The correct equation to calculate the equivalent amount of money "F" that can be spent 16 years from now in lieu of spending $25,000 now at an interest rate of 12% per year is:
F = 25,000(F/P, 12%, 16)
The "F/P" factor is the future value of $1 invested at a given interest rate for a given number of years. In this case, the interest rate is 12% and the number of years is 16. So, the "F/P" factor is 6.2065.
Multiplying $25,000 by 6.2065 gives us $155,162.50. This is the equivalent amount of money that can be spent 16 years from now in lieu of spending $25,000 now.
Here is a breakdown of the equation:
F: The future value of the money25,000: The present value of the money(F/P, 12%, 16): The future value factor12%: The interest rate16: The number of yearsLearn more about future value calculations and interest rates here:
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1- YOUR FAITHFULLY IS A FORMAL ENDING COMPLEMENTARY CLOSE() 2- A QUOTATION BUSINESS LETTER IS SENT FROM THE BUYER TO THE PROSPECTIVE SELLER ( ) 3- AN ORDER IS NOT A LEGALBUSINESS LETTER OR COMMUNICATION DOCUMENT ( ) 4-WRITING THE ADDRESS OF A COMPANY IS VERY IMPORTANT IN MEMO 5- WRITTEN COMMUNICATION IS NOT IMPORTANT IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS ( )
1- “Yours faithfully” :
Is a formal ending used in a business letter to express sincerity and respect towards the recipient. It is commonly used when the letter is addressed to someone unknown or when using a general salutation like “To Whom It May Concern.”
2- A quotation business letter is indeed sent from the buyer to the prospective seller:
It is a formal communication that includes detailed information about the products or services being requested, along with the prices and terms of the proposed transaction.
3- An order is a legal business letter or communication document:
When a buyer places an order with a seller, it constitutes a legally binding agreement between the two parties. The order specifies the requested products or services, quantities, prices, and any other relevant terms and conditions.
4- Writing the address of a company is important in a memo:
While memos are typically internal documents used for communication within an organization, including the address of the company at the top or bottom of the memo helps to identify the source and provides a reference point for the recipients.
5- Written communication is indeed important in the communication process. It allows for clear and precise exchange of information, provides a permanent record of the communication, and allows for careful thought and planning of the message. While verbal communication is also important, written communication has its own advantages and plays a crucial role in various business and professional settings.
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The CWB Company is considering opening a new gallery which is expected to generate the following cash flows over 5 years. Central Investment cost in Year O, HKD 460,064 Cash Flows in Year 1, HKD 70,000 Cash Flows in Year 2, HKD 100,000 Cash Flows in Year 3, HKD 130,000 Cash Flows in Year 4. HKD 140,000 Cash Flows in Year 5, HKD 140,000 Salvage Value in Year 5, HKD 100,000 Assume that cash flow is uniform within each year, what is the payback period for this gallery? (Round your final answer to two decimal places)
The payback period for the gallery is 3.71 years. Explanation:Payback period refers to the time it takes for the investment to generate enough cash to recover the investment's initial outlay. It also informs investors as to whether or not to invest in the project based on the time it takes for it to generate a profit.
The payback period for the gallery can be computed using the formula below:Initial investment = HKD 460,064Cash inflow for the Year 1 = HKD 70,000Cash inflow for the Year 2 = HKD 100,000Cash inflow for the Year 3 = HKD 130,000Cash inflow for the Year 4 = HKD 140,000Cash inflow for the Year 5 = HKD 240,000(Addition of Year 5 Cash inflow and Salvage Value)Calculation:The cumulative cash inflow can be determined by adding the cash inflow for each year, beginning with year 1.Cumulative cash inflowYear 1 = HKD 70,000Year 2 = HKD 170,000Year 3 = HKD 300,000Year 4 = HKD 440,000Year 5 = HKD 680,000Therefore, the payback period can be calculated as follows:Year 1: The cash inflow of HKD 70,000 is not enough to pay back the HKD 460,064 investment outlay.Year 2: The cumulative cash inflow of HKD 170,000 is still not sufficient to recoup the initial investment outlay of HKD 460,064.Year 3: The cumulative cash inflow of HKD 300,000 is still insufficient to recoup the initial investment outlay of HKD 460,064.Year 4: The cumulative cash inflow of HKD 440,000 is still not enough to recover the initial investment outlay of HKD 460,064.Year 5: The cumulative cash inflow of HKD 680,000 is enough to pay back the initial investment outlay of HKD 460,064.The payback period is determined by dividing the number of years it takes to recoup the initial investment outlay by the total cash inflow in year 5.Payback period = 4 – [(HKD 440,000/HKD 680,000)]= 3.71 years (rounded to two decimal places).Hence, the payback period for the gallery is 3.71 years.
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You have $38,000 to invest. If you invest in an ETF that follows an index you will pay $15.10 in commission and 0.5% in yearly charges. If the index were to produce a return of 8.7%, how much will it be the overall cost of holding the ETF (relative to investing directly in the index) over the course of 17 years? Include the transaction cost.
Assuming no reinvestment of dividends, the total cost of holding an ETF for 17 years, as opposed to investing directly in the index, would be around $13,745.88. This is based on an initial investment of $38,000 and an index return of 8.7% per annum, minus a commission of $15.10 and an annual charge of 0.5%.
Investment cost for a year = (0.5/100) × 38,000 = $190If an investor invests in an ETF, they have to pay commission. Commission is a fee that brokers charge to buy or sell securities on behalf of clients. In this case, the investor has to pay $15.10 in commission.
Hence, the net investment for the investor is $38,000 − $15.10 = $37,984.9After a year, the cost of holding the ETF will be $190 (annual charges) + $15.10 (commission) = $205.10. Hence, the new value of the investment will be $37,984.9 × 1.087 − $205.10 = $41,757.21.In the second year, the cost of holding the ETF will be $41,757.21 × 0.005 + $15.10 = $226.65.
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Your firm employs ten employees. You have just signed a new contract to construct a small store in Farmingdale. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, you are experiencing supply chain problems relative to your raw materials. Discuss in detail how you would approach this problem.
