts to reduce the impending crisis.
However, the congress provided aid to the social, local, tribal and state governments. The steps take by congress include direct payments to effected individuals, tax incentives, increased benefits for unemployed people with $300 weekly.
Furthermore, 174 billion dollar funds were allocated for public health measures and 170 billion dollar for education at all levels.
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Look at the DNA samples from Cytochrome b shown above. What do you notice about the sequences for each population?
Answer:
Explanation:
they have lines.
during exercise, the blood flow to the active skeletal muscles is increased by autoregulation. how does this work? what other controls on blood flow operate?
During exercise the skeletal muscles require more ATP which in turn requires more oxygen. This autoregulation is mediated by the cerebral resistance which causes dilation of arteries. When the demand of excessive oxygen is reduced, neurotransmitters are released that constrict the blood vessels.
Cerebral resistance is the relation between cerebral perfusion pressure and CBF. It functions to mediate a normal blood flow rate to any organ. If the demand of oxygen is more at any organs, it facilitates the dilation of arteries so that the blood flow rate remains nearly constant.
Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that carry the chemical signals from one neuron to another. Thus, they act as messengers.
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