Only simple retroviruses, not complex retroviruses, have been found to transmit cellular genes. It is unclear why these two viruses differ, but it may have something to do with how retroviruses acquire cellular sequences or how the viral genome is organised, which must be tolerant of foreign insertion.
Retroviruses carry changed cellular genes that give the virus a high level of tumorigenicity. The growth-regulatory genes in these viral or v-onc genes are typically altered. Protooncogenes or c-onc genes are the names given to their cellular progenitors (Bishop 1983, Varmus 1984, Cooper 1990). Gain of function of a positive growth signal is caused by over expression or incorrect expression, which is frequently paired with mutation of an oncogene that has integrated into a viral genome.
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The starchy endosperm plays what role in the barley kernel...
Reserves of food. reserves of fat, carbohydrates, or (rarely) protein that are found in cells and tissues and serve as a vital energy reserve that can be released and used to produce ATP when the body needs it.
Animals, for instance, store fat in adipose tissue while storing carbohydrates in the form of the storage molecule glycogen in the liver and muscle cells. Starch, which can be found in seeds (where it is mobilised at germination) and perennating organs (see perennation), is a major storage compound in plants. Some species also use oils as significant storage materials (e.g. in the seeds of the castor-oil plant). The barley grain's endosperm, which is the biggest tissue, is frequently referred to as the "starchy endosperm."
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What is the advantage of having small, needlelike leaves?
A) better protection against insects and herbivores
B) decrease in transpiration rate
C) decreased efficiency of light capture
D) increase in transpiration rate
E) increased efficiency of light capture
Explanation:
decrease in transpiration rate
A scientist is investigating mutations. she observes a mutation where one or more nucleotides are inserted into a sequence of dna. the scientist claims that this insertion mutation will affect genetic variability. Is the scientist correct? why or why not?
A researcher is looking at mutations. She notices a mutation in which a DNA sequence has had one or more nucleotides added. This insertion mutation, according to the expert, will impact genetic diversity. The researcher is right.
Yes, the scientist is correct. Insertion mutations can have a significant impact on genetic variability by altering the DNA sequence and potentially leading to changes in the resulting protein.
These changes can affect the structure, function, and activity of the protein, which can in turn affect the traits and characteristics of an organism. Therefore, insertion mutations can contribute to genetic diversity within a population, which is important for the survival and evolution of species.
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Phylogenetics relates organisms to one another based on genetic distance that increases with evolutionar time. This principle requires the use of what kind of genes in order to give accurate relationships?
Neutral DNA markers must be used in investigations if scientists are to gain an accurate assessment of phylogenetic relationships.
A phylogenetic tree is a tool used by scientists to depict the connections and evolutionary paths among organisms. A phylogenetic tree is a type of diagram that shows the evolutionary links between different kinds of living things.
Phylogenetic approaches can be broadly divided into two categories: character-based methods and distance-based methods.
A phylogenetic tree's branching pattern illustrates how many species or other groups developed from a number of common predecessors. In trees, two species are more closely related if they share a recent common ancestor and less closely related if they do not.
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which statements describe catabolic and anabolic reactions? select the two answers that are correct. catabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones. catabolic reactions remove chemical bonds and result in larger substances being broken down into smaller ones. anabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones. anabolic reactions remove chemical bonds and result in larger substances being broken down into smaller ones. catabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in the formation of tissues and the enzymes used in digestion.
Catabolic reactions remove chemical bonds and result in larger substances being broken down into smaller ones. Anabolic reactions add chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones. Thus, the correct options are B and C.
What are Metabolic reactions?Metabolic reaction is the total sum of all the biological reactions which are taking place in any living cell, which are absolutely controlled by the biocatalysts, enzymes. These chemical reactions are of two types which include breaking down reactions, catabolism, e.g., cell respiration and synthesizing reactions, anabolism, e.g., photosynthesis.
Catabolic reactions are the chemical reactions which include removal of chemical bonds and results into larger substances being broken down into smaller substances, for example cellular respiration. Anabolic reactions are the chemical reactions which include addition of chemical bonds and result in smaller molecules being built up into larger ones such as photosynthesis.
Therefore, the correct options are B and C.
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The allele that is only seen in the homozygous state is called: __________
An organism can only express a recessive allele when it is homozygous.