The coronavirus pandemic has impacted the world in numerous ways, and supply chain problems are just one of them. As a firm that employs ten people and has just signed a new contract to construct a small store in Farmingdale, it's essential to approach the problem proactively and effectively to prevent any setbacks.
Develop an Alternative Supply ChainIt's always a good idea to have a backup plan for when things don't go as planned. you can explore alternative supply chains for the raw materials required to build the store. You can start by reaching out to different suppliers, negotiating prices, and assessing how long it would take to get the materials delivered.
it's critical to assess the quality of the materials to ensure they are up to standard. If you can identify a reliable supplier, you can reduce the impact of supply chain problems on your project.
they can adjust their expectations accordingly and make the necessary changes to their plans. Communication is key to prevent misunderstandings and establish trust among stakeholders.In conclusion, supply chain problems can pose a challenge to construction projects, but with a proactive and effective approach, you can mitigate its impact.
By developing alternative supply chains, scheduling the project efficiently, and managing expectations, you can deliver the project within the deadline and budget, while still delivering high-quality results.
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Determine what type of innovation and value-creation Samsung Electronics is capable of undertaking. Is it incremental or disruptive? Please explain fully and support your choice. (15 marks)
Samsung Electronics has demonstrated capabilities in both incremental and disruptive innovation. Their product portfolio includes a mix of incremental improvements to existing technologies as well as disruptive advancements that reshape industries. This enables them to continuously enhance their existing products and services while also introducing groundbreaking innovations that disrupt the market.
Samsung Electronics has a track record of incremental innovation, characterized by continuous improvements and upgrades to their existing product lines. For example, they consistently introduce new features, enhanced performance, and design refinements to their smartphones, televisions, and home appliances.
These incremental innovations help Samsung maintain their competitive edge in the market and meet evolving customer demands.
Additionally, Samsung has also shown a capacity for disruptive innovation. They have introduced products that revolutionized entire industries and created new market segments.
One notable example is their development of foldable smartphones, such as the Galaxy Fold. This disruptive innovation challenged the traditional concept of smartphones and opened up new possibilities for user experience and device functionality.
Furthermore, Samsung has expanded its innovation beyond hardware by venturing into software and services. They have developed their own operating system, Bixby virtual assistant, and ecosystem of connected devices under the SmartThings platform. These initiatives showcase their disruptive capabilities in creating new value propositions and ecosystems.
In conclusion, Samsung Electronics demonstrates a combination of incremental and disruptive innovation. Their ability to continuously improve existing products and introduce groundbreaking advancements allows them to stay competitive and drive significant value creation in the market.
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With few exceptions, most business to business (B2B) companies compete in extremely competitive marketplaces. Sales are achieved by offering the right product/service at the right time, at the right prices but all of this is predicated on identifying the most likely customers. Many of the major players in this space are using video marketing as a way to capture the attention and interest of their target markets.
Many B2B companies are utilizing video marketing to capture the attention and interest of their target markets in highly competitive marketplaces.
In today's competitive B2B landscape, effectively identifying and engaging with potential customers is crucial for success. Video marketing has emerged as a powerful tool for capturing attention and interest in this context. By leveraging visual and audio elements, B2B companies can convey their value proposition, showcase their products or services, and establish a compelling brand presence.
Video marketing offers several advantages in capturing the attention of target markets. It allows companies to create engaging and dynamic content that can be easily consumed and shared across various platforms. Videos can convey complex information in a concise and visually appealing manner, increasing the likelihood of capturing and retaining audience interest. Furthermore, videos can evoke emotions, storytelling, and human connections, fostering a stronger connection between the company and its potential customers.
With the proliferation of online platforms, B2B companies can effectively distribute their videos to reach their target markets. These videos can be shared on websites, social media, email campaigns, and other digital channels, enabling companies to increase their visibility and reach a wider audience.
In summary, in the competitive B2B landscape, video marketing provides an effective means for B2B companies to capture the attention and interest of their target markets. It allows them to convey their value proposition, engage with potential customers, and differentiate themselves from competitors in a visually compelling and memorable way.
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As police chief in a small town, Luciano is very concerned about measuring the success of his organization. How might Luciano measure success?
A) based on whether he saved enough department funds last year B) based on social media comments related to local homelessness C) by increasing the amount of revenue earned from tickets and fines D) by considering the effectiveness of the police in protecting and serving the town
Option (d), As police chief in a small town, Luciano is very concerned about measuring the success of his organization. He might measure success by considering the effectiveness of the police in protecting and serving the town.
To get a detailed answer, let's see what each option means:
Option A: Based on whether he saved enough department funds last year- This answer choice is not suitable because it is not the right way to measure the success of a police department. Saving money is not the measure of success for a police department.
Option B: Based on social media comments related to local homelessness- This answer choice is incorrect because social media comments are not an appropriate way to measure the success of a police department.
Option C: By increasing the amount of revenue earned from tickets and fines- This answer choice is incorrect because generating revenue from tickets and fines is not an appropriate way to measure the success of a police department.
Option D: By considering the effectiveness of the police in protecting and serving the town- This answer choice is the right answer because a police department's effectiveness in protecting and serving the town is a measure of success.
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QUESTION 41 The inefficiency associated with monopoly is due to the monopoly's profits the monopoly's losses overproduction of the good underproduction of the good QUESTION 42 A Giffen good is: O always the same as an inferior good is the special subset of inferior goods in which the substitution effect dominates the income effect is the special subset of inferior goods in which the income effect dominates the substitution effect O must have a downward sloping demand curve QUESTION 43 Assuming a monopolist is maximising profit, that is inefficient because the monopolist imposes a cost on society because the selling price is above marginal cost imposes a cost on society because the selling price is equal to marginal cost Odoes not impose a cost on society because the selling price is above marginal cost Odoes not impose a cost on society because price is equal to marginal cost. QUESTION 44 "A decrease in income, holding prices constant, can be represented as: an outward shift in the budget line with its slope becoming flatter a parallel outward shift in the budget line a parallel inward shift in the budget line a change in the slope of the budget line
Question 41: The inefficiency associated with monopoly is due to the monopoly's profits. This statement is incorrect. The inefficiency associated with monopoly is due to the reason that the monopolist has market power, which leads to reducing output and raising prices compared to the competitive market. This can result in several factors, including deadweight loss, allocative inefficiency, and higher prices to the customers, etc. Thus, the correct answer is "the underproduction of the good."
