The immune system not only fights pathogens; it also fights foreign cells, such as those introduced during tissue transplantation. this type of immune reaction is called Graft rejection or transplant rejection .
The immune system of the person who gets an organ after transplant surgery may alert them to the foreign nature of the organ. This occurs when the immune system of the patient notices that the antigens on the organ's cells are "mismatched."
Blood transfusion reactions or transplant rejection can be caused by mismatched or imperfectly matched organs. Doctors match the organ recipient and donor in order to lessen the likelihood of this reaction.
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The immune system not only fights pathogens; it also fights foreign cells, such as those introduced during tissue transplantation. This type of immune reaction is called Transplant or Graft rejection.
Rejection occurs when the recipient’s immune system recognizes the donor tissue as foreign or non-self, thereby, triggering an immune response. The major histocompatibility complex markers MHC I and MHC II which are more specifically known as Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs), play an important role in transplant rejection.
The immune response linked with a transplanted organ consists of both cellular (lymphocyte mediated) and humoral (antibody mediated) mechanisms. Although other cell types are also involved, the T cells are central in the rejection of grafts.
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Movement of water where density increases underwater causes deep currents please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
True
Yes, it is true that movement of water where density increases underwater causes deep currents.
Why does movement of water where density increases underwater causes deep currents?With the intervention of two primary mechanisms, winds and density differences, whose origin lies in the contact surface between the atmosphere and the sea, ocean mass is constantly shifted and mixed by more or less fast motions. Despite being slow, the movements of the deep ocean masses are nevertheless considered currents since they pull the water in a specific direction. Differences in density, which are influenced by salinity and temperature, are the cause of this movement.What happens to water's density as salinity levels rise?As the water's salinity increases we can observe its density increase.What are underwater deep currents?Different water densities lead to deep currents, also known as thermohaline circulation. These currents are caused by the sinking of cold, thick water at the poles. Water from the surface circulates on a 1000-year journey around the globe as it flows to replace water that is sinking.To learn more about underwater deep currents visit:
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Air spiraling rapidly inward toward the center of a hurricane does not make it all of the way to the center because of?
Coriolis effect ,which deflects air that is being drawn into the surface low -pressure center , setting up a cyclonic rotation. Air spiraling rapidly inward towards the center of hurricane in counter clockwise pattern in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
At the center of the storm , air sink , forming an eye which is mostly cloud free and cross section of typical hurricane. Gravitational disturbance which we can called as density waves, rippling slowly through a galaxy and caused it to wind up and generate the spiral appearance.
Outside the eye-wall of hurricane rain-bands spiral inwards towards the eye-wall. Air flowing flowing inward warms adiabatically causing additional heat to be added to the storm. Inward flowing air flowing adiabatically heat from the warm ocean below.
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Some of the food in the protein group and dairy group are high in saturated fats and cholesterol. These raise which cholesterol in the blood?
The food in the protein group and dairy group are high in saturated fats and cholesterol, it raise LDL in blood.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a waxy like substance synthesized from two sources such as liver and from animals like meat, poultry, diary product.
There are two types of cholesterol, one is bad called LDL cholesterol and second one is good called as HDL.
LDL narrow down the arteries by depositing fats in it, the condition known as atherosclerosis which leads to increase in risk for heart attack, stroke and peripheral artery disease.
On the other hand, HDL protect against heart attack and stroke
Third component called triglycerides are the common type of fat act as a reservoir of excess energy.
Hence, LDL is the correct answer.
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Research three branches of biology. for each branch of bilogy describe what is studies, what careers involve that branch and how much money you can expect to make with the career, level of education needed, and two famous people in the branch of biology
The three primary branches of biology are:
Medicine: A variety of plants used as medications are studied in the field of medicine.
Botany: This subject encompasses the study of plants.
Zoology: This field of study deals with animals.
What careers involve in these branches with educational requirement?Medicine:
Surgeon - 10 to 20 lakhs ,M.ch degree in in any specialization post MBBS and MD degree.
Dentists - 2 to 5 LPA, BDS degree
Gynecologist - 5 to 15 LPA, MD in gynecology
Optometrists - 3 to 4 LPA, BOPTM degree
Veterinarians - 4 to 5 LPA, BVSc degree
Physiotherapist - 2 to 3 LPA, BPT degree
Audiologist - 3 to 4 LPA, Ph.D in audiology or AUD degree
Botany:
Taxonomist - 2 to 3.5 LPA, Bachelor's degree in botony
Plant Biochemist - 1 to 2.75 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's or Ph.D in biochemistry, biological science or agriculture.
