The first formal exposition of the theory of evolution by natural selection appeared on 20 August 1858 when Darwin and Russel Wallace's.
What is theory of evaluation?
Theory based evaluation is an approach to evaluation (i.e., a conceptual analytical model) and not a specific method or technique. It is a way of structuring and undertaking analysis in an evaluation. A theory of change explains how an intervention is expected to produce its results.
In general, there are three reasons why evaluations are conducted: to determine plausibility, probability, or adequacy.
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Answer:
The first formal exposition of the theory of evolution by natural selection appeared on 20 August 1858 when Darwin and Russel Wallace's 'On the tendency of species to form varieties
photosynthesis is a process that occurs in the cells of , algae, and some bacteria. there are 2 stages. during stage 1, the , energy from the sun is absorbed by in the of the chloroplast. then, during the (stage 2), is converted into glucose in the of the chloroplast.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages : the light-dependent stage to produce ATP, and the light-independent stages to produce glucose.
How are the light-dependent and light independent phase linked?
Photosynthesis is the process to convert light energy into chemical energy. This process is carried out by plants, algae and some bacteria which has pigment.
In the plant cell, there are organelles called chloroplast which has structures, thylakoid and stroma.
In simply, the process of photosynthesis use sunlight, water, carbon dioxide to create oxygen and sugar. However, there are many steps of photosynthesis that can be broken down into :
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How many molecules of glucose does cellular respiration make?.
Under aerobic circumstances, the process splits a glucose molecule into two pyruvates (pyruvic acid) molecules, making 2 ATP as energy.
What is cellular respiration?Producing two net molecules of ATP as energy, in reality, each glucose molecule produces four ATP molecules, although, during the initial stages, two ATP molecules are used.
As much as 38 ATP molecules can be created from one glucose molecule throughout the three phases of cellular respiration combined.
Therefore, one molecule of glucose is used in cellular respiration to make 2 ATP as energy.
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What type of body composition method uses air displacement to determine body volume and correlates well with underwater weighing to determine body fat mass?.
The type of body composition method that uses air displacement to determine body volume and correlates well with underwater weighing to determine body fat mass is called Plethysmography.
What is Plethysmography?Plethysmography is a process that measures changes in the volume of different body parts to determine if there are blood clots in the arms or legs and the lung capacity to hold large amounts of air.
This process is conducted using a machine known as the Bod Pod which is a computerized device in the shape of an egg. It measures the weight and volume to determine body density and calculate body fat mass.
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where does the light reaction in photosynthesis occur? question 8 options: the thylakoid membrane the inner mitochondrial membrane the stroma the cytosol
The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the Thylakoid membranes.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a process that plants and other organisms use to convert light energy into chemical energy that can then be released to fuel the organism's activities via cellular respiration. Some of this chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars and starches, which are formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis is performed by the majority of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria; these organisms are known as photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, as well as supplying the majority of the energy required for life on Earth.
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if co2 production remains constant and alveolar ventilation is increased threefold, the alveolar pco2 after a steady state is reached will be what percentage of its former value?
33% according to the alveolar ventilation equation, the alveolar PCO2 is inversely related to alveolar ventilation if CO2 generation is constant. Consequently, if ventilation is tripled, PCo2 will be lowered to one-third of its initial value.)
What is alveolar ventillation?The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the outside environment is referred to as alveolar ventilation. It is a procedure that allows carbon dioxide that was delivered into the lungs by mixed venous blood to be evacuated from the body and oxygen to enter the lungs from the atmosphere. Although the amount of fresh air that enters the alveoli each minute is how alveolar ventilation is typically defined, this definition also includes the amount of alveolar air that leaves the body each minute. The most crucial type of ventilation is alveolar ventilation, which can trigger negative feedback mechanisms to attempt to increase alveolar ventilation despite the rise in dead space. Alveolar ventilation is the most important type of ventilation for measuring how much oxygen actually enters the body.
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catecholamines are a classification of monoamines that are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. along the synthetic pathway, which of the following is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine?
The immediate precursor to norepinephrine is dopamine who belong to the class catecholamines.
Norepinephrine is also known by the name noradrenaline. It acts for dual functions: as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone. The secretion of norepinephrine takes place during the fright and flight response. It is also used as a medication to increase or maintain the blood pressure.
Dopamine also has dual function: as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone. The role of dopamine can be seen for movement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation. high or low levels of dopamine can cause mental health problems. 80% of catecholamines are dopamine.
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Which factors may contribute to the extinction of a species? check all that apply.
The factors that may contribute to the extinction of a species are more individuals fighting over the same resources, the loss of the environment in which an organism's needs are met, and the lack of predators in an area.