Question 42: A Giffen good is the special subset of inferior goods in which the income effect dominates the substitution effect. A Giffen good has a positive relationship between the quantity demanded and the price. That is, as the price of a Giffen good rises, its demand also rises, and vice versa. Thus, the correct answer is "the special subset of inferior goods in which the income effect dominates the substitution effect."
Question 43: Assuming a monopolist is maximizing profit, that is inefficient because the monopolist imposes a cost on society because the selling price is above marginal cost. The selling price is higher than the marginal cost of production in the case of monopoly. Due to this, the monopoly reduces output and raises the price of goods, leading to allocative inefficiency and deadweight loss. Thus, the correct answer is "because the selling price is above marginal cost."
Question 44: A decrease in income, holding prices constant, can be represented as a parallel inward shift in the budget line. Holding prices constant implies that the slope of the budget line remains the same. The inward shift of the budget line represents the decrease in income, which leads to a decrease in the quantity of goods consumed.
Thus, the correct answer is "a parallel inward shift in the budget line."
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statement of financial position Account Payable 510120 Unpaid Wages Wages Payable, 51700 Insted Financial Assets: $2070 Accounts Receivables: $8790 Investment Property: $22910 Cash and Cash Equivalents: $7490 Raw Materials: $6930 According to the accounting equation what is the amount of total Equity? Note: Give the answer without using the currency sign. In case the number is negative, please don't use parentheses/brackets, but the negative sign (eg. 20000) Answer
The amount of total equity is -$59,800..
to calculate the amount of total equity, we need to use the accounting equation, which states:
total assets = total liabilities + total equity
given the information provided, we have:
assets:
financial assets: $2,070
accounts receivables: $8,790
investment property: $22,910
cash and cash equivalents: $7,490
raw materials: $6,930
total assets = $2,070 + $8,790 + $22,910 + $7,490 + $6,930 = $48,190
liabilities:
account payable: $51,0120
unpaid wages: $5,170
wages payable: $51700
total liabilities = $51,0120 + $5,170 + $51,700 = $107,990
now, we can calculate the total equity using the accounting equation:
total assets = total liabilities + total equity
$48,190 = $107,990 + total equity
rearranging the equation to solve for total equity:
total equity = $48,190 - $107,990
total equity = -$59,800
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Clearly explain the effects of expert power within an organization. Discuss ways in which expert power can be reduced to help the organization achieve competitive advantage. no less than 100 words
Expert power refers to the influence an individual has due to their specialized knowledge, skills, and expertise in a particular field.
In an organization, expert power can have both positive and negative effects. On the positive side, expert power can lead to effective decision-making and problem-solving, as individuals with specialized knowledge can provide valuable insights and recommendations. It can also lead to innovation, as experts are often at the forefront of developing new ideas and solutions.
However, on the negative side, expert power can lead to the exclusion of other voices and perspectives within the organization. It can create silos and prevent cross-functional collaboration, as experts may be more focused on protecting their own domain of knowledge and influence.
To reduce the negative effects of expert power, organizations can take several steps. First, they can encourage and facilitate cross-functional collaboration and knowledge-sharing. This can help to break down silos and ensure that all perspectives are heard.
Second, organizations can develop systems of checks and balances to ensure that decision-making is not overly influenced by experts. For example, decision-making processes could involve multiple stakeholders with different areas of expertise to ensure a well-rounded perspective.
Finally, organizations can encourage a culture of humility and openness, where experts are willing to acknowledge their limitations and listen to the perspectives of others. This can help to ensure that decisions are made based on the best available knowledge and insights, rather than the influence of a few powerful experts.
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Patricia and Joe Payne are divorced. The divorce settlement stipulated that Joe pay $545 a month for their daughter Suzanne until she turns 18 in 2 years. Interest is 18% a year. How much must Joe set aside today to meet the settlement?
The amount that Joe needs to set aside today to meet the divorce settlement is $9077.28.
Explanation: The interest is compounded monthly since the monthly payment is given. Therefore, the interest rate per period is 18%/12 = 1.5% = 0.015.Then, the number of payments is 2 years × 12 months/year = 24 payments. The future value of an annuity formula gives us: FVA = C x [(1 + r)n - 1] / r, Where C = monthly payment, r = interest rate per period, and n = number of payments. The present value of an annuity formula gives us: PVA = FVA / (1 + r)n
Therefore, Joe must set aside PVA today.
FVA = $545 x [(1 + 0.015)24 - 1] / 0.015
= $19,254.56PVA
= $19,254.56 / (1 + 0.015)24
= $9,077.28.
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Ryson Incorporated sells a lantern popular with campers for $20 per unit. Variable expenses are 25% of sales, and fixed expenses total $427,500 annually.
Required: Answer the following in the space provided. Be sure to identify the question # with your response.
1. What is the product's CM per unit?
2. Use the CM per unit to determine the break-even point in units.
3. Ryson estimates that its sales will increase by $95,000 during the coming year due to increase in demand. By how much should net operating income increase?
4. Assume the company sold 40,000 units last year. The sales manager believes that a 3% reduction in the selling price, combined with an $148,000 increase in advertising expenditures, would increase annual unit sales by 30%. Calculate:
a) the total net operating income for last year and the sales manager's proposal
b) the CM per unit for last year and the sales manager's proposal.
Do not round intermediate calculations. Round "per unit" to 2 decimal places.
Tip: Be sure to show your calculations.
Consider using a comparative CM formatted income statement (image below) to support your analysis. You may integrate this into your response, however it is not a requirement.
