A tax cut results in an increase in aggregate demand. The total demand for goods and services increases by more than a dollar for every dollar the government reduces the levy. The multiplier effect is the name of this effect.
A tax decrease increases the income of households. Spending increases as consumer income does. The companies that make consumer products hire more people and make more money as consumer spending increases. Consumer spending is once again stimulated by higher income and profits. The multiplier effect is the overall impact of the tax change on overall demand.
A tax reduction boosts overall demand for goods and services, but it also raises interest rates. A tax decrease that increases income also increases demand for money. Interest rates rise in tandem with the rising demand for money.
The number of products and services requested decreases as interest rates rise. It's easy to understand why. Borrowing costs increase when interest rates are high. Investment spending consequently decreases. Consequently, a tax cut boosts the demand for goods.
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The right question is:
Which of the following helps explain how the multiplier and crowding-out effect impact the size of the shift in aggregate demand from a tax change?
a. Tax cuts stimulate consumer spending, and earnings and profits rise, which further stimulates consumer spending with the multiplier effect.
b. The higher income leads to an increase in the demand for money, which tends to lead to higher interest rates.
c. The higher interest rates make borrowing more costly and reduce investment spending the crowding-out effect.
d. All of the above
if a firm believes that it will have sufficient cash flows to cover interest payments, it may consider using debt and equity, which implies a degree of financial leverage. group of answer choices more; less; lower more; less; higher less; more; higher none of the above
if a firm believes that it will have sufficient cash flows to cover interest payments, it may consider using more debt and less equity, which implies a higher degree of financial leverage.
The cash flow refers to the net amount of money and coins equivalents being transferred in and out of an agency. coins obtained represents inflows, whilst money spent represents outflows.
Cash flow from operations is created from fees made as a part of the regular course of operations. Examples of these cash outflows are payroll, the cost of products offered, hire, and utilities. cash outflows can range notably when commercial enterprise operations are incredibly seasonal.
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During 2021, a building with a book value of $70,000 and an original cost of $300,000 was sold at a gain of $60,000. 1. How much cash did anders receive from the sale of the building? 2. How much depreciation expense was recorded on buildings during 2021? 3. What was the cost of buildings purchased by anders during 2021?
1. The cash that Anders received from the sale of the building was $130,000.
2. The depreciation expense recorded on buildings during 2021 was $45,000.
3. The purchase cost of buildings by Anders in 2021 was $280,000.
How were the numbers determined?The cash received from the sale of the building was an addition to the book value and the gain from the sale.
The depreciation expense is worked out by preparing the T-account for Accumulated Depreciation using the data on buildings.
Similarly, the cost of the buildings purchased during 2021 is a product of the T-account for Buildings.
Book value of building during 2021 = $70,000
Original cost of building = $300,000
Gain from the sale of the building = $60,000
Cash received from the sale of the building = $130,000 ($70,000 + $60,000)
T-accounts:Building
Account Titles Debit Credit
Beginning balance $400,000
Sale of a building $300,000
Purchase of building 280,000
Ending balance $380,000
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Accumulated Depreciation - Buildings
Account Titles Debit Credit
Beginning balance $285,000
Sale of a building $230,000
Depreciation Expense 45,000
Ending balance $100,000
Question Completion:2021 2020
Buildings $ 380,000 $ 400,000
Accumulated depreciation-Buildings (100,000) (285,000)
Buildings, net $ 280,000 $ 115,000
When nikki passes the first management quiz with flying colors, she credits her dedication and intellect. When she fails the first test, she blames it on a poorly worded test. This is an example of the ________ bias.
When Nikki passes the first management quiz with flying colors, she credits her dedication and intellect. When she fails the first test, she blames it on a poorly worded test. This is an example of a self-serving bias.
Management may be defined as a technique of having the paintings or the project executed that is required for reaching the desires of an enterprise in an efficient and powerful manner. the technique implies the features of the management. this is, making plans, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
Brief-term generally entails processes that show outcomes within a year. businesses' goal medium-time period plans at consequences that take several years to gain. lengthy-term plans encompass the overall goals of the organization set four or 5 years in the destiny and generally are based totally on accomplishing the medium-term targets.
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To overcome reception and availability problems, mobile telecom services firms have begun _____ that provide a "five bar" coverage in a roughly 5,000-square-foot footprint.