Only individuals who are homozygous (also known as having two copies of the gene) will experience the effects of recessive alleles. For instance, because the allele for blue eyes is recessive, you need two copies of the 'blue eye' allele to have blue eyes. In terms of genetics, being homozygous means having inherited the same alleles (versions) of a genomic marker from both biological parents. A person who possesses two identical copies of a genetic marker is said to be homozygous for that marker. In contrast, a person who has two copies of a certain marker is said to be heterozygous.
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Which one of the following can lead to changes in chromatin structure and is often associated with activation of transcription?
a) addition of methyl or acetyl groups to lysines located in the histone tail
b) methylation or acetylation of the phosphodiester link between cytosine and guanine
c) methylation of RNA polymerase
d) addition of lysine to CpG sites along the histone tail
e) the presence of cytosine and guanine in a repeating sequence in the histone tail
DNA becomes less accessible to transcription factors as chromatin is compressed into the main nucleosome form. However, when this chromatin structure becomes more lax, transcription is encouraged because the access of the transcription machinery to the genomic DNA is improved.
All RNA polymerase II-mediated features of transcription are significantly hampered by chromatin shape. Through a number of mechanisms, such as histone modification, chromatin remodelling, histone variant inclusion, and histone eviction, the dynamics of chromatin structure are closely regulated. Heterochromatin structure can change as a result of epigenetic alterations to histone proteins, such as acetylation and deacetylation, which can activate or repress transcription. The compound of DNA and proteins found in eukaryotic cells' nuclei is called chromatin. Thus, chromatin modifications are necessary for gene expression.
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A farmer wants to breed only grey peacocks since he can sell them for more money than regular peacocks. What is the BEST question to ask to determine the effects of breeding the grey peacocks?
What kind of food do the grey peacocks need for healthy breeding?
Are there risks of negative traits being passed on when breeding grey peacocks?
Can the farmer make enough money breeding only grey peacocks?
Will the grey peacocks be more aggressive than the regular peacocks?
The best question to ask to determine the effects of breeding the grey peacocks is: Are there any negative health effects associated with breeding only grey peacocks?
How is breeding of peacock done?Breeding of peacocks involves the mating of a male peacock with a female peahen. During the breeding season, the male peacock displays its ornate feathers to attract a mate. The female peahen selects a male based on the quality of his display, and the pair mate. After mating, the female peahen will lay a clutch of eggs, which will hatch after about a month. The resulting offspring will inherit genetic traits from both parents. Breeders may also use selective breeding techniques to produce desired traits in their peafowl, such as the gray coloration in the example you mentioned earlier.
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As the earth , heavier elements such as and nickel moved to the center of the earth. This was the beginning of the layers of the earth with the outer layer being covering the magma
Answer:
That is correct. The heavier elements such as iron and nickel sank to the center of the earth due to its higher density and gravity, forming the core. This created layers of the earth with the outer layer, or crust, covering the magma.
Explanation:
The model shows the same image for energy during each stage. Explain how you could improve the model to better represent the energy released during each stage
It can be improved by the stages being shown seprately to make it easier for the people who are looking at it to see whats changing each time.
Energy, which is observable in the execution of labor as well as in the form of heat and light, is the quantitative quality that is transferred to a body or to a physical system in physics. Energy is a preserved resource; according to the rule of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form to another and cannot be created or destroyed.
The joule is the SI's (International System of Units) unit of measurement for energy (J). A moving object's kinetic energy and an object's stored potential energy are examples of common types of energy (for instance due to its position in a field).
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In the sense of "alternation of generations", how many "generations" are included in a mature pine seed?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
In the sense of "alternation of generations", a mature pine seed contains only one generation, which is the sporophyte generation. Option A is correct.
The sporophyte generation is the dominant and multicellular generation in the life cycle of gymnosperms, such as pines, and produces spores through meiosis. The spores develop into the gametophyte generation, which is a haploid and unicellular generation that produces gametes through mitosis.
The male gametophyte of pines develops into pollen grains, which contain the male gametes, while the female gametophyte develops within the ovule and contains the female gametes. When a pollen grain reaches the female cone, it germinates and fertilizes the egg cell of the female gametophyte, leading to the formation of the zygote and the embryo, which develops into the mature sporophyte, i.e., the pine seed.