Last year Proposed
Total Per unit Total Per unit
Sales Less: VC CM Less: FC Net operating income
Product's CM per unit: $15. Break-even point: 28,500 units. Net operating income increase: $71,250. Last year's net operating income: $200,000. Sales manager's proposal net operating income: $238,50
1. The contribution margin per unit is calculated by subtracting the variable expenses per unit from the selling price per unit: $20 - ($20 * 25%) = $15. 2. The break-even point in units is calculated by dividing the total fixed expenses by the contribution margin per unit: $427,500 / $15 = 28,500 units. 3. To calculate the increase in net operating income, we need to multiply the increase in sales by the contribution margin per unit: $95,000 * $15 = $1,425,000. Therefore, the net operating income should increase by $71,250. 4. Last year's total net operating income is not given in the question, so we cannot calculate it. However, using the given information, we can calculate the total net operating income for the sales manager's proposal. The new selling price per unit would be $20 * (1 - 3%) = $19.40. The total net operating income for the sales manager's proposal is calculated by multiplying the new contribution margin per unit ($19.40 - ($19.40 * 25%)) by the projected unit sales (40,000 * (1 + 30%)): ($19.40 - ($19.40 * 25%)) * (40,000 * (1 + 30%)) = $238,500. The CM per unit for last year is $15, and for the sales manager's proposal, it would be ($19.40 - ($19.40 * 25%)) = $10.50.
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QUESTION 3 20 MARKS Mario Foods produces frozen meals, which sells for $7 each. The company uses the FIFO inventory costing method, and it computes a new monthly fixed manufacturing overhead rate based in the actual number of meals produced that month. All costs and production levels are exactly as planned. The following data are from Mario's Foods' first two months in business: January 1,000 meals February 1,200 meals Sales Production 1,400 meals 1,000 meals Variable manufacturing expense per meal Sales commission expenses $1 per meal $700 Total fixed manufacturing $700 overhead Total fixed marketing and $600 $600 administrative expenses Required: a. Compute the product cost per meal produced under absorption costing and under variable costing based on January and February above. (2 MARKS) b. Prepare separate monthly income statements for January and for February, using the following: i. Absorption costing (9 MARKS) Variable costing (9 MARKS)
a. To compute the product cost per meal produced under absorption costing and variable costing, we need to consider the variable and fixed costs associated with production.
Absorption Costing: Product cost per meal produced under absorption costing includes both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead costs. Since all costs and production levels are exactly as planned, the total fixed manufacturing overhead and variable manufacturing expense per meal will remain constant.
Product cost per meal produced under absorption costing = Variable manufacturing expense per meal + (Total fixed manufacturing overhead / Number of meals produced)
For both January and February:
Variable manufacturing expense per meal = $1
Total fixed manufacturing overhead = $700
Number of meals produced: January = 1,000 meals, February = 1,200 meals
Product cost per meal produced under absorption costing:
January: $1 + ($700 / 1,000) = $1.70 per meal
February: $1 + ($700 / 1,200) ≈ $1.583 per meal
Variable Costing:
Product cost per meal produced under variable costing includes only the variable manufacturing expense per meal.
Product cost per meal produced under variable costing = Variable manufacturing expense per meal
For both January and February:
Variable manufacturing expense per meal = $1
Therefore, the product cost per meal produced under variable costing is $1 for both January and February.
b. Income Statements:
Using the absorption costing and variable costing methods, we can prepare separate monthly income statements for January and February.
January Income Statement (Absorption Costing):
Sales: 1,400 meals x $7 = $9,800
Product costs:
Cost of goods sold: 1,000 meals x $1.70 = $1,700
Fixed manufacturing overhead: $700
Total product costs: $1,700 + $700 = $2,400
Gross profit: $9,800 - $2,400 = $7,400
Operating expenses:
Sales commission expenses: $700
Fixed marketing and administrative expenses: $600
Total operating expenses: $700 + $600 = $1,300
Net income: $7,400 - $1,300 = $6,100
February Income Statement (Variable Costing):
Sales: 1,400 meals x $7 = $9,800
Product costs:
Cost of goods sold: 1,200 meals x $1 = $1,200
Gross profit: $9,800 - $1,200 = $8,600
Operating expenses:
Sales commission expenses: $700
Fixed marketing and administrative expenses: $600
Total operating expenses: $700 + $600 = $1,300
Net income: $8,600 - $1,300 = $7,300
Note: The income statements prepared are simplified and do not include all possible line items.
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40
d A price ceiling that is set below the equilibrium price will cause Multiple Choice producer surplus to fall. total economic surplus to rise. quantity supplied to exceed quantity demanded. an increas
A price ceiling that is set below the equilibrium price will cause producer surplus to fall.
A price ceiling that is set below the equilibrium price will cause producer surplus to fall. When a price ceiling is imposed below the equilibrium price, it restricts the price at which a good or service can be sold. This results in a situation where the price is lower than what suppliers are willing to sell the product for. As a result, producers receive less revenue, leading to a decrease in producer surplus.
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Department incurs $870,000 of manufacturing overhead while the Finishing Department incurs $420,000 of manufacturing overhead. Isaacs has identified machine hours (MH) as the primary manufacturing overhead cost driver in the Machining Department and direct labor (DL) hours as the primary cost driver in the Finishing Department.
Based on the information provided, it appears that the Machining Department incurs $870,000 of manufacturing overhead, and the Finishing Department incurs $420,000 of manufacturing overhead.
The primary cost driver in the Machining Department is machine hours (MH), meaning that the amount of manufacturing overhead incurred is related to the number of machine hours used in the department.
On the other hand, the primary cost driver in the Finishing Department is direct labor (DL) hours. This means that the amount of manufacturing overhead incurred in the Finishing Department is related to the number of direct labor hours worked in the department.
It is important to note that the information provided does not specify the exact relationship or cost allocation between machine hours, direct labor hours, and the respective manufacturing overhead costs. Additional information or cost allocation methods would be needed to determine the specific allocation of manufacturing overhead costs to machine hours and direct labor hours in each department.
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in general, as a source of capital a diversified firm has ________ information about a business that it owns compared to external sources of capital.
In general, as a source of capital, a diversified firm has more information about a business that it owns compared to external sources of capital.
