Information about base pairing is needed to create a new copy of DNA that is identical to the original.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA) is a polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that form a double helix around one another. All known living things, including many viruses, have genetic material in their polymers that direct how they should function, grow, and reproduce. Nucleic acids include ribonucleic acid (RNA) and DNA. One of the four major categories of macromolecules that are necessary for all known forms of life, along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), is nucleic acids.
The production of a small fragment of RNA known as a primer serves as the launch pad for the synthesis of fresh DNA. The DNA is then started being replicated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase by aligning its bases to the original strand.Hence, information about base pairing is needed to create a new copy of DNA that is identical to the original
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The minimum amount of unstable atoms needed to produce an uncontrolled chain reaction is called _____.
The minimum amount of unstable atoms needed to produce an uncontrolled chain reaction is called critical mass.
What is an uncontrolled chain reaction?
A series of nuclear reactions that happen one after the other but not under controlled circumstances is known as an uncontrolled chain reaction. As a result, an unchecked chain reaction may end up becoming very explosive. That's because these reactions have a very fast rate of energy release.
The chain reaction won't continue if the conditions are such that neutrons are lost quicker than they are created by fission. Critical mass is the threshold at which the chain reaction is capable of self-sustaining.Hence, the minimum amount of unstable atoms needed to produce an uncontrolled chain reaction is called critical mass.
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around what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation? group of answer choices 20 60 10 40
With time, bone mass inevitably decreases due to bone resorption, which starts to outpace bone formation around the age of 40.
When does bone resorption usually start to happen more quickly than bone formation?Around age 40, the rate of bone resorption starts to outpace the rate of bone formation, and this imbalance leads to a general decline in bone density.
What stage of life experiences the greatest bone loss?Menopause. Between the ages of 42 and 55, the majority of women begin menopause. Women experience rapid bone loss as a result of the dramatic drop in oestrogen levels. In fact, women can lose 40% of their spongy, inner bone and 10% of their hard, outer bone in the ten years following menopause.
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What type of mutation is silent?.
Silent mutations happen when a single DNA nucleotide inside a gene's protein-coding region changes without changing the order of amino acids that make up the protein encoded by the gene.
A "synonomous" or "silent" mutation is a nucleotide change in the DNA that does not cause an alteration in the protein's amino acids.
Silent mutations alter how the genetic information is processed by mRNA by interfering with exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs). ESE motifs, which are sequences between three and eight nucleotides long, are located close to the end of exons in the region that will serve as the final mRNA's coding sequence. They specify the exon splicing locations in terms of function.
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d types each of us has an abo blood type, which describes whether two characteristics called a and b are present. every human being has two blood type alleles (gene forms), one inherited from our mother and o
Probability of having alleles A and A i.e. Blood type A = 0.5×0.5 = 0.25
Probability of having alleles A and B, i.e Blood type AB = 0.25 × 2 = 0.5
Probability of having alleles B and B , i.e Blood type B= 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.25
Probability that both their children have same blood type = 0.25^2 + 0.5^2 + 0.25^2 = 0.375
Alleles are any of two or more genes that may alternately appear at a certain location (locus) on a chromosome. They are also known as allelomorphs. The expression (phenotype) of a specific characteristic can be influenced by a single allele, a pair of alleles, or several alleles.
A unique bodily fluid is blood. Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma make up its four basic parts. Transporting nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and the lungs is only one of the numerous jobs blood does. causing blood to clot in order to stop excessive blood loss.
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Which type of process requires a fertilization event in which two haploid gametes unite to create a diploid cell called a zygote?.
Two haploid gametes must fertilize one another to form a diploid cell termed a zygote during the sexual reproduction process.
What process combines two haploid cells to create a diploid zygote?In sexual reproduction, gametes, or reproductive (sex) cells, are created by the parents and combine to create an offspring. Haploid cells make up gametes. This indicates that each chromosome is present in one copy in each cell's nucleus. Meiosis, a form of cell division, produces gametes.