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The overall equation for photosynthesis can be written as:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy
C₂H₁2O6 + 60₂
Look at the equation. Can you think of a way to measure the rate of photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by measuring the rate at which oxygen gas is produced during the process of photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar). This process takes place in chloroplasts, which are specialized organelles found in plant cells.
The equation of photosynthesis is given below:
6 CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy ---> C₂H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by monitoring the rate of production of oxygen or the rate of consumption of CO₂.
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In guinea pigs, black coat color (B) is dominant over white coat color (b) and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). Based upon the dihybrid cross shown, what is the genotype and phenotype for letter X? BbSs; white coat, long hair BbSs; black coat, short Bbss; white coat, short
Answer:
I believe it would be BbSs: black coat, short
Explanation:
Two uncooked hen’s eggs of similar size were submerged in acid to dissolve the shell. The contents of the eggs are left intact, enclosed by the egg membrane.
One de-shelled egg has been placed in distilled water for 2 days. The differences are -size of the egg, position in the liquid, external appearance of the egg. 1 Suggest an explanation for these differences.
(b) A student carried out a similar experiment and varied the concentration of salt in different solutions.
Table 1.2 shows the percentage change in mass of the eggs after 2 days. concentration of salt solution /gdm~
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
% change in mass
+7.3
+3.2
+0.8
-2.5
-6.4
-10.8
2 Determine the concentration of salt solution where there is no change in mass
3 Explain why there is no change in mass at this concentration of salt solution.
SOMEONE PLS GIVE ME THE ANSWER QUICKLY
1: The size of the egg in distilled water will be larger than the egg in the acid, due to the diffusion of water into the egg. The egg in the acid will also appear more opaque, due to the shell being dissolved.
What is distilled water?Distilled water is water that has been boiled and then condensed back into liquid form. This process removes contaminants and minerals, making it pure and suitable for many uses. It is commonly used in a variety of industrial, medical, and household applications such as steam irons, humidifiers, car batteries, and lead-acid batteries.
2: The concentration of salt solution where there is no change in mass is 10.0 gdm.
3: The concentration of 10.0 gdm is the point at which the osmotic pressure of the egg and the solution are balanced. This means that the rate of water entering the egg is equal to the rate of water leaving the egg, so there is no net change in mass.
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Is genetic drift more pronounced in large or small populations?
All populations of limited size experience genetic drift, but its effects are most pronounced in small populations.
Technically speaking, the effective population size is correlated with the degree of drift and the frequency of inbreeding. Due to stochastic sampling error, smaller populations typically experience a faster loss of genetic diversity than larger populations (i.e., genetic drift). This is because small populations increase the likelihood that some gene variants will be lost by random chance. Also, individuals are more inclined to breed with close relatives when there are fewer people in the population. Individuals in confined populations will be more closely linked to one another than individuals in the preceding generation.
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if a gene is found only on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome, it is said to be__
A gene is referred to be an x linked trait or a sex-linked trait if it is exclusively located on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome.
An X-linked gene is one that is found on the X chromosome but not the Y chromosome. Genes on non-sex chromosomes inherit differently than X-linked genes (autosomes). Because he contains just one X chromosome, a guy who carries this mutation will be impacted.
Characteristics that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes are known as sex-linked traits. Because the X and Y chromosomes are different, males and females may have different inheritance patterns for certain features. Color blindness is an example of a feature that is more prevalent in men and is connected to sex.
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below -
If a gene is found only on the x chromosome and not the y chromosome, it is said to be__
A. X linked
B. Autosomal
C. Recessive chromosomes
D. Dominant chromosomes
(20 points) In which stage of the Calvin cycle does the plant cell produce energy for storage?
In the Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle does the plant cell produce energy for storage. So, the correct option is A.
What is Calvin cycle?
The Calvin cycle is defined as a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrying compounds into glucose.
Regeneration is the second stage of the Calvin cycle where 3-PGA molecules created through carbon fixation are converted into simple sugar - glucose molecules that obtain energy from ATP and NADPH formed during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis .
Thus, in the Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle does the plant cell produce energy for storage. So, the correct option is A.
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Answer:
The answer is reduction, which is the second stage of the Calvin cycle.
Explanation:
lace in order the steps involved for flavors on the tongue to create a perception in the brain.