A diversified firm, by definition, has holdings in various industries. As a result, it will have access to a wealth of knowledge and resources. Because of their knowledge of the company, diversified businesses can make more informed decisions when providing capital to one of their holdings. Because of their expertise and access to a wide range of information, they may be more willing to finance riskier initiatives or ventures that outside sources of capital may be hesitant to support. As a result, these companies have more extensive financial resources available to them, which can be used to invest in their business's growth. In conclusion, in general, as a source of capital, a diversified firm has more information about a business that it owns compared to external sources of capital.
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(a) What is the value of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) and to save (MPS)? Write the
formula (2 point)
(b) Write the formula and calculate the government-purchases multiplier. (2 point)
(c) Write the formula and calculate the tax multiplier. (2 point)
(d) Derive the equation for the IS curve. (Hint: It is easier to solve for Y) (e) Derive the equation for the LM curve (Hint: Again, it is easier to solve for Y) (f) Use the equations from Parts (d) and (e) to calculate the equilibrium levels of interest rate,
output, and investment in this economy. (s) Use the equations derived in (d) and (e) to draw the IS-LM curves, showing the intercepts in
the r and Y axes. Show the initial equilibrium values of Y and r.
Both MPC and MPS are important concepts in economics as they help us understand how changes in income impact consumption and saving patterns in an economy
The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the proportion of an additional unit of income that is spent on consumption. It represents the change in consumption divided by the change in income.
The formula for the marginal propensity to consume is:
MPC = ΔC / ΔY
Where:
MPC = Marginal Propensity to Consume
ΔC = Change in Consumption
ΔY = Change in Income
The marginal propensity to save (MPS) is the proportion of an additional unit of income that is saved rather than spent. It represents the change in saving divided by the change in income.
The formula for the marginal propensity to save is:
MPS = ΔS / ΔY
Where:
MPS = Marginal Propensity to Save
ΔS = Change in Saving
ΔY = Change in Income
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You have been given the task of persuading your business's board of directors to purchase insurance policies that will help manage the risks mentioned above. The insurance policies have already been chosen, but now you must explain the details of the insurance policies, including the contracts involved in the policies to the board and convince the board that these policies really will protect the business from risks. In addition, you must describe what the terms in the insurance contracts mean and how they can be applicable to each business area.
In order to do this, you will need to create a portfolio document with the following sections::
Define insurance and an insurance policy.
Identify the two basic types of insurance.
Describe how insurance policies can be used to protect the business from risks caused by certain events and from risks to their employees' personal security while on the job.
Define the four essential elements of a valid insurance contract: offer and acceptance, consideration, legal capacity, and purpose.
Identify the common terms found in insurance contracts that specify exactly what risks an insurer will cover.
Define catastrophe theory and how it differs from risk management principles.
Discuss how catastrophe theory can be utilized by your organizations to manage and recover from risks.
This portfolio document provides an explanation of insurance policies, including contracts involved, and how they protect businesses from risks.
The paper also defines key terms found in insurance contracts and the four essential elements of a valid insurance contract. Lastly, the document discusses how catastrophe theory can be used to manage and recover from risks.
Insurance is a contract that provides financial protection against loss or damage caused by certain events. An insurance policy is a legal agreement between an insurer and an insured that provides coverage for specific risks.
The Two Basic Types of Insurance
The two basic types of insurance are life insurance and general insurance. Life insurance provides coverage against the risk of premature death.
General insurance provides coverage against the risk of loss or damage to property, vehicles, or liability to third parties.
How Insurance Policies Can be Used to Protect Businesses from Risks Caused by Certain Events and from Risks to Employees’ Personal Security While on the Job
Insurance policies can be used to protect businesses from risks caused by certain events such as natural disasters, fire, theft, and other unforeseen events. They can also protect businesses from risks to employees’ personal security while on the job such as injuries, accidents, and illness.
The Four Essential Elements of a Valid Insurance Contract: Offer and Acceptance, Consideration, Legal Capacity, and Purpose
The four essential elements of a valid insurance contract are offer and acceptance, consideration, legal capacity, and purpose. Offer and acceptance refer to the terms and conditions of the contract agreed upon by the parties involved. Consideration refers to the amount paid for the insurance policy.
Common Terms Found in Insurance Contracts that Specify Exactly What Risks an Insurer Will Cover
Common terms found in insurance contracts that specify exactly what risks an insurer will cover include the premium, the deductible, exclusions, and conditions. The premium is the amount paid for the insurance policy. The deductible is the amount that the insured must pay before the insurer covers any losses.
Definition of Catastrophe Theory and How It Differs from Risk Management Principles-
Catastrophe theory is a theory that attempts to explain the sudden and unexpected occurrence of events that can cause severe damage or loss. Catastrophe theory differs from risk management principles because it is concerned with predicting and managing the occurrence of catastrophic events that may result in severe losses.
How Catastrophe Theory Can Be Utilized by Your Organization to Manage and Recover from Risks-
Catastrophe theory can be utilized by organizations to manage and recover from risks by providing a framework for predicting and managing the occurrence of catastrophic events. It enables organizations to develop strategies that minimize losses and expedite recovery in the event of a catastrophic event.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this portfolio document has provided an explanation of insurance policies, including contracts involved, and how they protect businesses from risks. The paper has also defined key terms found in insurance contracts and the four essential elements of a valid insurance contract.
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Question 1 The decision as to whether or not to have online operations is typically placed i section of the Integrated Retail Management Chart? O Financial Operations Management O Mission or Vision O None of these answers is correct. O Laws and Ethics O Retail Information Systems Question 2 Retail objectives should: O Have a deadline and be challenging. O Have no deadlines attached to them. O Be realistic and difficult to measurable. O Have a deadline, be realistic and be measurable. O None of these answers is correct.
Have a deadline, be realistic, and be measurable. Retail objectives should have a deadline to create a sense of urgency and accountability.
They should also be realistic to ensure they can be achieved and measurable to track progress and success. By setting clear deadlines, ensuring the objectives are attainable, and having measurable metrics, organizations can effectively plan and evaluate their performance against set targets.
The decision as to whether or not to have online operations is not typically placed in any specific section of the Integrated Retail Management Chart. It is a strategic decision that may involve various aspects such as financial operations management, mission or vision alignment, laws and ethics, and retail information systems, but it is not confined to a single section of the chart.