Meiosis- It is the process that results in haploid gametes. A type of cell division known as meiosis occurs when the number of chromosomes is cut in half. Only specific types of cells within an organism exhibit it. Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis, and four haploid cells are created with just one chromosome from each pair.
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why does it make sense that metabolism of pyruvate to acetyl-coa would be inhibited by fatty acids? speculate why the production of metabolic acids
Because the inhibitory products of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction , that is NADH and acetyl -coA are also produces during beta-oxidation of fatty acids .
which resulted in conversion of active pyruvate dehydrogenase into it's inactive form .
The metabolism of pyruvate is affected by ATP/ADP , NADH/NAD+ and acetyl-CoA/CoA ratios .
Hence , that is the reason for inhibition of pyruvate to acetyl-coa .
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A taste receptor sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to pressure illustrates the concept of __________.
A taste receptor sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to pressure illustrates the concept of receptor specificity.
What are taste receptors?A taste receptor is a type of cellular receptor which is responsible for the facilitation of the sensation of taste in the mouth. When food or other substance enters the mouth, molecules interact with the saliva and are bound to the taste receptors present in the oral cavity and other locations. Molecules which are responsible for providing a sensation of taste are called sapid.
Taste receptor cells sense various chemical compounds in foods and transmit these signals through the gustatory nerve fibers to the central nervous system. This works on the basis of receptor specificity. These sensory signals are vitally important for life as they provide information about which prospective foods are nutritious and warnings as to those which are noxious.
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Choose the Newman projection that represents the least stable conformation of 3,3-dimethylhexane viewed along the C3-C4 bond.
The Newman projection that represents the least stable conformation of 3,3-dimethylhexane viewed along the C3-C4 bond are in the given figure
The three-dimensional structure of molecules is better understood with the use of a diagram called a Newman projection. This projection often focuses on a carbon-carbon bond, which makes it very useful for understanding the stereochemistry of alkanes. A circle representing the rear atom and a dot representing the front atom in a Newman projection represent the conformation of a chemical bond from front to back, respectively. The front atom is referred to as proximal, whereas the back atom is referred to as distal. This type of illustration demonstrates the exact dihedral angle between the proximal and distal atoms. In order to partially replace Fischer projections, which are unable to adequately describe conformations and, consequently, conformers, American chemist Melvin Spencer Newman created this projection in 1952. He gave his name to the projection. Natta projections and sawhorse projections, which both show carbon-carbon bonds from an oblique angle, are alternatives to this diagram design.
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Demethylation and acetylation lead to an open chromatin structure and are associated with ________regions of genomes.
Demethylation and acetylation lead to an open chromatin structure and are associated with euchromatic regions of genomes.
What is demethylation and acetylation?Histone acetylation results in higher amounts of transcription, whereas DNA methylation suppresses or increases gene expression to aid in the regulation of transcription. Pre-implantation embryo development, primordial germ cell development, pluripotency and differentiation, as well as neuronal functions, are all influenced by active DNA demethylation and oxidized 5mC. Acetylation directly produces proteins that copy DNA and repair genetic material that has been damaged. Additionally, acetylation supports DNA transcription. Acetylation controls how much energy proteins take to duplicate themselves, which affects how well the genes are copied.
What is euchromatic region of genome?The euchromatin is an area of constant size that contains X chromosome homologous sequences, Y-specific repetitive sequences, and all of the Y chromosome's known genes, including the presently known 27 different protein-coding genes or gene families.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that demethylation and acetylation lead to an open chromatin structure and are associated with euchromatic regions of genomes.
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Which organism needs a digestive system because it does not produce its own food?.
The organisms which needs a digestive system because it does not produce its own food are known as heterotrophic organisms. For example, tiger, rat, cow etc.