Ecologist - 3 to 4.5 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in ecology
Plant Physiologist - 5 to 6 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in biological science or botony.
Zoology:
Zookeeper - 1 to 2 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in zoology or animal husbandry.
Researcher - 3 to 4 LPA, Ph.D in specialized branch in zoology
Teacher - 3 to 4 LPA, Bachelor's or Master's degree in zoology + B.Ed
Name two famous people in these branches?Medicine - Hippocrates and Alexander Fleming.
Botony - Carl Linnaeus and Gregor Mendel.
Zoology - Steve Irwin and Charles Darwin.
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What condition may be the cause of elevated blood glucose levels, depressed immune system, and redistribution of fats from limbs to the face, neck, and abdomen?
The condition that causes elevated blood glucose levels, depressed immune system, and redistribution of fats from limbs to the face, neck, and abdomen is diabetes.
What is the Diabetes?The diabetes condition leads to a great rise in the sugar level of an individual. In most cases the disease is popularly referred to as hyperglycemia. As such, the individual will have a lost of sugar moving freely in the blood stream.
Now, one of the things that this condition does is that there is redistribution of fats from limbs to the face, neck, and abdomen.
Hence, the condition that causes elevated blood glucose levels, depressed immune system, and redistribution of fats from limbs to the face, neck, and abdomen is diabetes.
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The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the: a. gene pool. c. phenotype. b. dna. d. polygene.
The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the: gene pool
All the genes and their many alleles that are present in an interbreeding population make up the gene pool.Gene pool is the total genetic makeup of a population at any particular time. The phrase refers to all genes and gene combinations (the sum of the alleles) present in the population, which is often a group of people belonging to the same species.Through evolution, the gene pool of a population can evolve over time. Numerous processes, such as mutations, natural selection, and genetic drift, can cause this. As a result, the population's gene pool is modified to better suit the requirements of its particular habitat.
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Betty the botanist wanted to test the affects of chlorine on plants. To do this, Betty added chlorine
to the water she used to water the plants. She used five identical plants, which were planted, in the
same type of pot with the same type of soil, and each were exposed to the same amount of
sunlight. Betty gave each plant the same amount of water. However, to the first plant's water she
added 10 grams of chlorine, to the second plant's water she added 8 grams of chlorine, to the third
plant's water she added 6 grams of chlorine, to the fourth plant's water she added 4 grams of
chlorine, and to the fifth plant's water she added no chlorine. After two weeks, she noted that the
first plant was dead, the second was near death, the third was wilted, the fourth had a few dead
leaves, and the fifth was fine.
Chlorine is micronutrients, too much chlorine may lead to toxicity in plants, it can result in to burned appearance in leaves.
What are micronutrients?The nutrients which are less Essential to plants for there growth. For example Boron, chlorine, mangnese, molybdenum, iron, zinc.
Chlorine is also on of micronutrients , it not that much essential and if there is too much chlorine it can lead to brown or dead tissue on the tips ,margins between the veins of leaves.
As she has put chlorine in plants without the particular amount needed the plant ,so the plants lead to toxicity. And the fifth plant do not contain any chlorine it is alive.
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In a helminth life cycle, which host harbors the adult, sexually active stage of the pathogen?
In a helminth life cycle, which host harbors the adult, sexually active stage of the pathogen Definitive host.
Helminths are multicellular eukaryotic animals that generally posses digestive ,circulatory, nervous ,excretory and reproductive systems. Tissues and organs heterotrophic parasitic often lack organ systems of free-living relatives. Helminths cannot reproduce inside a host organism. Rather, these organisms tend to have a life cycle in which the adult nematode lives inside the host intestine, producing eggs, which are then shed with the host's feces.
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The coleman report and other studies have found that ______ is the most powerful factor in determining students' level of school achievement.
The Coleman report and other studies have found that neighborhood and peer environment is the most powerful factor in determining students' level of school achievement.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 required the publication of the Coleman Report. The law assigned the U.S. Office of Education two years to write a report that would analyze the disparities in educational opportunities for elementary and secondary education across the country.Black and white schools have roughly equal access to regional resources. However, the researchers came to the conclusion from the research that neither the school's infrastructure nor its resources were the most crucial indicators of a child's academic achievement. Instead the Home life and neighborhood played an important role. Six community elements have been identified by study as influencing student achievement: financial situation, environment, educational level, communication with and support provided to schools, availability of community child care, and community cohesion (i.e., quality of education).learn more about Coleman report here: https://brainly.com/question/5778843
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What is the anticodon sequence of a nonsense suppressor mutant trna that can suppress more than one stop codon?
