When to hospitalize a patient with PID (22)

A retrospective cohort study in the context of disease research. It is a method that shares a common characteristic and looks back at historical data to identify any associations between certain exposures and the development of a disease.

In this type of study, researchers can choose a specific disease they want to investigate and compare the disease outcomes between the exposed and unexposed groups within the cohort. By calculating the incidence rates or risk ratios of the disease in both groups, they can determine if there is a significant association between exposure and the disease.

A retrospective cohort study allows researchers to look back at the historical data of a specific cohort to investigate the relationship between certain exposures and the development of a disease. This can help them calculate the risk of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups and understand potential causative factors.

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The saline wet mount test is a simple laboratory technique used to visualize living microorganisms present in bodily fluids such as vaginal discharge or semen.

In this test, a small sample of the fluid is mixed with normal saline solution on a glass slide, and then observed under a microscope. The saline solution provides a suitable environment for the microorganisms to move about and be observed.

The test is commonly used to diagnose vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and candidiasis, as well as to detect the presence of motile sperm in semen analysis. The test is easy to perform, inexpensive, and provides immediate results. However, it has limitations, as some microorganisms may not be visible under the microscope, and it cannot differentiate between different types of bacteria. Therefore, it is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests to provide a more accurate diagnosis.

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When a medical office assistant encounters multiple CPT codes that have been incorrectly given, there are several steps that they can take to rectify the situation. First, they should review the documentation thoroughly to ensure that the correct codes have been assigned.

If it is determined that incorrect codes have indeed been assigned, the assistant should consult with the healthcare provider or coding specialist to determine the correct codes to use. The medical office assistant should then take the necessary steps to correct the billing information and resubmit the claims as soon as possible. It is important to ensure that all documentation is accurate and complete to prevent any potential delays or denials of payment. It is also important for the medical office assistant to communicate with the healthcare provider and coding specialist to determine how to avoid similar errors in the future.

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The addition of vitamins or minerals that were not originally present in a food is a process called fortification.

Fortification is often used to increase the nutritional value of food products, especially those that are widely consumed and may not provide sufficient amounts of certain nutrients. For example, adding vitamin D to milk helps to prevent deficiencies in people who do not receive enough sunlight exposure.
The fortification process involves adding the desired nutrient in a safe and effective form, often in a powder or liquid form, to the food product. The amount of the nutrient added is carefully controlled to ensure that it provides the intended benefit without causing any negative effects.
Fortification can be a useful tool in improving public health by increasing the availability of key nutrients in the food supply. However, it is important to note that fortification should not be used as a replacement for a balanced and varied diet, which is the best way to ensure that all necessary nutrients are obtained. Additionally, fortification should be carefully monitored to ensure that it does not lead to overconsumption of certain nutrients, which can have negative health effects.

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One potential problem with absorption is the generation of waste sludge, which converts an air pollution problem to a solid waste problem.

Absorption is a commonly used method for removing pollutants from gas streams, such as air pollution. It involves the transfer of pollutants from the gas phase into a liquid phase, typically using a solvent or absorbent material. However, one potential issue with absorption is the generation of waste sludge. As the pollutants are absorbed into the liquid phase, they can accumulate and form a solid or semi-solid sludge. This waste sludge then needs to be properly managed and disposed of, which can create a separate environmental concern.

Therefore, while absorption may effectively remove pollutants from the air, it can result in the generation of waste that needs to be addressed as a solid waste problem.

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The compound that distorts the active site, rendering the enzyme catalytically inactive is called: an inactivator. The correct option is (E).

This is the correct answer among the given options. Inactivators are also known as irreversible inhibitors, which bind covalently to the enzyme's active site, causing a permanent loss of enzymatic activity.

They work by changing the shape of the enzyme, which disrupts the substrate binding, ultimately blocking the enzyme's function. The effect of inactivators is long-lasting and cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.

Inactivators are often used to study enzymes or to develop drugs that can be used to target specific enzymes.

Examples of inactivators include aspirin, which inhibits the cyclooxygenase enzyme, and penicillin, which targets bacterial enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis.