To overcome reception and availability problems, mobile telecom services firms have begun offering femtocells that provide a "five bar" coverage in a roughly 5,000-square-foot footprint.
A femtocell is a small, low-power cellular base station that is typically designed for use in a home or small business. Small cell is a more general term used in the industry, with femtocell as a subset.
Femtocells, also known as 'home base stations,' are cellular network access points that use residential DSL, optical fibers, or cable broadband connections to connect standard mobile devices to a mobile operator's network.
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Which of the following is a macroeconomics question? 43)A) What determines the minimum wage?B) What factors determine the price of Oreo cookies?C) What determines the production of video game consoles?D) What determines the salaries of college professors?
A macroeconomics question relates to the state of the economy as a whole, including employment, price level, currency exchange, money supply, exports, and imports, among other factors.
D) What determines the salaries of college professors?
The study of macroeconomics focuses on the functioning of economies, including shifts in the balance of payments, inflation, interest and foreign exchange rates, and changes in economic output. Only sound monetary and fiscal policies can lead to social equity, poverty reduction, and sustainable growth.
Macroeconomics is the area of economics that studies how an entire economy functions, including the markets, firms, customers, and governments. Macroeconomics looks at trends that affect the entire economy, including changes in unemployment, price levels, economic growth, and national income.
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TRUE/FALSE in general, an individual firm in a perfectly competitive market faces a perfectly elastic demand curve.
It is true that an individual firm faces perfectly elastic demand curve under the perfect competition market.
A hypothetical marketplace is referred to as perfect competition. Perfect competition provides an excellent model for illustrating how demand and supply affect pricing and behavior in a market system, despite perfect competition seldom occurring in actual markets.
There are numerous buyers and sellers in a market with perfect competition, and prices always represent demand and supply. Companies can make as much money as is necessary to stay in operation. Other businesses could enter the marketplace and reduce revenues in order to make massive profits. In a perfect competition demand is perfectly elastic due to presence of too much competition.
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gustav mahler brought which organization to new heights of excellence, by supervising every aspect of its performances?
Gustav Mahler raised the caliber of the Vienna Opera to new heights by overseeing every aspect of its performances.
With his 10 symphonies and several songs with orchestra, Jewish Austrian composer and conductor Gustav Mahler brought together a variety of Romantic strands.
Mahler, a well-known symphonic composer, started working at the Vienna Court Opera (the Hofoper) in May 1897 as a staff conductor and director-designate while waiting for his appointment as director to be confirmed. He assumed the position after being confirmed in October 1897 and held it until his resignation in November 1907.
Mahler elevated the Vienna Opera to new levels of brilliance by overseeing every aspect of its performances.
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the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet for pokagon corporation appeared as follows before its recent stock dividend: common stock, $10 par, 10,000 shares issued and outstanding $ 100,000
The dividend rate and par value of each equity are specified in the preferred stock prospectus for each issuance of preferred stock.
How to Calculate Preferred Dividend?The preferred stock prospectus for each issue of preferred stock specifies the dividend rate and par value of the equity. The total yearly preferred dividend is calculated by multiplying the dividend rate by the par value. If the whole dividend is to be paid in installments, such as quarterly, the issuer divides the total preferred dividend by the number of periods to obtain an approximation of the installment payment. The preferred dividend coverage ratio assesses a company's capacity to pay the necessary sum to holders of its preferred stock shares. The dividend on preferred stock shares is predetermined and unchangeable.A company in good health will have a high preferred dividend coverage ratio, which shows that it won't have any trouble covering the preferred dividends it owes.For Example
Divided = Issue share × per unit share
= 1000 × 10 = 10000.
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The dividend rate and par value of each equity are specified in the preferred stock prospectus for each issuance of preferred stock.
How to Calculate Preferred Dividend?The preferred stock prospectus for each issue of preferred stock specifies the dividend rate and par value of the equity.The total yearly preferred dividend is calculated by multiplying the dividend rate by the par value. If the whole dividend is to be paid in installments, such as quarterly, the issuer divides the total preferred dividend by the number of periods to obtain an approximation of the installment payment.The preferred dividend coverage ratio assesses a company's capacity to pay the necessary sum to holders of its preferred stock shares. The dividend on preferred stock shares is predetermined and unchangeable.A company in good health will have a high preferred dividend coverage ratio, which shows that it won't have any trouble covering the preferred dividends it owes.For Example
Divided = Issue share × per unit share
= 1000 × 10 = 10000.
