What is the inability to speak or understand language called?

PDA stands for Patent Ductus Arteriosus, which is a condition where a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus, which normally closes shortly after birth, remains open. This can lead to an abnormal blood flow between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which can cause a range of symptoms and complications.

The risk of PDA is higher in premature babies, especially those born before 28 weeks of gestation. The risk of PDA in premature infants is related to the immaturity of their cardiovascular system and the inability of the ductus arteriosus to close normally. Other factors that increase the risk of PDA in premature infants include respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and other complications of prematurity.

In addition to premature infants, certain medical conditions can also increase the risk of PDA, such as congenital heart disease, Down syndrome, and other genetic conditions. PDA can also occur in adults, particularly those with certain connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome.

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Thyroid uptake imaging is a diagnostic test that uses a small amount of radioactive material to measure how well the thyroid gland is functioning. The test involves taking a dose of radioactive iodine and then measuring the amount of iodine that is absorbed by the thyroid gland. The results of the test can help doctors to diagnose conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

When interpreting the results of a thyroid uptake imaging test, doctors will look at the percentage of radioactive iodine that is taken up by the thyroid gland. A normal uptake is usually between 10-30%, with higher values indicating hyperthyroidism and lower values indicating hypothyroidism. However, the interpretation of the results will also depend on the patient's individual circumstances and symptoms.

Overall, thyroid uptake imaging is a useful diagnostic tool that can help doctors to identify thyroid disorders and develop an appropriate treatment plan. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that is usually well-tolerated by patients.

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Pacemaker cells in the SA node depolarize 60 to 100 times per minute whereas those in the AV node do so 40 to 60 times per minute.

After SA nodal firing, atrial activation is finished in around 0.09 seconds (90 msec). The septum activates after a delay at the AV node (0.16 sec). By 0.23 sec, the entire ventricular mass is activated.

The atrial muscles contract as the SA node initiates the process. Doctors sometimes refer to it as the anatomical pacemaker for this reason. The signal then passes through the Purkinje fibres, the bundle of HIS, the bundle branches, and the AV node before causing the ventricles to contract.

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The leading explanation of social anxiety disorder is primarily attributed to the cognitive-behavioral model, which has been extensively researched and supported by clinical psychologists, such as Aaron T. Beck and David M. Clark. This model emphasizes the role of cognitive distortions and maladaptive behaviors in the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorder.

According to the cognitive-behavioral model, individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to have negative and irrational beliefs about themselves and their social performance, often overestimating the likelihood of negative outcomes and underestimating their ability to cope with social situations. These distorted beliefs lead to heightened anxiety and avoidance of social situations, which in turn reinforce the negative beliefs, creating a vicious cycle. To break this cycle, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often employed as an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder. CBT focuses on identifying and challenging negative thoughts and beliefs while teaching individuals coping strategies and techniques to manage anxiety in social situations. Through a combination of cognitive restructuring, exposure to feared situations, and behavioral experiments, individuals can learn to replace their maladaptive beliefs with more adaptive ones, ultimately reducing their social anxiety and improving their overall quality of life. In summary, the leading explanation of social anxiety disorder is the cognitive-behavioral model, which emphasizes the role of cognitive distortions and maladaptive behaviors in the development and maintenance of the disorder. Treatment using cognitive-behavioral therapy helps individuals challenge negative thoughts, learn coping strategies, and ultimately reduce their social anxiety.

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A surgical neck fracture typically involves the proximal part of the humerus bone. The most common cutaneous problem associated with this type of fracture is a sensory disturbance in the area innervated by the axillary nerve, which runs through the surgical neck region.

This can result in numbness or tingling in the shoulder, upper arm, and part of the forearm, as well as weakness in the affected muscles, such as the deltoid and teres minor muscles. Additionally, depending on the severity of the fracture, there may be swelling, bruising, or a visible deformity in the shoulder region.

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On a moment to moment basis, vascular resistance and blood flow to our tissues are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, specifically through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

The sympathetic nervous system responds to stress or physical activity by releasing adrenaline, which causes blood vessels to constrict or narrow, increasing vascular resistance and redirecting blood flow to the heart, lungs, and muscles. This response is called vasoconstriction. The parasympathetic nervous system predominates during periods of rest and relaxation.