Extinction of species refers to the extinction of one type of organism species or of a number of different types of organism species. The end of a certain species is considered to have occurred when the last member of that species passes away.
When that variety of the species of the organism exploits an ecological niche, new varieties of the organism typically develop and thrive through evolution. However, they typically go extinct when they are no longer able to survive as a result of changes in environmental conditions or when they come up against the superior competition.
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Why is it accurate to claim that the legume-bacteria mutualism described in the text is contingent?.
as a result of rotation about six of its bonds, dna can exist in a variety of forms. determine whether each of the following images and properties describes the a form, b form, or z form of dna.
As a result of rotation about 6 of its bonds, DNA exists in a A form.
All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as various viruses contain deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA. DNA is an organic molecule with a complex molecular structure. DNA encodes genetic information that is used to transmit inherited traits.
With the aid of the work of biophysicists Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that the structure of DNA is a double-helix polymer, a spiral made up of two DNA strands twisted around one another. Scientists' understanding of DNA replication and the genetic control of biological processes has significantly increased as a result of the discovery. polynucleotide chain of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) .DNA is made up of long chains of monomer nucleotides that are called deoxyribonucleic acid polynucleotide chains (DNA).
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The binding of _____ to the lac repressor causes the lac repressor to ______ to the operator site, thereby _____ transcription.A. glucose, bind, inhibitingB. allolactose, bind, inhibitingC. glucose, not bind, increasingd. allolactose, not bind, increasing
The binding of allolactose to the lac repressor causes the lac repressor to not bind to the operator site, thereby increasing transcription.
What is a Lac repressor?
A DNA-binding protein called lac repressor (LacI) prevents the expression of genes that code for proteins involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacteria.
These genes are suppressed when the cell doesn't have access to lactose, ensuring that the bacteria only expend energy on building the machinery required for absorbing and using lactose when lactose is present.
When lactose is made available, bacteria-galactosidase (lacZ) first transforms it into allolactose. Allosteric regulation prevents the lac repressor's capacity to bind DNA when it is attached to allolactose, allowing genes encoding proteins involved in lactose uptake and utilization to be produced.
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Which one of the following choices increases blood alkalinity and influences blood pressure?.
Iron increases blood alkalinity and affects blood pressure
Iron is the essential trace of element in the blood. It helps your body make healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the bloodstream. Too little or that too much iron also can cause health problems. Too little iron in the body can cause a condition called anemia. The normal range of values are:iron:60 to 170 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dL) or 10.74 to 30.43 micromoles per liter (micromoles/L) Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC):240 to 450 mcg/dL or 42.96 to 80.55 micromoles/L. Your body regularly gets iron from the foods you eat. Not getting enough iron can cause your body to become iron deficient over time. Examples of iron-rich foods include meat, eggs, green leafy vegetables, and iron-fortified foods.
Question seems incomplete the complete question is
Which of one the following choices cause increases blood alkalinity and the influences blood pressure
1.iron
2.nylon
3.zinc
4.cobalt
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a wildlife biologist might be more likely than the average person to contract which types of atvpical pneumonia?
Wildlife biologists are more likely than the average person to contract certain types of atmospheric pneumonia, Q fever, psittacosis, and the tularemia.
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs that fill the with fluid or the pus (suppurative material) and may cause coughing with mucus or pus, fever, chills, and then difficulty breathing. A variety of the organisms that can cause pneumonia, which including the bacteria, viruses, and the fungi. Pneumonia can be incredibly stressful, and there's no one-size-fits-all recovery. Some people feel better in about six weeks, but others take months to recover after a severe case of pneumonia, Lee added. Influenza (influenza virus) and colds (rhinovirus) are the most common causes of viral pneumonia in adults. Respiratory is the syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of the viral pneumonia in the young children.
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These spectra are from the same element. Which is an emission spectrum, which an absorption spectrum?.
nflammation of the inner lining of an organ: a.mucositis b.erythema c.alopecia d.myelosuppression e.fibrosis
Option (c) Mucositis refers to the inflammation of an organ's mucosa.
When your mouth or stomach are sore and inflamed, you have mucositis. It is a typical side effect of cancer treatment and radiotherapy. Despite the fact that mucositis typically hurts, it is treatable. Within a few weeks of ending cancer therapy, things should get better. The most frequent, crippling side effect of cancer treatments, notably chemotherapy and radiation, is oral mucositis. It can result in a number of issues, including discomfort, nutritional issues brought on by an inability to eat, and an elevated risk of infection as a result of open sores in the mucosa.