The anticodon s a sequence of a nonsense suppressor mutant trna that can suppress more than one stop codon
An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence that is complementary to a matching codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and is found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. UAC serves as the drug's antagonist. The ribosome is where tRNA and mRNA link to recognize codons. Trinucleotide units called anticodon are found in tRNA. To the codons in mRNA, it is complementary.
Codons help the ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis, receive genetic information from the nucleus. The tRNA molecules have anticodons. During translation, they serve the purpose of forming a base pair with the codon on a strand of mRNA. By doing this, the expanding polypeptide chain will be joined to the right amino acid.
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Population projections estimate that by 2050 we will reach a world population of 11 billion. the world already faces issues feeding the 7 billion people that currently live here. should genetically modified organisms be used to help meet the world’s food needs?
Yes, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) should be used to help meet the world’s food needs but with taking care of all the ethical concerns.
What are genetically modified organismsOrganisms whose genetic material i.e. genes are being modified by certain molecular biology techniques are known as genetically modified organisms. The genes which are manipulated or modified are known as transgenes therefore these organisms are also known as transgenic organisms.
Why should they be used to help meet the world’s food needs?As the world’s population is rapidly increasing, there is a need for new technologies which can help meet this challenge. Currently, the agriculture which is practiced today is not sustainable, a lot of herbicides and pesticides are being used which has led to massive destruction of the lands.
So, genetically modified organisms become a solution to it.
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When a newborn takes its first breath, what physical changes occur in the heart to increase oxygenation of the infant’s blood?
About how many total atp equivalents are generated by the complete oxidation of one molecule of acetyl coa?
Around 12 ATP equivalents are generated by the complete oxidation of one molecule of acetyl CoA.
Glycolysis begins when glucose enters, producing 2 pyruvate molecules. These pyruvates are subsequently transformed into two molecules of acetyl CoA. With each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle, three NADH (9 ATP), one FADH (2 ATP), and one GTP are produced (1 ATP). Each mole of acetyl-CoA will therefore yield 12 ATP molecules in total.
Electron transport from the citric acid cycle's energy precursors in step 3 causes oxidative phosphorylation, which phosphorylates ADP to produce ATP. In animals the majority of the energy required in biosynthesis, preserving appropriate ion balance, and mechanical work comes from oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the net production of atp molecules per glucose molecule in the muscles if glycogen is the source of the glucose?.
3 mol
The net production of ATP molecules per glucose molecule in the muscles if glycogen is the source of the glucose is 3 mol.
NADH is converted to NAD+ via the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, which is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, in order to maintain the oxidation of glucose and the net yield of 2 ATP per mol of glucose oxidized (or 3 mol of ATP if the source is muscle glycogen).ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphateThe following reaction occurs in the muscles when glycogen is broken down:
(Glucose)n + Pi → Glucose-1-phosphate + (Glucose)n-1
How much ATP is produced when glucose is converted to glycogen?2 ATP is produced when glucose is converted to glycogenFor every glucose molecule to be converted into a molecule of glycogen, two ATP are needed.How is ATP produced from glycogen?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules are needed for muscle contraction, and they are produced by the oxidation of glucose by the muscle cells during anaerobic and aerobic processes. Muscle glycogen particles are broken down during intense, intermittent exercise and throughout prolonged physical activity.To learn more about glycogen breakdown visit:
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Areas of the retina where many rods convergence on only a few ganglionic nerve cells will have?
An area of the retina where many rod cells will converge and only a few ganglionic nerve cells will be found in Blind Spot.
Where is the blind spot located?In the eyes, a natural blind spot, also known as the optic disc, develops where the blood vessels and axons of the ganglion cells depart to form the optic nerve. This is due to the lack of receptors (rods and cones) in this area of the retina. Artificial blind spots can arise when anything blocks light from reaching the photoreceptors, which are the rods and cones.
There are no photoreceptors in this location, hence there is no image detection.
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In general, all croplands tend to reduce the diversity and number of pollinator species. In which areas do croplands lead to the greatest % decline in pollinator species?
1. Near urban areas
2. Near pasture
3. In tropical areas
4. In temperate areas
5. In mountainous areas
It is possible that near urban areas the diversity and number of pollinator species gets reduced. The correct option is 1.
What are pollinators?A pollinator is something that assists in the transport of pollen from either the male part of the flower (stamen) to the female part of a similar or another flower (stigma).
Pollen movement is required for the plant to become fertilized and generate fruits, seeds, and young plants.
Loss of habitat is one of the most serious threats to pollinators.
Expanding urbanization and agricultural development consume these creatures' habitat and replace it with roadways, vast swaths of lawn, and exotic garden plants.