Heterotrophs are the organisms which are not able to produce their own food with the help of sunlight and depend upon plants and other small animals to get their food and nutrients. They are classified as herbivores or grass eating animals, carnivores or flesh eating animals and omnivores or both grass and flesh eating animals. These animals have digestive system to digest the complex molecules obtained from consumption of organisms and thus get their energy. Digestive system releases several enzymes which help in breakdown of molecules into simpler ones.
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A plant cell is no longer capable of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it into chemical energy. Which organelle is most likely damaged?.
Plant cells are no longer able to obtain energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. Most likely the ribosome is damaged.
Ribosomes are intercellular structures composed of both RNA and proteins and are the site of protein synthesis within the cell. Ribosomes read messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences and translate this genetic code into specific chains of amino acids. This chain grows into a long chain that folds into a protein. Ribosomes are macromolecular machinery found in all cells that carry out biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes join amino acids in an order determined by the codons of the messenger RNA molecule to form a polypeptide chain. Ribosomes consist of two main components: Ribosome small and large subunits
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your have isolated a bacteria that lacks catalase, this means it should be particularly susceptible (easily killed) by which of the following methods?
It should be particularly susceptible to Hydrogen peroxide .
In general ,Anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, or bacteria that ferment and do not require oxygen for respiration ,is known as catalase-negative bacteria. Their cells can't oxidize the superoxide produced during oxygen saturation because they lack enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase.
Obligate anaerobes do not require catalase because they are deficient in the enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase that can change the harmful superoxide formed in their cells due to the presence of oxygen.
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several body systems work together to regulate the ph of body fluids within a very narrow range. click to select the problems that can occur when the ph of body fluids gets too high (alkalosis) or too low (acidosis).
Fatigue and dizziness .There is evidence that acidosis stimulates.
What is acidosis and alkalosis?The condition acidosis and alkalosis result due to the change in body’s pH base balance. When the body's fluids have an abnormally low pH level and are too acidic, the condition is known as acidosis. The opposite is true in alkalosis when the body's fluids are too alkaline (high in pH). When biological fluids contain too much acid, acidosis develops. Lower values indicate more acidic substances, hence this causes a fall in blood PH. When the blood's pH is lower than 7.35, it is regarded as abnormally acidic (high in acid). There could be a mild acidosis without any symptoms. In some cases, especially in seriously ill people, it can worsen if it is not diagnosed and treated. Acidosis can sometimes lead to serious physical effects, Hyperventilation (breathing abnormally rapidly or deeply) (breathing abnormally fast or deeply) ,impaired heart performance, reduced blood pressure, Coma\s Alkalosis. When the blood has too little acid, a condition known as alkalosis results, making the blood overly basic, which is another word for alkaline. Higher numbers indicate more alkaline substances, so the blood pH rises as a result. When the blood's pH rises above 7.45, it is deemed to be abnormally alkaline. Mild, persistent (chronic) alkalosis may happen with no obvious symptoms. Symptoms of alkalosis that result in severe or quick pH changes may include the following: Unsteadiness or faintness, Hands and feet that are numb, Confusion, nausea or diarrhoea, twitching or spasms of the muscles, inadequate blood oxygen levels, Seizures, becoming unconscious or almost unconscious.
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What does snake venom contain?.
Snake venom contain complex mixtures of enzymes and proteins of various sizes, amines, lipids, nucleosides, and carbohydrates.
The complex mixes of enzymes, proteins, amines, lipids, nucleosides, and carbohydrates found in snake venom are known as nucleosides. Various metal ions, such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and zinc, are also present in venoms and are thought to function as cofactors. The venoms of members of the families Elapidae, Hydrophiidae, and Viperidae have been researched in great detail, whereas the venoms of the families Atractaspididae and Colubridae have received far less attention. At all taxonomic levels, the venom composition exhibits a high degree of variation. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that venom components differ significantly between populations and geographical regions even within the same species.
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a decaying corpse has an abundance of firmicutes and ascomycota. at what stage of decay is this corpse?