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What processes during the cell cycle ensures appropriate cell growth and rates of division? malfunction of these processes can lead to uncontrolled growth and cancer.
Centrioles ensures appropriate cell growth and rates of division.
What are Centrioles?
Small clusters of microtubules known as centrioles are positioned precisely within the cell nucleus. Because these organelles are only visible while they are assisting the cell during the phases of cell division, they are not clearly apparent within the cell (mitosis and meiosis).
Centrioles are composed of nine clusters of microtubules. When the cell is dividing, they are typically found in pairs and move towards the opposite pole ends of the nucleus. Centrioles duplicate during the Interphase of cell division.
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What is agile beginner?.
Agile gives healthcare teams the ability to swiftly identify and solve issues with patient care, acquiring medical supplies, staffing, and a variety of other duties involved in providing healthcare.
Because it helps the product team to more precisely identify the components and Agile features that matter most to end users (whether they be patients or medical staff), an adapted Agile development approach works effectively for the majority of healthcare solution projects.
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when the cumulative effects of an infection damage or disrupt tissues and organs, the pathologic state that results is called
The pathologic state that emerges is referred to as disease when the cumulative consequences of an infection disrupt or destroy tissues and organs.
What is a disease?Disease, which differs from physical injury in origin, is any unfavorable change from an organism's normal structural or functional condition that is often followed by a set of symptoms. A diseased organism frequently displays symptoms or indicators that point to its aberrant condition. Thus, it is necessary to comprehend an organism's normal state in order to identify the symptoms of sickness. However, there is not always a clear distinction between illness and wellness.
The term pathology is referred as the study of disease. It requires identifying the underlying cause of the disease (etiology), comprehending the pathophysiology of it, the structural alterations brought on by the disease process (morphological alterations), and the functional effects of those alterations.
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7) a student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. she brings a sample back to her biology lab. using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga? 1. molecular structure of enzymes inside peroxisomes 2. structure of sperm cells 3. presence of phragmoplasts 4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes a) 1 and 3 b) 1 and 4 c) 2 and 3 d) 1, 3, and 4 e) 2, 3, and 4 topic: concept 29.1
Because they have such high quantities of oxidative enzymes like catalase and urate oxidase, some cells' peroxisomes can be distinguished in electron micrographs by the presence of a crystalloid core.
What's the peroxisome's molecular make-up?The phospholipid bilayer that makes up the peroxisome structure contains several membrane-bound proteins. The lipid metabolism-related enzymes are produced on free ribosomes and then specifically transported into peroxisomes.
What properties do peroxisomes have?Peroxisomes are extremely heterogeneous organelles that differ depending on the species, tissue, cell, metabolic state, or developmental stage in terms of their size, shape, and protein content. Peroxisomes are typically solitary membrane-bounded organelles with an electron-dense matrix made up of finely ground granules.
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Coliform bacteria populations are routinely monitored in drinking water supplies, swimming pools, and at beaches because these bacteria :
indicate the presence of feces in water
Coliform bacteria are routinely monitored in drinking water supplies, swimming pools, and at beaches because these bacteria indicate the presence of feces in water.
Feces in water can contain harmful pathogens that can cause disease. Coliform bacteria are a good indicator of the presence of these pathogens. Monitoring coliform bacteria populations can help prevent the spread of disease.
There are several methods of monitoring coliform bacteria. One common method is to take water samples and incubate them. If coliform bacteria are present, they will grow and can be counted. Another common method is to use a test strip that contains a culture that will turn a certain color in the presence of coliform bacteria.
Monitoring coliform bacteria is important to public health. These bacteria can cause serious illnesses, so it is important to know if they are present in water supplies. By monitoring coliform bacteria, we can help prevent the spread of disease.
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crossing over during prophase i results in . group of answer choices duplication nondisjunction reciprocal translocation genetic recombination
Crossing over during prophase I result in genetic recombination.
Genetic recombination is the mixing of some of the genetic material (DNA) from two different cells to form recombinant DNA.
Crossing over results in an exchange of genetic material between chromosomes that occurs only in prophase I of meiosis. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the father) pair up.
Prophase I in meiosis I division occurs several events:
The splitting of centrosomes into centrioles.Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.Centrioles move towards the opposite polar.Homologous chromosomes close together to form synapses.Molecules form tetrads.Crossing over occurs.Spindle threads are formed from the movement of the centrioles.The nuclear membrane is not visible.Learn more about prophase I at https://brainly.com/question/12828200
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TRUE/FALSE the juxtaglomerular apparatus changes if osmolarity to increase the amount of water in the distal tubule
the juxtaglomerular apparatus changes if osmolarity to increase the amount of water in the distal tubule. the statement is true.