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The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is designed to provide health insurance coverage for children in low-income families who do not qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private insurance. CHIP aims to offer comprehensive, affordable healthcare to eligible children, bridging the gap between those who qualify for Medicaid and those who can afford private insurance.

CHIP is a federally-funded program that is administered by individual states, which have the flexibility to design their own CHIP programs within federal guidelines. This allows states to tailor their programs to the specific needs of their populations, ensuring appropriate healthcare coverage for eligible children.

The target population for CHIP includes children under the age of 19 whose families have incomes too high for Medicaid eligibility, yet struggle to afford private insurance. CHIP's income eligibility levels vary by state but are generally set at or below 200% of the federal poverty level.

CHIP provides a range of benefits, including routine check-ups, immunizations, doctor visits, prescriptions, dental care, vision care, and hospitalizations. The program also aims to support preventive care, helping children maintain good health and avoid long-term health issues.

In summary, CHIP is designed to cover children in low-income families who do not qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private insurance. By providing comprehensive healthcare coverage for eligible children, CHIP works to ensure that all children have access to essential healthcare services, regardless of their family's income.

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The survival rate of pancreatic carcinoma at 5 years after resection refers to the percentage of patients who live at least five years following surgical removal of the cancer. Pancreatic carcinoma, a common type of pancreatic cancer, is known for its aggressive nature and low survival rates.

Pancreatic carcinoma, also known as pancreatic cancer, is a type of cancer that affects the pancreas, an important organ located in the abdomen that produces digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin. Unfortunately, pancreatic carcinoma has a poor prognosis, with a low survival rate, especially if it is not diagnosed early. The survival rate of pancreatic carcinoma at 5 years after resection, which refers to the surgical removal of the cancerous tumor, depends on several factors such as the stage of the cancer, the age and overall health of the patient, and the success of the surgery. According to recent studies, the overall 5-year survival rate for pancreatic carcinoma after resection ranges from 20% to 25%. However, this rate may vary depending on the extent of the surgery, whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs, and the presence of any other health conditions.

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Numerous diagnostic procedures can help with the diagnosis of SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) and DVT (deep vein thrombosis). A physical examination and medical history are often the initial steps in reaching a diagnosis.

This can assist identify SVT symptoms, such as palpitations, chest discomfort, and dizziness, as well as risk factors for DVT, including as obesity, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle. Both conditions can also be diagnosed with the aid of imaging tests like an ultrasound or CT scan.

A venous clot can be seen using an ultrasound, and an irregular cardiac rhythm may have underlying reasons that can be found using a CT scan. D-dimer testing is one blood test that can be performed to assist detect DVT.

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Some precautions that people may be aware of but might not have had to use include carrying an emergency whistle, fire extinguisher, earthquake safety measures, emergency escape ladders, personal safety alarms, and emergency storm shelters.

1. Carrying an emergency whistle: Although many people are advised to carry a whistle for safety reasons, such as attracting attention during emergencies, not everyone has had to use it.

2. Fire extinguisher: While it's crucial to have a fire extinguisher at home or in the workplace, many individuals might not have encountered a situation where they needed to use it.

3. Earthquake safety measures: In regions with a low risk of earthquakes, people might be aware of safety precautions, like finding a safe spot under a sturdy table, but have never had to use them.

4. Emergency escape ladders: People living in multi-story buildings may have an emergency escape ladder for evacuation during a fire or other crisis, but may never have had to use it.

5.  Personal safety alarms: These devices emit loud noises to alert others in case of danger, but not everyone has experienced a situation where they had to use them.

6. Emergency storm shelters: In areas with a low risk of tornadoes or hurricanes, people might know about storm shelters but have never had to use them.

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Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) is used to treat three disorders: major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) is used to treat three disorders: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). It is an antidepressant medication that belongs to the Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) class, which works by balancing the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, thereby improving mood and reducing anxiety symptoms.

Venlafaxine is an antidepressant belonging to a group of drugs called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs) . Venlafaxine affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with depression.

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The Statement "The Adequate Intakes (AIs) are a set of nutrient intake recommendations established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for nutrients that have insufficient scientific data to determine a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)." is True.