It releases acetylcholine, which causes blood vessels to dilate or widen, decreasing vascular resistance and increasing blood flow to the organs and tissues. This response is called vasodilation. The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity varies depending on the body's needs and external stimuli. Dysfunction or imbalance in this regulation can lead to conditions such as hypertension or low blood pressure.

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To measure the standard metabolic rate of a python, you would need to wait for at least 24-48 hours after it had eaten a meal.

The standard metabolic rate (SMR) refers to the metabolic rate of an animal at rest, under normal conditions, and without the influence of any external factors such as temperature or food intake. The SMR of a python is typically measured through indirect calorimetry, which involves measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced by the animal.

However, after eating a meal, the python's metabolic rate increases significantly as it digests and metabolizes the food. This can interfere with the accurate measurement of the SMR. Therefore, it is recommended to wait for at least 24-48 hours after the python has eaten a meal before measuring its SMR. This allows sufficient time for the python to fully digest the food and return to its resting metabolic rate.

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A patient who presents with an emetic type of Bacillus cereus infection likely ingested contaminated foods such as rice, pasta, or potatoes. These foods are commonly associated with Bacillus cereus infections because they provide an optimal environment for the bacteria to grow and produce toxins.

The emetic type of Bacillus cereus infection is characterized by nausea and vomiting within a few hours of consuming contaminated food, and the symptoms typically resolve within 24 hours. The toxin responsible for this type of infection is heat-stable and can withstand high temperatures, making it difficult to destroy through cooking or reheating. It is important for patients who present with symptoms of a Bacillus cereus infection to seek medical attention promptly, as the symptoms can be severe and may require treatment.

Additionally, it is crucial to practice proper food handling and storage techniques to prevent contamination of foods with Bacillus cereus and other harmful bacteria. This includes washing hands and surfaces regularly, refrigerating leftovers promptly, and cooking foods to the appropriate temperature.

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It is true that long-term memory can be broken into two broad types, explicit memory (conscious recall) and implicit memory (no conscious recall).

Long-term memory can be divided into two types - explicit memory, which requires conscious recall, and implicit memory, which does not require conscious recall.

Explicit memory is further divided into episodic memory (for personal experiences) and semantic memory (for facts and general knowledge), while implicit memory includes procedural memory (for skills and habits) and priming (for associations).

Summary: It is true that long-term memory can be broken into two broad types, explicit memory (conscious recall) and implicit memory (no conscious recall).

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The major hemodynamic adaptation that maintains cardiac output in a patient with acute aortic regurgitation is left ventricular dilation.

Aortic regurgitation is a condition in which blood flows back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole, causing volume overload and increased pressure in the left ventricle. In response, the left ventricle compensates by dilating to accommodate the increased volume of blood, which allows for greater stroke volume and maintains cardiac output.

This adaptation occurs in the early stages of the disease and is crucial in maintaining cardiac function. However, over time, the compensatory mechanism becomes less effective, leading to progressive left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.

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Answer:

glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

Explanation:

The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the filtration membrane in the nephron.

The most likely cause of the vertebral fracture in this 76-year-old woman with severe back pain is osteoporosis, which may be exacerbated by the use of prednisone and estrogen deficiency due to HRT cessation.

Osteoporosis is a common condition in older adults, particularly in postmenopausal women, and is characterized by decreased bone mass and increased risk of fracture. Long-term use of glucocorticoids such as prednisone can also cause bone loss and increase the risk of fractures. Additionally, estrogen deficiency due to HRT cessation can accelerate bone loss and increase fracture risk. The combination of these factors likely contributed to the development of the vertebral fracture in this patient.

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After the resolution of acute pancreatitis, the best next step in the management of a patient inquiring about when she will be allowed to eat depends on the severity of the pancreatitis and the individual patient's recovery.

In general, patients with mild acute pancreatitis can resume their regular diet within a few days, while those with severe pancreatitis may require a longer period of bowel rest before resuming a regular diet.

Once the patient's symptoms have improved and laboratory values have returned to normal, the healthcare provider may order a low-fat diet for the patient to follow for several weeks to months. This diet will help to prevent future episodes of pancreatitis by reducing the workload on the pancreas.

It is important for patients to adhere to the prescribed diet and avoid foods that are high in fat, alcohol, and sugar to prevent exacerbation of symptoms. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and avoidance of smoking, to further reduce their risk of recurrent pancreatitis.