During the Bloating Stage (approximately days 6–9), endogenous anaerobes and facultative anaerobes that are known to be common members of the gut community such as Firmicutes in the families Lactobacilli (e.g., Lactobacillus) and Bacteroidetes in the family Bacteroide (e.g., Bacteroides) (Supplementary file 1B) increase in the abdominal cavity.
What are stages of decay in a corpse?
Initial Stage: Autolysis
Autolysis, also known as self-digestion, is the initial phase of human decomposition that starts as soon as a person passes away. The body loses all ability to obtain oxygen and dispose of waste as soon as breathing and blood circulation cease.
Second stage: bloat
The second stage of human decomposition involves bodily swelling. Enzymes from the first stage start to leak and start creating lots of fumes. The human body can quadruple in size as a result of the gases, giving it that puffy appearance.
Third Stage: Active Decay
The commencement of active decay is indicated by fluids discharged through orifices.
Fourth Stage: Skeletonization
There is no predetermined period of time during which skeletonization takes place since the skeleton decomposes at a rate determined by the loss of organic (collagen) and inorganic components.
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A pancreatic cell specializes in making enzymes that it releases to the small intestine. Which of the following best describes the path these enzymes take from synthesis to exocytosis?
rough ER ⇢ Golgi ⇢ cell membrane
The path of enzyme synthesis in pancreatic cell is Rough endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi bodies to cell membrane.
The ribosome-loaded organelle known as the rough endoplasmic reticulum produces secretory proteins, which are enzymes. The proteins known as enzymes speed up the reaction rates in cellular metabolism.
Proteins that have been correctly folded and put together are packaged into COPII-coated transport vesicles in the ER and pinched off from the ER membrane. The vesicles quickly fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, which proceed to the Golgi apparatus on microtubule tracks after the coat is shed.
In response to extracellular signals, secretory vesicles that originate from the trans Golgi network exocytose their contents to the cell's exterior.
Hence, enzymes formed by RER packed in Golgi bodies to form vesicle, which released on demand.
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what biochemical technique confirmed that rna polymerase binds to dna at -10 and -35 boxes? what biochemical technique confirmed that rna polymerase binds to dna at -10 and -35 boxes? sothern blot technique fluorescence in situ hybridization dna footprinting chromatin immunoprecipitation
The technique that is used to confirm that RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the -10 and -35 boxes is DNA footprinting.
What is DNA footprinting?
DNA footprinting is a technique used to identify particular sequences of DNA. It is commonly used to identify genetic markers associated with the presence of a particular gene or to assess the role of a particular gene in a particular disease. It involves the use of nucleic acid probes to detect specific sequences of DNA within a sample.
The RNA blot technique is not related to DNA footprinting, hybridization, or chromatin immunoprecipitation. The RNA blot technique is a method used to detect the presence and amount of RNA molecules in a sample. It involves transferring the RNA onto a membrane and then probing the membrane with specific antibodies or DNA probes to detect the presence of specific RNA molecules.
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chromosomal mutations are of four main types. the possible effects of two of them ( and ) depend on their size and whether they include genes vital to the organisms' development.
The types of chromosomal mutations are deletions and duplications.
Mutations are changes in genetic material (DNA) and chromosomes that can be passed on genetically to offspring. Several diseases in humans caused by mutations are color blindness and thalassemia.
Chromosomal mutations usually cause changes in genetic material on a large scale. Chromosomal mutations are of four types namely translocation, translocation, inversion and duplication. The two types of mutations that depend on size and inclusion of genes for the development of an organism are duplications and deletions.
Deletion is the loss of part of a chromosome during the process of meiosis, so that many important genes are lost in individual expression. While Duplication is a chromosomal mutation in which some chromosomes replicate causing the addition of the same gene in one section.
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drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the membrane through proteins other than atp synthase. with an uncoupler, what will happen to atp synthesis and oxygen consumption if the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle stay the same? select any correct answer.
While ATP synthesis will decline, oxygen usage won't change.