The AIs are determined through observation of healthy individuals who are consuming the nutrient in question at levels that are presumed to be adequate based on biomakers , growth and development, and other indicators of health. The AIs are set at levels that are estimated to meet or exceed the needs of most healthy individuals in the population, and they are updated periodically as new research becomes available. Unlike RDAs, which are based on more definitive scientific evidence and are intended to meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a given age and gender group, AIs are a more tentative recommendation and may not apply to everyone in the population. Nonetheless, AIs are a useful tool for guiding nutrient intake and ensuring that individuals are getting enough of essential nutrients for optimal health.

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Over time, all body organs can be impacted by alcohol to some degree. True. The brain receives a greater percentage of alcohol than other body organs.

The initial euphoric effects of alcohol are a result of dopamine being released from the reward center in the brain. Dopamine is known as the “feel good” neurotransmitter and it is involved in feeling pleasure. Dopamine release is also thought to be one of the mechanisms that drive addiction.

Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine, and liquor. Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches.

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Alcohol is responsible for the deaths of approximately 100,000 individuals per year in the U.S. The statement is true.

There are several reasons for alcohol-related deaths in the U.S. such as:

Alcohol abuse can lead to a number of health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, and cancer. These health problems can ultimately lead to death.

Alcohol use can also increase the risk of accidents and injuries, including car accidents, falls, and drownings. In fact, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), about one-third of all traffic fatalities in the U.S. involve alcohol-impaired drivers.

Finally, alcohol overdose, or alcohol poisoning, can also be fatal. This can occur when a person consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time, leading to dangerously high levels of alcohol in the blood.

Overall, alcohol is a significant contributor to premature death in the U.S., and it is important for individuals to be aware of the risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption.

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The effectiveness of using thicker plastic bags is limited in reducing plastic pollution and environmental impact.

Thicker plastic bags are often promoted as a solution to reducing plastic pollution, as they are believed to be more durable and less likely to tear, thus reducing the number of bags needed for shopping trips. However, thicker plastic bags still take hundreds of years to degrade and can still end up polluting the environment.

Additionally, thicker plastic bags require more resources to produce and may contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, while using thicker plastic bags may be slightly more effective than using thinner ones, it is not a sustainable solution to plastic pollution and other alternatives such as reusable bags or paper bags should be encouraged.

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The treatment for pancreatic cancer of the body or tail typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The first step in treatment is usually surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible.

This can be followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells, while radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used. It is important to note that the treatment for pancreatic cancer of the body or tail may vary depending on the stage of the cancer and the individual patient's health status. It is important for patients with pancreatic cancer to work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best treatment plan for their specific situation. Early detection and treatment are key to improving the chances of survival for those with pancreatic cancer.

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A person's diet should consist of 20% to 35% fats, while proteins and carbohydrates make up the remaining percentage of their daily calorie intake.

A person's diet should consist of 20% to 35% or fewer fats to maintain a balanced and healthy nutritional intake.

10 to 35% of your daily calories should come from protein, and 45 to 65% of your calories should come from carbohydrates, on average.

Less than 10% of a person's daily caloric intake should be made up of fat, which should make up only 20–35% of total calories. Per gram of fat, there are 9 calories. According to a 2,000-calorie diet per day, this equates to roughly 400–700 calories, or 44–78 grams of total fat, each day. 10% of your daily fat consumption shouldn't come from saturated fats (i.e., fats that are solid at room temperature like butter, shortening, etc.).

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Yes, alcohol can cause low EF (ejection fraction) by weakening the heart muscle and causing it to pump less efficiently.

Ejection fraction is a measure of the heart's ability to pump blood. It is calculated by dividing the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat (the stroke volume) by the total amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole (the end diastolic volume). A normal ejection fraction is typically between 50-70%. Chronic heavy alcohol consumption can lead to cardiomyopathy, a condition where the heart muscle becomes weak and enlarged, leading to a decrease in ejection fraction.

The decrease in ejection fraction can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid buildup in the lungs and legs. The effects of alcohol on the heart can be reversible if detected early and alcohol consumption is stopped. However, long-term heavy alcohol consumption can lead to permanent damage to the heart muscle and irreversible decrease in ejection fraction.