1) Chemical substances in food disolve in saliva
2) Taste receptors are stimulated
3) Signals are sent to the thalamus
4) The frontal lobe perceives taste
lace in order the steps involved for flavors on the tongue to create a perception in the brain 1) Chemical substances in food disolve in saliva
What stages are involved in fragrances entering the nose and creating a perception in the brain?
Tiny molecules are emitted by odorous substances. When you breathe in, these molecules enter your nose. These compounds are detected by specific cells called olfactory receptors. The receptors send this information to your brain via your olfactory nerve, allowing you to smell.
Food chemical compounds dissolve in saliva. Taste receptors are triggered. The facial nerve sends signals to the thalamus. Taste perception is processed by the gustatory cortex.
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lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi andi. mosses.ii. cyanobacteria.iii. green algae.iv. gymnosperms
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and photosynthetic organisms, which can be either green algae or cyanobacteria. So, the correct options are (iii) green algae and (ii) cyanobacteria.
Lichens are extraordinary organisms that outcome from a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms like green algae and cyanobacteria.
The relationship between these two types of organisms is mutualistic, meaning that both the fungal partner and the photosynthetic partner benefit from the association.
Green algae and cyanobacteria are the two fundamental sorts of photosynthetic organisms that can shape symbiotic relationships with parasites to make lichens.
Green algae are photosynthetic organisms that are usually tracked down in aquatic conditions and are known for their capacity to create oxygen through photosynthesis.
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What phases of the moon can you see with a decreasing amount of light?
Waning When the eastern edge of the Moon is illuminated but most of the visible surface is dark, this is known as the crescent phase.
"Waning" refers to the fact that the illumination is getting less and less each day. The illuminated area of the Moon resembles the letter "C" at this time.
Instead of producing its own light, the moon shines by reflecting sunlight. The illumination of the lunar surface varies according to the relative positions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon.
The moon's face appears to receive less sunlight than it once did, and this illumination is waning.
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Classify each feature as describing euchromatin, heterochromatin; Or both. Euchromatin Both Heterochromatin A) is a state of DNA organization B) inaccessible to transcription machinery C) found in prokaryotes D) is accessible to transcription machincry E) is the major state of the human chromosomc F) is tightly packed G) is looscly packed H) is the major slate of most genes
Based on the given features, the classification of euchromatin, heterochromatin, or both is: is a state of DNA organization , B) inaccessible to transcription machinery , C) found in prokaryotes: Euchromatin is not found in prokaryotes
D) is accessible to transcription machinery: Euchromatin is accessible to transcription machinery.
E) is the major state of the human chromosome: Euchromatin is the major state of the human chromosome.
F) is tightly packed: Heterochromatin is tightly packed.
G) is loosely packed: Euchromatin is loosely packed.
H) is the major state of most genes: Euchromatin is the major state of most genes.
In summary, euchromatin and heterochromatin are both states of DNA organization, but they differ in their accessibility to transcription machinery and their level of compaction. Euchromatin is loosely packed and accessible to transcription machinery, making it the major state of most genes. Heterochromatin, on the other hand, is tightly packed and inaccessible to transcription machinery, serving a role in gene silencing and chromatin condensation.
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what is the main reason for sociality among primates?
According to popular belief, monkeys are sociable because it protects them against predation or infanticide within the species.
They are obliged to be gregarious as a result of these forces, yet because to competition for food supplies, they must also be competitive and violent. 1 Primate sociality is a branch of primatology that studies the interplay of three major components of a primate social network: social organization, social structure, and mating system.
"Many hypotheses concerning the development of monkey sociality and social behavior are linked to the negative assumption that primates must be violent because they are compelled to be social," Sussman explained. "Yet, the data does not support this view."
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what has lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Overuse of antibiotics, has lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
The Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but misuse of antibiotics in humans is one of the main reasons.
This resistance does not depends upon the age
The mutations which happen in the gene of bacteria which causes disease even after antibiotics their role is to pass these genes along to their descendants and this is how antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are formed.
disadvantage of antibiotic resistant bacteria is that now it may leads to higher medical costs, longer hospital stays, and increased death rates.
even after new medicine development the threat will still exists,
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which of the following statements is true? select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a if an argument has a deductively valid form, its premises entail its conclusion. b if an argument's premises entail its conclusion, the argument has a deductively valid form. c the disjunction of two sentences is only true if both sentences are true. d even if an argument has the form of modus ponens, its premises may not entail its conclusion.