What is juxtaglomerular apparatus?The distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole combine to generate the specialised juxtaglomerular apparatus. Its primary job is to control glomerulus filtration rate and blood pressure, and it is situated close to the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
What is osmolarity ?In contrast to osmolality, which is the number of solute particles in 1 kg of solvent, osmolarity refers to the quantity of solute particles per 1 L of solvent. The distinction between osmolality and osmolarity is negligible for diluted solutions.
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What are the 7 steps in mitosis?.
Each phase lasts for five days: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. After telophase, cytokinesis is the final physical cell division and is commonly referred to as the sixth stage of mitosis containing centrosomes.
1. The prophase marks the start of mitosis.
Chromosomes assemble and become apparent.
Spindle fibres originate from centrosomes.
Nuclear membrane shatters as the nucleolus melts.
2. Prometaphase, the second mitotic phase
Chromosomes are still getting smaller.
The kinetochores are discernible at the centromeres.
Mitotic spindle microtubules cling to kinetochores, which causes centrosomes to move in the direction of their opposing poles.
3. Third mitotic division: metaphase.
Each sister chromatid is connected to a spindle fibre that originates from opposite poles, the mitotic spindle has fully grown, the centrosomes are at the cell's poles, and the chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate.
4. Mitosis's fourth stage is anaphase.
Sister chromatids (now known as chromosomes), which were previously bound together by cohesin proteins, separate and are drawn in opposite directions. The cell lengthens as non-kinetochore spindle fibres grow longer.
5. Telophase is the name for the fifth stage of mitosis.
As the chromosomes go to opposing poles, the material that surrounds each set of chromosomes decondenses.
6. Cytokinesis is the sixth and last stage of mitosis.
Animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells. In plant cells, a cell plate divides the daughter cells. the cytoplasm's division into the two different daughter cells.
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most species that can reproduce using parthenogenesis can also prodcue sexually. what might be an advantage to being able to reproduce both ways?
Advantage to being capable of reproduce each approaches is that, In maximum organisms, parthenogenesis produces handiest lady offspring, which has a specific gain over different varieties of replica.
Both strategies have advantages. Sexual replica is ideal for growing a various gene pool which could resist a dynamic and converting environment. Asexual replica is useful for organisms that are not capable of flow round and for growing a large, uniform populace. Some overachievers in nature do each. Female offspring are capable of make a contribution without delay to the populace of a species, being capable of undergo and bring the following generation.
The reality that maximum eukaryotes reproduce sexually is proof of its evolutionary success. In many animals, it's far absolutely the handiest mode of replica. The genetic variety of sexually-produced offspring is notion to provide species a higher risk of surviving in an unpredictable or converting environment.
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What is found in all living cells?.
The same four major classes of organic molecules—nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids—make up every cell in the body.
The smallest unit in biology that is capable of independent living and that comprises all living things as well as the body's tissues. The cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm make up a cell's three main structural components. The cell membrane, which encloses the cell, regulates the substances that enter and exit the cell. All living things contain organic molecules, which include a variety of vital biological elements like enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are the two main types of nucleic acids. DNA is the genetic building block of all living things, including bacteria with just one cell and mammals with many cells. DNA is present in every cell of a living thing. In a multicellular organism, the full set is actually present in almost every cell.
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innate or biologically determined gender-specific roles innate or biologically determined gender-specific acts innate or biologically determined gender-specific behaviors
The main explanation for gender roles in the past has been believed to be the biological differences between men and women. Although evidence suggests that biology contributes to gendered behavior .
The innate or biologically based gender-specific behaviors are known as gender traits. We benefit from cross-cultural research because it shows that most gender-specific behaviors vary greatly across cultures and are largely influenced by them.
Hormone levels during pregnancy and lactation as well as genetic make-up are biological aspects that might affect gender identification. Social influences include gender stereotypes that are ingrained in a child's mind by their family, peers, the media, and other prominent adults.
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Figure 36.15 on page 780 describes a study of the interaction between legumes and the root nodules that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In the study, the scientists let the plants germinate and start forming root nodules. Then they grew the plants in hydroponic cultures. The treatment groups were: a) hydroponic culture with all the essential nutrients (including nitrogen) and b) hydroponic culture with all the essential nutrients except nitrogen. Why did the scientists use these treatment groups? To prevent the plants from growing nodules. To make sure they had roughly equal numbers of plants in each group. To prevent the plants from learning which treatment group they were in. To control for the difference in nodule growth that might be expected if the plant has enough nitrogen vs. not enough nitrogen. Question 7 0.25 pts Why did it turn out to be important that the researchers ran the legume nodule study for more than 10 days? Because the root nodules are initiated in the first 10 days after germination. Because plants don't reproduce until they are at least ten days old. Because ten days worth of data was not enough to produce statistically significant results. Because it takes plants and bacteria at least two weeks to learn to work together. Question 8 0.25 pts Why is it accurate to claim that the nature legume-bacteria mutualism described in the text varies with the environment the partners find themselves in? O Whether the the plants benefit from the interaction depends on whether there is nitrogen in the soil. O Mutualisms are best thought of as "reciprocal parasitism," with each species under selection to maximize its fitness benefits. The bacteria benefit only when there is nitrogen present in the soil.