What function do uncouplers play in the production of ATP?Without influencing the respiratory chain or ATP synthase (H(+)-ATPase), uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria prevent the coupling between the electron transport and phosphorylation processes. This inhibits ATP generation.
What is the energy source that directly powers ATP synthase during ATP synthesis?particle gradient , the inner mitochondrial membrane's electron transport chain receives electrons from NADH and FADH2, which causes an H+ accumulation in the inner membrane space. The direct energy source for ATP synthesis is this proton gradient (gradient of H+) flowing via the membrane enzyme complex ATP synthetase.
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Can dogs regulate their body temperature?.
Dogs can regulate their body temperature by the time they are 7 weeks old.
Dogs have remarkable internal mechanisms that maintain their body at the proper temperature at all times, irrespective of the air temperature because they are unable to endure large changes in their body temperatures.
Dogs do not perspire through the skin as people do due to their insulating coats.
A comfortable winter temperature for most dogs is between 68 and 72 degrees. The same considerations mentioned above for selecting a safe, comfortable summer temperature setting apply to selecting a winter thermostat setting.
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A multicellular organism begins life as a single cell-a fertilized egg with a complete set of chromosomes.The picture in 10-2 above shows how the cell divides to become two cells, then four cells, eight cells, and so on. What statement could best describe what happens during this process?
Chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set.
During S phase, each chromosome was duplicated and now has two identical copies known as sister chromatids. As a result, each new daughter cell possesses a full set.
What are chromosomes?A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or part of an organism's genetic material. Most chromosomes have very long thin DNA strands covered with packing proteins; the most important of these proteins in eukaryotic cells are the histones. These chromosomes have a complicated three-dimensional structure that plays an important function in transcriptional control.
Chromosomes are generally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division. Before this occurs, each chromosome is duplicated (S phase), and the two copies are connected by a centromere, resulting in either.
Therefore, Chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set.
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the cftr protein is made up of 1,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. some humans produce a version of the cftr protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the cftr protein? responses it will have no observable effect on the structure of the cftr protein. it will have no observable effect on the structure of the c f t r protein. it will affect the primary structure of the cftr protein, but the other levels of protein structure will not be affected. it will affect the primary structure of the c f t r protein, but the other levels of protein structure will not be affected. it will affect the secondary and tertiary structures of the cftr protein, but the primary structure will not be affected. it will affect the secondary and tertiary structures of the c f t r protein, but the primary structure will not be affected. it will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the cftr protein.
The option that best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein is D. It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein.
What is Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein?The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein normally functions as a membrane channel protein, transporting negatively charged ions such as chloride ions into and out of the cell. It also transports water, which is necessary for the formation of thin, free-flowing mucus in the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems.
It can also influence other channels to regulate sodium ion entry across plasma membranes, as seen in the pancreas.
The CFTR protein mutation that causes Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is found in nearly 70% of CF patients. The mutation changes the structure of the chloride ion channel as well as the movement of chloride ions and water inside and outside the cell. As a result, the production of mucus is impaired, which is characteristically sticky and thick in Cystic Fibrosis.
In conclusion, the correct option is D.
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What is the most important rule to remember when storing food?.
You should adhere to the following advice to safely store and display food: Keep prepared foods and raw foods apart to prevent cross-contamination.
Always keep raw foods below cooked or ready-to-eat foods and never store cooked or ready-to-eat foods above them. Foods should be stored in refrigerators at a temperature of 4 °C (39 °F) or lower to stop the growth of bacteria. Food should be kept in clean, food-safe containers. Food should not be kept in opened cans in which bacteria can grow easily.
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Which cranial nerve is in charge of the motor control of the muscles that move the tongue?.
Answer:
Hypoglossal nerve
Explanation:
The hypoglossal nerve controls muscles that move the tongue,
What is the order of genetic information from largest to smallest?.
The correct order of genetic information from largest to smallest is Genome, Chromosome, Gene, and Nucleotide.