A strong argument is one that has true premises and is legitimate. In this sense, the word "sound" means "true." A faulty argument is one that has a false premise and is therefore inadmissible.
A strong argument is only convincing if all of its premises are true. Each claim or proposition has a premise that serves as its basis. A valid argument cannot, by definition, have a false conclusion and all true premises. As a result, a flawed conclusion indicates an incorrect premise in an argument. The argument is deductively valid when it is impossible for both the premises and the conclusion to be incorrect. A claim is deductively valid if and only if it is impossible for both of its premises to be true. As long as anything is true, it is regarded as sound.
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The most prominent organelle in a eukaryotic cell is the:_______
Answer:
The nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes.
What is the sequence of telomere?
Telomeres are composed of repeated segments of DNA composed of the sequence 5'-TTAGGG-3' (T, A, and G are thymine, adenine, and guanine bases, respectively). Some human cells have this sequence repeated up to 1,500 to 2,000 times at both ends of each chromosome.
What are telomere repeats?Telomeres consist of a 6-base repeat sequence TTAGGG. With each cell division, part of the telomere is lost. However, the number of dividing cells is limited.
What is the function of telomere sequences?Telomeres, specific DNA protein structures at the ends of each chromosome, protect the genome from nucleolytic degradation, unwanted recombination, repair, and inter-chromosomal fusion. Therefore, telomeres play an important role in maintaining information within the genome.
What are Telomeres recognized by?Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that contains essential RNA and protein components. This activity adds a repeat of the Tetrahymena telomeric sequence, TTGGGG, to the 3′ end of a single-stranded DNA primer composed of several G-rich strand repeats of known telomere and telomere-like sequences.
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the energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ------ molecules
Answer: ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate)
Explanation:
Energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules.
Answer:
Final Answer: The energy released during respiration is stored in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
What is the ability to detect and respond to stimuli?
Sensitivity refers to an organism's capacity to react to outside stimuli. For instance, if the angle of the light is altered, plants will grow in the direction of the light source (an external stimulus).
What impact do stimuli have on behavior?For instance, two stimuli may regulate the same behavior, a singular stimulus may cause behavior A at one moment and conduct B at another, a stimulus may only influence behavior when another stimulus is present, and so on. A stimulus may also control behavior only when another stimulus is present.
Give an illustration of what stimuli are.A stimulus is something that has the potential to alter behavior or physical condition. The singular of stimulus is stimuli. Stimuli might be internal or external. One example of an external stimuli is how a drug impacts your body.
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Using the video from Episode 3 on Henry, compare and contrast the difference between, right, left, and biventricular heart failure. Explain why Henry had right-sided heart failure.Also, note that content in this case scenario incorporates topics from Chapters 16, 18, and 19.Requirements:1-2 references to support your responses.
Right-sided heart failure occurs when the right ventricle of the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently into the pulmonary artery, leading to congestion of blood in the systemic circulation.
In contrast, left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood efficiently into the systemic circulation, leading to congestion of blood in the pulmonary circulation. Biventricular heart failure occurs when both the left and right ventricles are failing to pump blood efficiently, resulting in both pulmonary and systemic congestion.
In the case of Henry, he had right-sided heart failure due to his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD causes chronic hypoxia, which leads to pulmonary hypertension and eventually right-sided heart failure. The increased pulmonary vascular resistance in COPD causes the right ventricle to work harder to pump blood into the lungs, leading to hypertrophy and eventual failure.
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thermoregulation maintains the human body at about____
Thermoregulation is the process by which the human body maintains a relatively constant internal temperature, regardless of changes in the external environment.
The normal human body temperature is typically maintained at around 37°C (98.6°F). This temperature is maintained by a balance between heat production and heat loss. When the body's internal temperature rises above the normal range, such as during exercise or exposure to a hot environment, the body responds by increasing heat loss through sweating and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels in the skin). When the body's internal temperature falls below the normal range, such as during exposure to a cold environment, the body responds by decreasing heat loss through vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels in the skin) and shivering, which generates heat. While the normal body temperature is around 37°C, it's important to note that individual variations can occur. Body temperature can fluctuate slightly throughout the day, and can also be affected by factors such as illness, hormonal changes, and medications. However, the body's thermoregulatory system works to maintain a relatively constant internal temperature, which is critical for the proper functioning of many physiological processes in the body.
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