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Ly Moving to another question will save this response. Question 4 Which of the following current values in OD differentiates organization development from most other forms of management and consulting work? O growth, development, and learning O participation, involvement, and empowerment the importance of groups and teams O valuing the whole person Moving to another question will save this response.
Valuing the whole person is a current value in organization development that differentiates it from most other forms of management and consulting work.
Organization development (OD) stands out from other forms of management and consulting work by placing a strong emphasis on valuing the whole person. While other approaches may primarily focus on achieving organizational goals and objectives, OD recognizes the importance of considering and respecting the individual within the organizational context. Valuing the whole person means acknowledging and appreciating the unique qualities, experiences, skills, and perspectives that individuals bring to the workplace. OD recognizes that individuals are not just resources or cogs in the organizational machine but rather complex beings with their own aspirations, motivations, and needs. This perspective recognizes that the success of an organization is closely linked to the well-being, growth, and development of its employees.
By valuing the whole person, OD interventions and practices aim to foster a supportive and inclusive work environment where individuals can thrive and reach their full potential. This can involve initiatives such as promoting work-life balance, providing opportunities for personal and professional growth, encouraging open communication, and empowering employees to contribute their ideas and perspectives. This approach recognizes that engaged and fulfilled individuals are more likely to be committed, productive, and innovative, leading to organizational success in the long run. In summary, valuing the whole person is a key current value in organization development that sets it apart from other management and consulting approaches. By prioritizing the well-being and growth of individuals, OD creates a positive and supportive work environment that fosters employee engagement and organizational success.
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What are teams and how they are formed? Who is in your team and how were the roles allocated?
Teams are groups of people working together to achieve a common goal. They are formed to bring together the skills, knowledge, and expertise of individuals who complement each other in order to accomplish something that would be difficult for one person to do on their own.
They are formed in a variety of ways, including through organizational structures, project-based work, and social activities.Teams can be formed formally or informally, depending on the purpose of the group. Formal teams are created by management to perform specific tasks or projects. Informal teams form naturally based on shared interests, expertise, or personalities. These teams can be highly effective in achieving results, even though they are not created through a formal process.
The composition of a team depends on the task or project at hand. Individuals with complementary skills and expertise are brought together to form a team. Some teams may require members with specific technical skills, while others may require individuals with strong leadership or communication skills.Roles in a team are allocated based on individual strengths and expertise. For example, someone with strong analytical skills may be allocated the role of data analyst. Someone with strong leadership skills may be allocated the role of team leader.
In order to ensure that everyone is working together effectively, it is important to have clear roles and responsibilities defined from the outset.Teams are an essential part of any organization and are formed to achieve a specific goal. They bring together individuals with complementary skills and expertise to work together towards a common objective. Roles within the team are allocated based on individual strengths and expertise.
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A truck that cost $71100 and on which $60400 of accumulated depreciation has been recorded was disposed of for $18100 cash. The entry to record this event would include a O loss of $7400. O credit to Accumulated Depreciation for $60400. O gain of $7400. O credit to the Equipment account for $10700.
Answer:
Value of the truck = $71,100 ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION = 60,400 B
The journal entry to record this event would include a gain of $7400, option C.
In accounting, the sale of equipment or any other asset is considered a disposal. The gain or loss on the disposal of an asset is the difference between the amount of cash received from selling it and the asset's carrying amount at the time of disposal. Carrying amount is defined as an asset's purchase cost less accumulated depreciation. To calculate the carrying amount of the truck, we will subtract the accumulated depreciation of $60,400 from the cost of the truck, which
=$71,100. $71,100 - $60,400
= $10,700.
This $10,700 is the truck's carrying amount.
The journal entry to record the disposal of the truck is as follows:
Cash received from disposal = $18,100
Carrying amount of the truck = $10,700
Gain on disposal = $18,100 - $10,700 = $7,400.
Accounts Debit Credit Cash 18,100
Accumulated Depreciation 60,400
Equipment 71,100 Gain on Disposal 7,400.
Hence, the entry to record this event would include a gain of $7400., option C.
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If Harry Doubleday’s price elasticity of demand is –2, and its profit-maximizing price is $6, then its:
a.
average cost is $3.00.
b.
average cost is $0.33.
c.
marginal cost is $3.00.
d.
marginal cost is $0.33.
e.
average cost is $5.67.
The correct answer is F. none of the above. The average cost or marginal cost cannot be determined solely based on the price elasticity of demand and the profit-maximizing price. Additional information, such as the cost structure of the company and its production function, is needed to determine the average cost or marginal cost.
The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price. A price elasticity of demand of -2 indicates that a 1% increase in price will result in a 2% decrease in quantity demanded. The profit-maximizing price is determined by setting marginal cost equal to marginal revenue. However, without information about the cost structure or marginal cost, it is not possible to determine the average cost or marginal cost of Harry Doubleday's product.
' The average cost is calculated by dividing the total cost by the quantity produced. The marginal cost represents the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit. To accurately determine the average cost or marginal cost, information about the cost of production, such as fixed costs, variable costs, and economies of scale, is necessary. Without this information, none of the options provided can be identified as the correct answer.
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The complete question is: If Harry Doubleday’s price elasticity of demand is –2, and its profit-maximizing price is $6, then its:
a. average cost is $3.00.
b. average cost is $0.33.
c. marginal cost is $3.00.
d. marginal cost is $0.33.
e. average cost is $5.67.
f. none of the above
Which of the following is incorrect concerning taxation of disability income benefits?
A) if the employer paid the premiums, income benefits are taxable to the insured as ordinary income
b) if the insured paid the premiums, any disability income befits are tax-free
c) if the benefits are for a permanent loss, the benefits paid to the employee are not taxable
d) If paid by the individual, the premiums are tax deductible
The following option that is incorrect concerning taxation of disability income benefits is "if the insured paid the premiums, any disability income benefits are tax-free" (b).
This is an incorrect statement concerning taxation of disability income benefits because if the insured paid the premiums, income benefits are taxable to the insured as ordinary income.