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In general, the normal range for RBC count in infants is between 3.8 to 6.1 million cells per microliter of blood.

The normal RBC level for infants is different from that of adults. It is expected that infants have a higher RBC count due to the fact that they have a higher metabolic rate and require more oxygen to support their growth and development. However, this may vary depending on the age of the infant. For example, premature infants may have lower RBC counts, and their levels are monitored more closely due to the risk of anemia.

It is important to note that RBC levels may be affected by various factors, including medical conditions and nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, regular monitoring of RBC count is important to ensure that infants are healthy and developing as expected. If an infant's RBC count is outside the normal range, further investigation may be required to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

In conclusion, the normal RBC level for infants varies depending on their age and other factors. Regular monitoring of RBC count is important to ensure that infants are healthy and developing properly. Any abnormalities should be investigated further to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

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Juice that comes in a single serve juice box is typically treated using a process known as "pasteurization" to ensure its safety.

Pasteurization involves heating the juice to a specific temperature for a set amount of time in order to kill any harmful bacteria or pathogens that may be present.

During the pasteurization process, the juice is heated to a temperature of at least 160°F (71°C) for at least six seconds. This is known as high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization. Alternatively, the juice may be heated to a temperature of at least 194°F (90°C) for at least one second. This is known as ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurization.

After pasteurization, the juice is rapidly cooled to prevent any further bacterial growth and to maintain its flavor and nutritional quality. It is then packaged in a sterile environment to prevent contamination.

In addition to pasteurization, single serve juice boxes may also be treated with preservatives to extend their shelf life and prevent spoilage. Common preservatives used in juice include citric acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and sodium benzoate.

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Always bury human waste at least 200 feet from water sources to prevent bacterial contamination.

When camping or spending time in the outdoors, it is essential to maintain proper hygiene and sanitation practices to protect both the environment and human health. Burying human waste at an appropriate distance from water sources such as rivers, lakes, and streams helps to minimize the risk of spreading harmful bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can lead to waterborne illnesses. Additionally, it safeguards aquatic ecosystems and preserves the quality of water resources for future use.

Following this guideline, along with using biodegradable toilet paper and avoiding the use of soap or chemicals near water sources, contributes to responsible outdoor ethics and promotes the sustainable enjoyment of nature. Remember that practicing Leave No Trace principles and being conscious of our impact on the environment helps to protect these precious natural resources for future generations. So therefore always bury human waste at least 200 feet (approximately 60-70 meters)  from water sources to prevent bacterial contamination.

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The best way to reduce your chances of having an alcohol-related accident is to d) not drink alcohol at all.

By not consuming  alcohol, you eliminate any risk of impaired judgment, coordination or reaction time that could lead to an accident. Although options a, b and c (drinking slowly and at a moderate pace, having a large meal before drinking and taking frequent breaks) may help reduce the impact of alcohol on the body, they do not guarantee that you will be free from the negative effects of alcohol consumption.

Therefore, the most effective and safest option for preventing alcohol-related accidents is total abstinence from alcohol consumption. This ensures that you remain alert and maintain your ability to make sound decisions and react appropriately in any situation.

Therefore option d) not drinking alcohol at all is the best way to avoid accidents.

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If I were not pursuing genetic counseling, I might be exploring other careers within the field of genetics or healthcare, such as working as a molecular biologist, clinical geneticist, or a genetic researcher.

I can suggest some possible scenarios for what someone might be doing if they were not pursuing genetic counseling. They could be working in a related field, such as genetic research, clinical laboratory science, or healthcare administration. Alternatively, they could be pursuing a different career entirely, such as teaching, writing, or entrepreneurship. Ultimately, the possibilities are endless and depend on an individual's interests, skills, and opportunities.

If I were not pursuing genetic counseling, I might be exploring other careers within the field of genetics or healthcare, such as working as a molecular biologist, clinical geneticist, or a genetic researcher. These professions also involve the study and application of genetic information to improve human health and well-being.