Thus, the correct option is 1.
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What will happen if an animal raised in an axenic environment is exposed to a pathogenic microbe later in life?
If an animal raised in an axenic environment is exposed to a pathogenic microbe later in life, it will exhibit a very poor immune response to the pathogen.
What is an axenic environment?Axenic environment is that which is free from any contaminating organism like microbes. When any animal is raised in an axenic environment, it has a very poor immune system because it does not have to defend itself against any pathogen.If such an animal is exposed to pathogen later in their life they may not be able to respond because they have never experienced such situations and will get infected.In laboratories, animals are initially grown in axenic places but they are later on slowly exposed to external environment so that they can acclimatize/ adapt to the environment and live normally.Learn more about axenic environment here:
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How does 1 act human after being in isolation for years.
Answer:
the behaviour is disturbed
Explanation:
One of the reasons that living in isolation is difficult is because humans are social creatures. Many people that have lived in isolated environments – such as researchers stationed in Antarctica – report that loneliness can be the most difficult part of the job. Yossi Ghinsberg, an Israeli adventurer and author who survived weeks alone in the Amazon, said that loneliness was what he suffered from most and that he had created imaginary friends to keep himself company.
Loneliness can be damaging to both our mental and physical health. Socially isolated people are less able to deal with stressful situations. They’re also more likely to feel depressed and may have problems processing information. This in turn can lead to difficulties with decision-making and memory storage and recall.
People who are lonely are also more susceptible to illness. Researchers found that a lonely person’s immune system responds differently to fighting viruses, making them more likely to develop an illness.
What is the most common presenting objective symptom of a urinary tract infection in older adults, especially in those with dementia?
Blood passes through the left av valve as it moves from the _______ to the _______.
Answer:
left atrium; left ventricle
Blood passes through the left AV valve as it moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
The left AV valve is also known as the mitral valve or bicuspid valve. It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle in the heart and allows blood to flow from the left atrium, where it has been collected from the lungs, into the left ventricle, from where it is pumped out to the rest of the body during the contraction of the heart.
Blood is a vital bodily fluid that circulates through the circulatory system of animals, including humans. The blood's primary functions include transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells, removing waste products and carbon dioxide from cells, regulating body temperature, carrying hormones, and supporting the immune system.
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Adaptation to terrestrial life required major evolutionary changes. The change from gill breathing to lung breathing was accompanied by important changes in the ____________________________. manufacture of blood cells association of blood and interstitial fluid cardiovascular system reproductive system
The correct answer is 'association of blood and interstitial fluid.'
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function is to transport nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body while returning deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Abnormalities or damage to any one or all of the cardiovascular system's components may result in serious health problems. Common diseases that can affect the cardiovascular system include coronary artery disease, heart attacks, excessive blood pressure, and stroke. The circulatory system moves blood from the heart to the lungs where it is oxygenated. The heart pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. Veins bring oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart to restart circulation.
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For generating nuclear energy, fusion experiments use the smallest nuclei, isotopes of hydrogen, while fission experiments use very large nuclei. why?
Energy is released whenever a nucleus changes: However, it is more difficult to cause fission by striking smaller atoms with neutrons. Large atoms are also more difficult to join by pressing them together.
Even little atoms must currently be accelerated to extremely high speeds for fusion.Fission literally translates to "a splitting or breaking up into bits." Atoms are split during nuclear fission to release heat energy.A large, somewhat unstable isotope (atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons) undergoes nuclear fission when it is struck by fast particles, often neutrons. The unstable isotope is struck by these accelerated neutrons, causing it to fission, or split into smaller particles.Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion both provide energy, but they have different uses.learn more about fission here: https://brainly.com/question/3992688
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A heterozygous person that has one disease allele and one normal allele is referred to as a:________
Answer:
Explanation:
When you have a genetic disease, where one allele is dominant over the other, then there are three types of genotypes you can have - DD homozygous dominant (assuming the disease is recessive, this person would be normal); Dd - heterozygous (this person would be normal but will be able to pass on the disease trait to their offspring, and we call that a carrier) and dd - homozygous recessive, which would be the person that has the disease.
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The image below shows how wolves and dogs compare to some other animals in the levels of classification.