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According to the corollary discharge hypothesis, our ability to perceive motion depends on the feedback our eye muscles provide us when we move our eyes. The brain must send a command signal to the muscles that manage eye movements whenever we move our eyes.

A motor order is copied and delivered to the muscles as a corollary discharge (CD), which causes a movement to be made. Instead of producing movement on its own, this copy or corollary is sent to other parts of the brain to alert them to the coming movement.

In the answer below, in addition to analysing this theory, the following key hypotheses of these things are covered: the Intentional Theory of Perception, Phenomenalism, Indirect Realism, and Disjunctivism.

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Ellis accepted that through judicious examination and mental recreation, individuals could comprehend their pointlessness considering their center nonsensical convictions and afterward foster more sane builds.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, which is widely regarded as a precursor to cognitive behavioral therapy, was pioneered by Albert Ellis, a psychologist who lived in the 20th century.

In spite of his skepticism, Ellis recognized that faith in a caring God was mentally sound.

A form of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) known as rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) aims to assist a person in challenging unhelpful thoughts in order to avoid negative feelings or actions. REBT began in 1955 when Dr. Albert Ellis made the treatment an activity-situated kind of CBT.

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The best treatment strategy for a 2-month-old with a reducible inguinal hernia is surgical repair. This is because the risk of complications associated with delaying surgery outweighs the risk of surgery itself. If left untreated, the hernia can become incarcerated or strangulated, which can lead to tissue damage or death.

Surgery for infants with inguinal hernias is generally a safe and effective procedure. In most cases, the surgery is performed on an outpatient basis and the infant can go home the same day. The surgery involves making a small incision near the hernia and pushing the bulging tissue back into the abdomen. The surgeon will then close the muscle layer over the hernia to prevent it from recurring.
After surgery, the infant may experience some discomfort and swelling in the area, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days. The surgeon may recommend some pain medication to help manage any discomfort. It is important to follow the surgeon's postoperative instructions carefully to ensure a successful recovery.
In summary, surgical repair is the best treatment strategy for a 2-month-old with a reducible inguinal hernia to prevent complications associated with delaying surgery.

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Botulism is a rare and potentially life-threatening illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The toxin can be found in improperly canned or preserved foods, as well as in soil and water contaminated with the bacteria. One example of how a patient might catch botulism is through consuming contaminated food.

For instance, home-canned vegetables, fruits, and meats can be a significant source of botulism. When these foods are not canned or preserved correctly, the bacteria can survive and produce the deadly toxin. Additionally, consuming honey contaminated with the bacteria can also lead to botulism. This is because the spores can survive in the honey and produce the toxin in the digestive system.
Inhalation of botulinum toxin is also possible, particularly in cases of infant botulism. The bacteria can grow in the intestines of infants who have consumed contaminated food or water. The toxin can then travel to the bloodstream and cause muscle weakness, breathing difficulties, and other symptoms.
Overall, it is crucial to be aware of the potential sources of botulism and take precautions when handling and consuming foods. Proper food preservation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the growth and spread of the bacteria that cause botulism.

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Sports nutrition experts recommend that endurance athletes consume 30% of their energy from fat.

Repeated isotonic contractions of big skeletal muscle groups are what make endurance sports so intense. Examples from the past include winter sports like cross-country skiing or speed skating, as well as summer sports like jogging, swimming, and cycling.

It's advised to consume 30-60g of carbohydrates per hour or more for endurance competitions. By regularly consuming sodium-rich beverages while exercise and/or by drinking enough water before it begins, it is necessary to prevent a dehydration of >2% of body mass. Proper rehydration and glycogen resynthesis support recovery following exercise.

The average body fat percentage for male athletes is 6–13%, whereas the average body fat percentage for female athletes is 14–20%. Find out how to determine body fat percentage in this post, as well as what the average body fat percentages are for various athletes.

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Patients with social anxiety disorder may exhibit several safety measures in order to cope with their anxiety in social situations. One common safety measure is avoidance, which involves avoiding or limiting interactions with people or situations that trigger their anxiety. This may involve avoiding social gatherings or public speaking events. They may also exhibit safety behaviors such as excessive grooming, fidgeting or avoiding eye contact in order to appear less noticeable or attract less attention. In addition, they may rehearse what they are going to say before a social interaction or bring a trusted friend along for support. They may also use distraction techniques such as listening to music or focusing on a task to divert their attention away from their anxiety.