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The diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis is made through a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Accurate diagnosis is essential for guiding proper treatment and management, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Pancreatic necrosis is a serious medical condition in which pancreatic tissue dies due to inflammation, infection, or inadequate blood supply. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for proper treatment and management.
Diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis primarily involves a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Clinical assessment includes evaluating patient history, symptoms, and physical examination. Common symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Laboratory tests aid in identifying the severity of the condition and possible complications. These tests typically measure blood levels of amylase and lipase, which are enzymes released by the inflamed pancreas. Elevated levels indicate pancreatic damage. Additional tests such as white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and liver function tests can further aid in diagnosis and assessment of severity.
Imaging studies are crucial in visualizing the extent of pancreatic necrosis. The most common imaging technique is a computed tomography (CT) scan, which provides detailed cross-sectional images of the pancreas. CT scans can reveal the presence of necrotic tissue, fluid collections, and surrounding inflammation. Other imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound, may also be utilized to provide further information.
In certain cases, fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be performed to obtain pancreatic tissue samples for culture and analysis, helping to identify potential infections and guide appropriate antibiotic therapy.

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The two factors that control the formation of crystals in candy-like fudge are nucleation and growth. The rate and number of nucleation events and the rate of crystal growth can affect the size and number of crystals that form, ultimately influencing the texture of the candy.

Nucleation is the process by which sugar molecules come together to form the initial crystal structure. The rate and number of nucleation events can affect the size and number of crystals that form.  Growth is the process by which the crystal structure of the candy expands over time. The rate of growth can be influenced by factors such as temperature, concentration of sugar, and agitation.

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The first step in the 7-step process for applying nutrition programming principles is to identify the nutrition problem that needs to be addressed.

This involves conducting a thorough assessment of the population's nutritional status, dietary habits, and food access. It also involves identifying the specific nutritional needs of the population, taking into account factors such as age, gender, and health status.

The purpose of this step is to ensure that the nutrition program is tailored to the specific needs of the population and addresses the most pressing nutrition problems.

For example, if the population is experiencing high rates of micronutrient deficiencies, the nutrition program would need to focus on increasing the intake of key vitamins and minerals. If the population is experiencing high rates of obesity, the program would need to focus on reducing caloric intake and increasing physical activity.

To conduct a thorough assessment, various methods can be used such as surveys, focus groups, and anthropometric measurements. The information gathered during this step will serve as the foundation for developing a nutrition program that is effective, sustainable, and meets the needs of the population.

It is important to note that this step in the process of applying nutrition programming principles is an ongoing process, as the nutritional needs of the population may change over time and require adjustments to the program.

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The area that should be examined when evaluating the quality of a maxillary alginate impression is the hard palate. The answer is b.

When evaluating the quality of a maxillary alginate impression, the hard palate is the most important area to examine. This is because the hard palate provides the primary support for the tray, and a well-formed impression in this area ensures accurate reproduction of the palatal vault.

The retromolar area, mylohyoid ridge, and lingual frenum are also important areas to evaluate, as they can affect the fit of the final restoration, but they are secondary to the hard palate.

It is important to ensure that the impression material has captured all necessary anatomical features in order to obtain an accurate impression that will result in a well-fitting restoration. Thus the correct option is b.

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When a child wants to stand up from a squatting position, they will use their arms to help push themselves up. Specifically, they will place their hands on the ground in front of them and lean forward, shifting their weight onto their hands.

Then, they will straighten their legs while pushing up with their arms, using the strength in their arms to help lift themselves up to a standing position. This movement requires coordination between the upper and lower body and helps develop strength in both the arms and legs.

When a child uses their arms to stand up from a squat, they employ a combination of balance, muscle strength, and coordination. First, they shift their weight forward and place their hands on the ground or a stable surface. Next, they push against the surface using their arm and upper body strength, while simultaneously extending their legs to straighten up. This process helps the child maintain balance and stability while transitioning from a squat to a standing position.

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During hand washing, food handlers should scrub their hands and arms thoroughly and clean their Fingernails (option c).

While it is important to clean up to the elbows and upper arms, it is not necessary to clean all the way up to the shoulders. However, cleaning under the fingernails is essential as it is a common place for bacteria to accumulate.

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