Disability insurance refers to insurance that pays out benefits if the insured is unable to work and has a disabling illness. Disability insurance benefits are subject to tax, but the rules differ based on who pays the premiums for the policy. If the employee pays the premiums, the benefit is not subject to taxes, but if the employer pays the premiums, the benefit is taxable to the employee as ordinary income.
Benefits from a disability policy that an employee pays for out-of-pocket are usually tax-free, whereas benefits paid by an employer are taxed as ordinary income if the premium cost was included in the employee's gross income and taxed. The taxation rules apply regardless of whether the employee receives short-term or long-term disability benefits.
Permanent disability payments are tax-free, and workers' compensation benefits are usually tax-free as well. Workers' compensation insurance is a form of disability insurance that covers job-related injuries or illnesses, while permanent disability payments are those that are made to an individual who has suffered a permanent injury or illness that has rendered them unable to work.
Therefore, the correct answer is option b.
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A local furniture store is advertising a deal in which you buy a $5,300 living room set with three years before you need to make any payments (no interest cost is incurred). How much money would you have to deposit now in a savings account earning 4 percent APR, compounded monthly, to pay the $5,300 bill in three years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places.) Present value How much would you have to deposit in the savings account each month 4 percent APR to be able to pay the bill? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places.) Annuity payment
The amount of money that you would have to deposit now in a savings account earning 4 percent APR, compounded monthly, to pay the $5,300 bill in three years is $4,471.89 (rounded to 2 decimal places).
Explanation: Present value (PV) can be defined as the amount of money you need to deposit now to have a desired amount of money in the future. If you know the future value, the interest rate, and the number of periods, then you can compute the present value. The formula to calculate the present value is:
PV = FV / (1 + r)n
Where:FV = future valuer = interest raten = number of periods
Therefore, the PV of the living room set is:
$5,300 / (1 + 0.04/12)^(3*12)= $4,471.89
(rounded to 2 decimal places)An annuity payment is a fixed payment that is made at regular intervals of time. If you know the interest rate, the number of periods, and the future value, then you can calculate the annuity payment. The formula to calculate the annuity payment is:
PMT = (r * FV) / (1 - (1 + r)^-n)
Where:r = interest rateFV = future valuen = number of periodsTherefore, the annuity payment that you would have to deposit in the savings account each month 4 percent APR to be able to pay the bill is:
$4,471.89 / [ (1 - (1 + 0.04/12)^(-3*12)) / (0.04/12) ]= $137.44
(rounded to 2 decimal places)Therefore, you would have to deposit $4,471.89 now in a savings account earning 4 percent APR, compounded monthly, to pay the $5,300 bill in three years and deposit $137.44 in the savings account each month with 4 percent APR to be able to pay the bill.
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A) Short Answer Questions Answer the questions 1-4 according to the case described below. Currently due to the Corona Virus, consumers are staying at home, which is expected to decrease the aggregate demand in the economy. Meanwhile, workers also stay at home and work from home, or precautions should be taken for the workers who still continue to work at workplace. Assume this factor did reduce the aggregate supply in the economy. 1) Draw the case described below, showing clearly the old and new equilibrium points. 2) How does the demand and supply shocks affect the output and price levels? 3) How will economy return back to the equilibrium point without state intervention, according to AD AS model? 4) What kind of state intervention may bring the economy to the old output level? Write a tool government can use to implement that policy? 5) In USA economy for years now, interest rate has been close to zero. What may be the motivation of USA economy to keep the interest rate low? Explain your answer. Show the effect of increase in interest rate on the economy on a figure, using a AD/AS model.
The current situation of reduced aggregate demand and supply due to the Corona Virus is depicted in the AD-AS model. The equilibrium points are shown before and after the shocks. Demand and supply shocks affect the output and price levels by shifting the aggregate demand and supply curves. Without state intervention, the economy would not automatically return to the equilibrium point. State intervention can help bring the economy back to the old output level, and an example of a policy tool is fiscal stimulus. In the USA, the motivation for keeping interest rates low may be to stimulate borrowing, investment, and economic growth. An increase in interest rates in the AD-AS model would lead to a decrease in aggregate demand and a decrease in output and price levels.
In the AD-AS model, the case of reduced aggregate demand and supply can be represented by shifting the aggregate demand curve to the left and shifting the aggregate supply curve to the left. This results in a new equilibrium point with lower output and potentially higher prices.
Demand and supply shocks affect the output and price levels in the following ways:
Demand Shock: A decrease in aggregate demand leads to a decrease in output and potentially lower prices.
Supply Shock: A decrease in aggregate supply leads to a decrease in output and an increase in prices.
Without state intervention, the economy would not automatically return to the equilibrium point. The adjustment process in the AD-AS model involves changes in output and price levels over time as the economy moves towards a new equilibrium.
State intervention can help bring the economy back to the old output level. One policy tool the government can use is fiscal stimulus, such as increasing government spending or reducing taxes. By increasing aggregate demand through fiscal measures, the government aims to boost economic activity and stimulate output.
The motivation for keeping interest rates low in the USA economy may be to encourage borrowing, investment, and economic growth. Low interest rates make borrowing more affordable, which stimulates consumption and investment spending. This can help stimulate economic activity and support the recovery from economic downturns.
In the AD-AS model, an increase in interest rates would lead to a decrease in aggregate demand. This is represented by a leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve. As aggregate demand decreases, output and price levels would decrease, moving the economy towards a new equilibrium with lower output and potentially lower prices.
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5. Organizational Change (Refer to Chapter 14) Based on actual information gathered from primary and secondary sources, mention one situation that led to change in the organization, analyze the following in the situation What was the source and target? Mention which dimension of PESTEL analysis affected the organizational change. What were the barriers of change? How the company overcame the resistance to change?
The organizational change is a process that brings substantial changes in an organization, which results in a significant impact on the functioning of the organization.
The change can be triggered due to different situations that an organization has to face. The situation that led to the change in the organization was the acquisition of 20% of shares in Zee Entertainment Enterprises by Sony Pictures Networks India. This acquisition resulted in a significant change in the organizational structure of Zee Entertainment Enterprises. Sony Pictures Network India acquired 20% of shares in Zee Entertainment Enterprises to expand its operations in India. The source of the change was Sony Pictures Network India, which acquired 20% of shares in Zee Entertainment Enterprises.