Other safety measures may include using medication to manage their symptoms or seeking therapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy to help them overcome their anxiety. In extreme cases, they may resort to using alcohol or drugs to cope with their anxiety, which can be harmful and worsen their condition. It is important to note that safety measures may provide temporary relief for patients with social anxiety disorder, but they do not address the underlying causes of their anxiety. It is recommended that individuals with social anxiety disorder seek professional help to develop effective coping strategies and long-term solutions to manage their condition.

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Proponents of the classical view of CSR argue that businesses are driven to make things like healthier foods and energy-efficient products primarily by market demand and the pursuit of profit.

They believe that businesses have a responsibility to maximize shareholder value and operate within the legal and ethical boundaries of the law. Therefore, they argue that businesses will only invest in socially responsible initiatives if they can generate a profit or if there is sufficient demand from consumers for such products.

                             This perspective also acknowledges that businesses may choose to engage in CSR activities as a means of enhancing their reputation and building trust with stakeholders. Ultimately, proponents of the classical view of CSR believe that businesses should prioritize profitability above all else and view CSR as a means of achieving this objective rather than a moral obligation.
                                                 According to proponents of the classical view of CSR, businesses are driven to make things like healthier foods and energy-efficient products primarily due to the profit motive. The profit motive suggests that businesses aim to maximize their profits, and by catering to consumer demands for healthier and more environmentally-friendly options, they can increase their market share and profitability.

                                        This aligns with the classical view of CSR, which emphasizes the role of businesses in generating profit for shareholders rather than focusing on social and environmental responsibilities.

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The primacy effect and the recency effect are two well-known phenomena that influence our memory recall.

The primacy effect refers to our tendency to better remember items at the beginning of a list, while the recency effect describes our ability to better remember items at the end of a list. When it comes to the impact of delay or distraction on these effects, it turns out that the two effects are affected differently. While delay or distraction can decrease the recency effect, it does not have the same effect on the primacy effect. One explanation for this difference is that the primacy effect is thought to be related to the way in which information is initially encoded and stored in memory. According to this view, items that are encountered early in a list receive more attention and are more deeply processed, leading to stronger memory traces. This means that even if a delay or distraction occurs after the list is presented, the initial encoding and storage process for the items at the beginning of the list has already occurred, leading to a persistent primacy effect.

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A hospital bed is a specialized bed that is designed for use in a medical facility. It is typically equipped with rails that can be raised or lowered to help prevent the patient from falling out of bed, as well as a mattress that is designed to promote healing and prevent bedsores. The bed may also be equipped with other features, such as an adjustable headrest or footrest, to help provide the patient with the best possible comfort and care.

In terms of medical billing codes, the hospital bed with rails and mattress would typically be classified as E0260, which is used to describe a semi-electric hospital bed with rails and a mattress. If the bed is fully electric, it would be classified as E0261. The mattress itself would typically be classified as E0251, which is used to describe a powered pressure-reducing mattress. The rails would be classified as E0250, which is used to describe side rails for a hospital bed.

Overall, a hospital bed with rails and mattress is an essential piece of equipment for patients who require medical care, and it is important to use the appropriate billing codes to ensure that the patient and healthcare provider are properly reimbursed for the equipment and services provided.

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Whenever you hear the term "irregularly irregular," it should make you think of atrial fibrillation (AFib). AFib is the most common chronic arrhythmia, affecting millions of people worldwide.

In AFib, the electrical impulses that control the heartbeat become chaotic, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting effectively. This results in an irregularly irregular heart rhythm, which can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and chest pain.

AFib is associated with several risk factors, including age, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and sleep apnea. It can be diagnosed using electrocardiography (ECG) or other cardiac monitoring methods.

Treatment for AFib depends on the underlying cause and the severity of symptoms. It may include medications such as anticoagulants to prevent stroke, rate-controlling medications to slow the heart rate, or rhythm-controlling medications to restore a normal heart rhythm. In some cases, electrical cardioversion or catheter ablation may be recommended to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm.

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Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune system's response against parasitic infections.

These cells contain a variety of proteins, including major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), that are involved in the destruction of parasites. MBP is considered the most important protein that eosinophils release to kill parasites.