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Aume that a 100 bae pair DNA double helix contain 15 cytoine'. How many adenine are there?
In the DNA double helix, which has 100 base pairs and 85 adenines, there are 15 cytosines.
A DNA double helix contains 100 base pair thus total 200 nucleotide base pair out of that 15 base pair is of cytosine. In a DNA cytosine is equal to guanine thus, guanine nucleotide will be 15 total 30 nucelotide base
Now, 200 - 30= 170 base pair is of adenine and thymine. The adenine and thymine are equal thus , 170/2 = 85 base nucleotide of adenine and thymine.
DNA nucleotides:The DNA molecule is made up of two bases (or nucleotides) that contain nitrogen. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) are the four bases of DNA (T). These bases come in particular pairs (A with T, and G with C).For more information on nucleotides kindly visit to
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The partial twinning that led to the births of conjoined twins Abby and Brittany Hensel must have happened during the first two weeks of gestation, because the girls
A. have two heads.
B. share tissues that descend from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
C. share only tissues derived from mesoderm.
D. were born on time.
E. have two separate nervous systems.
B
Given that the conjoined twins Abby and Brittany Hensel share tissues descended from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, the partial twinning that resulted in their birth must have occurred during the first two weeks of pregnancy. (option-b).
What is ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm?The nervous system and skin are derived from the ectoderm. Numerous cell types, including bone, muscle, and connective tissue, are developed according to mesoderm specifications. The linings of the respiratory and digestive systems, as well as organs like the liver and pancreas, are formed by endoderm layer cells.
The body's nervous system and epidermal skin cells are produced by the ectoderm, muscle cells and connective tissue are produced by the mesoderm, and the digestive system and other internal organs are produced by the endoderm.
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What are the 3 concepts about mutation?.
There are three types of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions, and insertions.
A mutation is, at its most basic, a change or transformation. Chromosome and gene changes, known as mutations in biology, frequently manifest physically. DNA copying errors that occur during cell division, ionizing radiation exposure, contact with substances known as mutagens, and viral infection can all cause mutations. Base-pair substitutions, often known as modifications to single base pairs, are the most basic type. Some mutant genes also exhibit more intricate arrangements of nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions.
Mutation describes an abrupt shift in a gene's characteristics. DNA changes are referred to as mutations. A gene's genetic message is changed by a mutation. It causes the emergence of fresh traits that can be passed down.
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when double-stranded dna in solution is heated, the two polynucleotide strands separate from each other, a process called or melting. please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices hybridization annealing denaturation renaturation
Heat causes the two polynucleotide strands of double-stranded DNA in solution to separate from one another, a process known as denaturation or melting.
How does heating double-stranded DNA affect it?The hydrogen bonds that hold two strands of double-stranded DNA together break when a DNA solution is heated sufficiently to cause the DNA to unwind. DNA denaturation, also known as DNA denaturing, is the process of severing double-stranded DNA into individual strands.
A short section of the DNA double helix is first unwound by a protein known as an initiator. The two DNA strands are then pulled apart by helicase, a protein that binds to and dismantles the hydrogen bonds holding the bases on the DNA strands together.
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If reduction of chromosome number did not occur during meiosis, the chromosome number of a zygote would be ______ compared to the parent cell.
Three haploid cells. Gametes are the byproducts of meiosis. The zygote would possess twice as many chromosomes as its parents.
What is meiosis?A single cell splits twice during the meiotic process, resulting in four cells with half the original genetic material. The sperm in males and the eggs in females are the sex cells.The number of chromosomes will rise each time a new generation is born if there is no meiotic decrease. If both parents are diploid (2n), the child will be tetraploid and the gametes will be diploid (2n- egg and 2n- sperm) (4n).This decrease in chromosome number is essential because meiosis produces cells that are intended to become gametes (or reproductive cells); otherwise, the union of two gametes during fertilization would result in offspring with double the typical number of chromosomes!To learn more about meiosis refer to:
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