An image of classification levels of dog is shown. There are 8 columns and 7 rows. The top row says Animalia and then lists the following organisms from left to right, Insect, Fish, Rabbit, Cat, Fox, Jackal, Wolf, and Dog. The second row says Chordata and lists the following organisms from left to right, Fish, Rabbit, Cat, Fox, Jackal, Wolf, and Dog. The third row says Mammalia and lists the following organisms from left to right, Rabbit, Cat, Fox, Jackal, Wolf, and Dog. The fourth row says Carnivora and lists the following organisms from left to right, Cat, Fox, Jackal, Wolf, and Dog. The fifth row says Canidae and lists the following organisms from left to right, Fox, Jackal, Wolf, and Dog. The sixth row says Canis and lists the following organisms from left to right, Jackal, Wolf and Dog. The seventh row says Canis lupus and lists the following organisms from left to right, Wolf and Dog.
Based on the chart, how are insects and dogs related?
They belong to the same kingdom, but different phyla.
They belong to the same domain, but different kingdoms.
They belong to the same kingdom and phylum.
They belong to the same domain and phylum.
Answer:
it's answer D let me know if it's wrong
Dogs and insects belong to the same kingdom, but insects belong to phylum Arthropoda. Thus, the answer is option A.
An insect is a six legged Arthropoda.
Phylum : Arthropoda (with several classes)
Class: Insecta (Hexapoda)
A dog is a mammal of family Canidae.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Like wolves and other canids, dogs are bred exclusively to hunt and consume other animals for their food. They can run quickly and for long periods of time when pursuing prey thanks to their compact, muscular bodies and long legs.
Thus, the insects and dogs are related by being in the same kingdom, but they belong to different phyla. The answer is A.
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What are the similarities between the adrenal hormone cortisone and the synthetic corticoid prednisone?
The similarities between the adrenal hormone cortisone and the synthetic corticoid prednisone are they have steroid nucleus
The adrenal hormone cortisol and the synthetic corticoid prednisone are similar in that they both have a steroid nucleus. Both have three ketone groups. They both have two methyl groups.
Cortisone is a corticosteroid, which is type of drug. These medications are prescribed by doctors to treat inflammation (swelling) induced by injury or illness. Corticosteroid shots are another name for cortisone shots.
corticoid, any of more than 40 chemical substances in the steroid family found in the cortex of the adrenal glands. Six of these molecules are hormones, which are released into the bloodstream and transported to other organs to generate physiological reactions.
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Fungi reproduce in a variety of ways. Which of these is a way that fungi reproduce?
A. the female fungus eats the male
B. the male absorbs the female egg cell
C. through spores
D. the male produces a display for the female
C is the correct answer
through spores
Sexual reproduction helps to increase ____ . The advantage of asexual reproduction is ____ .
Blank #1 options:
A. The number of offspring
B. Genetic Variation
C. Genetic Mutations
Blank #2 options:
A. There are no genetic mutations
B. Reproduction doesn’t require a mate
C. Increased genetic variation
Blood passes through the right av valve as it moves from the _______ to the ______
Blood passes through the right AV valve as it moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
What is the function of the right AV?
Another word for the right AV is Right Atrioventricular Valve. This valve is responsible for controlling blood flow form the right atrium to the ventricle on the right.
It is situated between the right upper heart chamber and the right lower heart chamber (right ventricle) (right atrium).
To make sure that blood flows in the right direction, the tricuspid valve opens and shuts.
What is the function of the Right Atrium?One of the four heart chambers is the right atrium. Blood with low oxygen content is taken in from the body by the right atrium, which then pumps it into the right ventricle.
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When a person overdoses on drugs, ultimately, what brain structure was shut down to produce death?
A Final statement or concluding statement
'Medulla' shuts downs as a result of drug overdose.
Why shutting down of Medulla results in death?Usually, medulla damage results in death. Additionally, morphine (and other opiate medications), cocaine, and amphetamine have a very strong effect on this region. Through the impairment of cardiovascular function, these medicines have the potential to result in drug overdose. The development of apnea and a lessened respiratory response to hypoxia are both brought on by receptors, which also produce a medullary diminished response to hypercarbia.
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Why does strength and contrcation increase somwhat after a few stimulation/contraction events?
The muscle generates stress during the contraction phase, which is accompanied by the cycling of the cross bridges. During the relaxation phase, the muscle lengthens back to normal.
All of the muscle fibers connected to that motor neuron will contract as an action potential moves down the motor neuron. A muscle twitch is the contraction caused by a single action potential. A single muscle twitch consists of three parts. the contraction phase, the relaxation phase, and the latent period, often known as the lag phase. The action potential reaches the muscle, and the latent period is the brief (1-2 msec) interval before tension is seen in the muscle. This period of time is necessary for calcium to diffuse out of the SR, bind to troponin, transfer tropomyosin away from the active sites, build cross bridges, and pick up any slack in the system.learn more about contraction phase here: https://brainly.com/question/26765109
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