In the study, the scientists let the plants germinate and start forming root nodules then they used the plants in hydroponic cultures beacuse to control for the difference in nodule growth that might be expected if the plant has enough nitrogen vs. not enough nitrogen.
The greater oxygen withinside the hydroponic developing mediums allows to stimulate root growth. Plants with adequate oxygen withinside the root additionally take in vitamins faster. The vitamins in a hydroponic are combined with the water and despatched without delay to the basis .
Hydroponics gets rid of soil and soil-borne pests and disease, so there's no want to apply big quantities of pesticides. This, in turn, reduces soil erosion in addition to air and water pollution. Pesticides from conventional soil-primarily based totally agriculture run off into rivers and streams, harming fish populations.
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manatees are large, gentle, slow-moving sea creatures found along the coast of florida. many manatees are injured or killed by boats. here is a scatterplot showing the relationship between the number of boats registered in florida (in thousands) and the number of manatees killed by boats for the years 1977 to 2015.
Using correlation coefficients, as the scatter-plot is increasing linearly, it is found that the value of r is greater than 0 and close to 1.
What is Correlation Coefficient?This is a metric that measures the correlation between two variables and takes values between -1 and 1.
If positive, it means the relationship is positive and directly proportional.If negative, it is inversely proportional. The relationship is strong if the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.6.Researching the problem on the web shows that the relationship is modeled by increasing scatterplots. Therefore r > 0. Few points oscillate, indicating a strong relationship, so r is close to 1.
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The complete question is as follows:
Manatees are large, gentle, slow-moving sea creatures found along the coast of florida. many manatees are injured or killed by boats. here is a scatterplot showing the relationship between the number of boats registered in florida (in thousands) and the number of manatees killed by boats for the years 1977 to 2015. is r>0 or r<0? closer to r=0 or r=+- 1? explain your reasoning
Which of the following series is organized according to the levels of organization used by ecologists?
a) population -> ecosystem -> community
b) species -> community -> abiotic factors
c) species -> ecosystem -> population
d) population -> community -> biotic factors
e) population -> community -> ecosystem
The levels of organization used by ecologists is population -> community -> ecosystem.
Which level of ecology is concerned with an environment's biotic and abiotic components?An ecosystem is made up of both living and non-living elements of the environment (all populations of living things). A region's biotic and abiotic elements come together to form an ecosystem.
What is the research on how biotic and abiotic elements interact in the environment?Ecology is the study of how biotic and abiotic forces interact. Any organism's niche is determined by how it responds and behaves in response to the distribution and abundance of abiotic stimuli.
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two identical cells heterozygous for gene q are undergoing meiosis. what is the probability that two haploid gametes selected from the products of meiosis both contain a recessive allele for gene q?
The recessive allele for gene q is 0.5
What do you mean by Heterozygous cell?
Heterozygous cell can be defined as a diploid organism.It is present at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles (one wild-type allele and one mutant allele) of a gene. The cell or organism is called a heterozygote.Example include being heterozygous for hair color could mean you have one allele for red hair and one allele for brown hair.An organism that has different copies of a gene for a particular trait is considered heterozygous for that trait.A recessive allele does not produce a trait at all when only one copy is present.Hence, the gene q is 0.5
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the immune system is a complex organization of specialized cells and structures with defenses to help protect the body against foreign substances. these foreign substances are also known as:
These foreign substances are also known as Antigens.
An antigen in immunology is a molecule, molecular structure, foreign particle, pollen grain, or other foreign substance that can attach to a particular antibody or T-cell receptor.
An immunological reaction may be brought on by the presence of antigens in the body. Initially, an agent that produces antibodies was referred to as an antigen. Proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids can all serve as antigens.
Antigen receptors, such as antibodies and T-cell receptors, are responsible for recognizing antigens. Immune system cells produce a variety of antigen receptors, giving each cell a specificity for a single antigen.
Only lymphocytes that are able to detect an antigen are activated and enlarged after being exposed to it, a process known as clonal selection.
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