It is a cationic protein that binds to the surface of helminths and disrupts their cellular membranes, leading to their destruction. MBP also induces inflammation and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection, further enhancing the immune response.

ECP is another protein that eosinophils release to kill parasites. It is a cytotoxic protein that damages the cellular membranes of parasites and induces apoptosis (programmed cell death). EPO and EDN also have cytotoxic effects on parasites, but their precise mechanisms of action are not fully understood.

Overall, eosinophils play an important role in the immune response against parasitic infections, and the proteins they release, particularly MBP, are critical for the destruction of parasites.

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Godden and Baddeley (1975) demonstrated that when the recall condition matched the initial learning setting, such as underwater or on land, divers remembered words more effectively.

Medical educators frequently make reference to the results, even though it is uncertain if they can be applied to medical education generally. Baddeley comes to the conclusion that LTM encodes, at least largely, semantically. His past research indicates that STM encodes audibly.

The semantic similarities cause LTM to become preoccupied and mistake the order words, which is why it has trouble retrieving the order words that are semantically similar. In order to determine if STM and LTM encode information differently, Baddeley (1966) conducted research. In contrast to STM, he believed that LTM encoded information meaningfully. if the codes used by STM and LTM vary.

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Viscerosomatic reflex is a type of reflex that occurs when there is a disruption in the normal function of an internal organ. This can lead to a reflex response in the musculoskeletal system.

T4 is a specific spinal level that is often associated with the heart and lungs. Therefore, a viscerosomatic reflex involving T4 could indicate a disruption in the function of the heart or lungs, which is causing a reflex response in the muscles and tissues around the T4 spinal level. It is important to note that viscerosomatic reflexes can also occur at other spinal levels and can involve other internal organs. A thorough examination and evaluation by a healthcare provider can help determine the underlying cause of a viscerosomatic reflex and appropriate treatment.

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In a nonimmune host, primary tuberculosis occurs after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), which is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), which is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs. Primary tuberculosis occurs when a nonimmune host inhales infectious particles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which then establishes a primary infection in the lungs. The bacteria can spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to more severe forms of TB. In a nonimmune host, the immune system is not yet equipped to effectively fight off the bacteria, and the primary infection may progress to active disease if left untreated. Symptoms of primary tuberculosis include cough, fever, fatigue, and weight loss.

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The protein leveraging hypothesis proposes that a meal consisting of a tuna sandwich and a glass of milk contributes the most to good physiologic performance. Hence (d) is the correct option

The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) suggests that, in natural settings, the PL mechanism combines with dietary protein dilution to promote excessive energy consumption and the risk of obesity. According to set point theory, the body seeks to keep its weight within a desired range. Throughout their adult lives, many people maintain a more-or-less narrow range of body weight. Some people's bodies may keep them thin when they're young but allow them to put on weight once they reach middle age.

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Listeria monocytogenes is a bacteria that can cause serious infections in pregnant women, leading to miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe illness in the newborn.

Here are some ways to avoid contracting Listeria monocytogenes:
Avoid eating unpasteurized milk and cheese products, including soft cheeses like feta, Brie, and Camembert.
Avoid eating refrigerated smoked seafood and raw or undercooked seafood, including sushi.
Make sure all meats are cooked to an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C) so it is free from any bacteria.
Wash all produce thoroughly before eating.
Wash hands, knives, cutting boards, and countertops after handling and preparing raw foods.
Store and handle food properly to avoid cross-contamination.
Refrigerate leftovers promptly and discard them if they have been stored for more than four days.
If you are at high risk, avoid deli meats or reheat them to 165°F (74°C) before eating.
Avoid salad bars, deli counters, and buffets where food has been sitting out for long periods of time.
Be sure to consult with your healthcare provider to ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy.

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Similar to dynein, kinesin has a structure. In order to reach the (+) end of the microtubule, vesicles, organelles, protein complexes, and mRNAs are among the intracellular payloads that kinesin transports.

The first microtubule motor proteins, kinesin and dynein, travel along microtubules in opposing orientations. Kinesin moves in the direction of the plus end, while dynein moves in the direction of the minus end.

Dynein, which Ian Gibbons isolated in 1965, was the first of these microtubule motor proteins to be recognised. Kinesins primarily migrate through microtubules in the direction of the plus end, which means that cellular cargo is moved from the centre of the cell to the periphery.

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