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Suppose demand and supply are given by the following expressions. Qd = 189.3 – 4.4P Q* = 48.5 +4.7P. In equilibrium, consumer surplus is Question 2 1 pts [Round to nearest whole number.] Suppose demand and supply are given by the following expressions. Qd 189.3 – 4.4P QS = 48.5 + 4.7P. In equilibrium, producer surplus is Question 3 1 pts [Round to nearest whole number.] Suppose demand and supply are given by the following expressions. Qd 189.3 – 4.4P QS = 48.5 +4.7P. In equilibrium, total economic surplus is Question 4 1 pts [Round to nearest whole number.] Suppose demand and supply are given by the following expressions. Qd 189.3 – 4.4P Qs 48.5 +4.7P. If demand increases such that buyers are willing and able to purchase 50 more units of the good at every price, then at the new market equilibrium, consumer surplus increases by $____ Question 10 1 pts [Round your answer to the nearest 100ths.] Suppose demand and supply are given by the following, Qd = 167.4 – 2.9P Q$ = 31.2 +1.4P. = A tax of $3 creates $. of deadweight loss. Question 11 1 pts [Round your answer to the nearest 10ths.] Suppose demand and supply are given by the following, Qd = 167.4 – 2.9P Q* = 31.2 + 1.4P. --- A tax of $21 creates $ of deadweight loss. Question 12 1 pts Suppose demand and supply are given by the following, Qd = 167.4 – 2.9P = QS = 31.2 + 1.4P. = In the event of a per-unit tax, who will bear more of the burden of the tax? sellers buyers the tax will be split equally it depends on information that is not provided here
If the supply curve is relatively more elastic than the demand curve, the burden of the tax falls more on the buyers.
If the demand curve is relatively more elastic than the supply curve, the burden of the tax falls more on the sellers.
Given that, Qd = 189.3 – 4.4P and Qs = 48.5 + 4.7P
In equilibrium, consumer surplus is $1594 and producer surplus is $ 2129 and total economic surplus is $3723.
Suppose demand and supply are given by the following, Qd = 167.4 – 2.9P and Qs = 31.2 + 1.4P. The tax of $3 creates $11.1 of deadweight loss.
A tax of $21 creates $33.4 of deadweight loss.In the event of a per-unit tax, the burden of the tax depends on the relative elasticity of the demand and supply curves.
If the supply curve is relatively more elastic than the demand curve, the burden of the tax falls more on the buyers. If the demand curve is relatively more elastic than the supply curve, the burden of the tax falls more on the sellers.
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Jill, age 20 and single, is a full-time student at the University of Illinois. Her parents provide over one-half of her support and claim her as a dependent on their tax return. In 2021, Jill had $7,400 of income, which consisted of $6,000 in wages earned during the summer as a lifeguard, and $1,400 interest on a savings account. Her itemized deductions for 2021 were $400.
Jill's standard deduction is:
Jill's personal exemption is
Jill's taxable income is:
Therefore, she does not have to pay income tax for the year 2021.
The following are the calculations for Jill's standard deduction, personal exemption, and taxable income: Standard deduction: Jill is not 65 or older or blind, so her standard deduction is the greater of:$1,100, or$350 plus her earned income of $6,000, up to a maximum of $12,550Therefore, the amount of Jill's standard deduction is $7,100, which is greater than $1,100 and the sum of $350 plus her earned income.
Personal exemption: Jill is not entitled to a personal exemption on her tax return because she can be claimed as a dependent by her parents. Taxable income: Jill's taxable income is calculated as follows: Total income: $7,400Minus: Standard deduction: $7,100Minus: Itemized deductions: $400Equals: Taxable income: $0Jill's taxable income is $0 because her itemized deductions and standard deduction are greater than her total income.
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Laredo Corporation is considering new equipment. The equipment can be purchased from an overseas supplier for $3,340. The freight and installation costs for the equipment are $640. If purchased, annual repairs and maintenance are estimated to be $400 per year over the four-year useful life of the equipment. Alternatively, Laredo Corporation can lease the equipment from a domestic supplier for $1,440 per year for four years, with no additional costs. Prepare a differential analysis dated March 15 to determine whether Laredo Corporation should lease (Alternative 1) or purchase (Alternative 2) the equipment. (Hint: This is a "lease or buy" decision, which must be analyzed from the perspective of the equipment user, as opposed to the equipment owner.) If an amount is zero, enter "0". Differential Analysis Lease (Alt. 1) or Buy (Alt. 2) Equipment March 15 Lease Buy Differential Effects Equipment Equipment (Alternative 1) (Alternative 2) (Alternative 2) Purchase price Freight and installation Repair and maintenance (4 years) DDD Lease (4 years) Total costs Determine whether Laredo should lease (Alternative 1) or buy (Alternative 2) the equipment. Costs:
In business, it is essential to consider the benefits of purchasing or leasing assets before making a decision. Laredo Corporation has to decide whether to purchase or lease new equipment. A differential analysis will be used to assist in the decision-making process.
As per the given information, the purchase price of the equipment from the overseas supplier is $3,340, and the freight and installation costs for the equipment are $640. Repairs and maintenance are expected to cost $400 per year over the four-year useful life of the equipment. Alternatively, Laredo Corporation can lease the equipment from a domestic supplier for $1,440 per year for four years, with no additional costs.
Differential Analysis Lease (Alternative 1)Equipment Buy (Alternative 2)Equipment Differential Effects Purchase price- $3,340Freight and installation- $640Repair and maintenance (4 years)- $400*4 = $1,600Total costs- $1,440*4 = $5,760Purchase price- $0Freight and installation- $0Repair and maintenance (4 years)- $400*4 = $1,600Total costs- $3,340 + $640 + $1,600 = $5,580Differential Effects- $5,580 - $5,760 = -$180As per the differential analysis, the total cost of buying the equipment is $5,580, while the total cost of leasing the equipment is $5,760.
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