Computation of the given data are as follows:
Common stock after issuing stock dividend = $100,000 + ( 10,000 ×10% × $10)
= $100,000 + 10,000 = $110,000
Additional paid-in capital after issuing stock dividend = 120,000 + ( 10,000 ×10% × $10)
= 120,000 + 10,000 = $130,000
Retained earnings after issuing stock dividend = 150,000 + ( 10,000 ×10% × $20)
= 150,000 + 20,000 = $170,000
The complete question is,
The stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet for Potawatomi Corporation appeared as follows before its recent stock dividend: Common stock, $10 par, 10,000 shares issued and outstanding $ 100,000 Additional paid-in capital - common 120,000 Retained earnings 150,000 Total stockholders' equity $ 370,000 Potawatomi declared a 10% stock dividend (considered small) when the market price per share was $20. After the stock dividend was distributed, the components of the stockholders' equity section were: Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings [A] [B] [C]
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unfair advertisement
which of the following does the textbook define as causing or likely to cause substantial consumer injury that is not outweighed by its benefits
An act or behavior is considered "unfair practice" if it harms consumers significantly and inescapably without producing any consumer or competitive gains that outweigh the harm.
What is unfair practice means?Any company practice or action that is dishonest, fraudulent, or harms consumers is considered an unfair commercial practice. Acts that are seen as illegal, such as those that transgress a consumer protection statute, can be included in these practices .Fraudulent free gift or prize offers, non-compliance with production standards, false advertising, and deceptive pricing are just a few instances of unfair trade practices.
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in the late 1960s and 1970s, corporate strategies turned away from fordism and toward the flexible accumulation model. identify which of the following strategies are used in the flexible accumulation model and which are used in the fordism model.
Strategies of Flexible Accumulation - offshoring, outsourcing and Strategies of Fordism- a residing salary as a way to inspire people to be dependable to their employer, social compact among exertions and corporations.
The required details for Accumulation in given paragraph
In popular, accumulation is to gather or growth the quantity of something. In finance, accumulation can refer extra narrowly to will increase within side the role size of an asset this is constructed up over a couple of transactions. Accumulation also can consult with the general addition of positions to a portfolio. In technical analysis, accumulation factors to a popular growth in shopping for interest in an asset. In this case, the asset is stated to be "below accumulation" or "being accumulated." Deferred annuities have an accumulation segment within side the first years of the contract.
During this segment, savers are contributing funds. The accumulation segment is then accompanied with the aid of using the distribution segment. During this segment, retirees start having access to and the usage of their funds.
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financial intelligence, revised edition: a manager's guide to knowing what the numbers really mean hardcover pdf
This is a famous book which is written by Karen Berman , Joe Knight and John Case.
What does it teach?
The book teaches us about the importance of numbers.It talks about up to date and helps to teach the basics of finance to managers. It also addresses various issues that have become important for understanding financial crisis along with broader financial and accounting literacy.It gives non-financial managers the confidence, knowledge, experience and responsibility.Hence, the book is an experience in itself. It talks about various roles, numbers and financial numbers.
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The adjusting entry to adjust supplies was omitted at the end of the year. This would affect the income statements by having.
The adjusting entry to adjust supplies was omitted at the end of the year. This would affect the income statements by having needed to bring accounts up to date and match revenue and expense.
An adjusting entry is access made up to date and assigns the proper amount of revenue and expenses up to date each accounting duration. It updates formerly recorded journal entries so that the monetary statements at the quit of the 12 months are correct and
Adjusting entries are an essential up-to-date update of all account balances before financial statements can be prepared. these modifications aren't the end result of physical events or transactions however are rather up to date with the passage of time or small changes in account balances.
Adjusting entries are necessary because they make sure that your enterprise sports are correctly recorded and that you are not purchasing fees earlier than they show up. truly placed, that your financial statements offer correct information.
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in some markets there are many buyers and sellers, such that it is relatively easy to cash-in an investment at any given time. in thin markets, however, it may be difficult to find a buyer in a timely manner, forcing the seller to lower the price and lose money on the investment.
In thin markets, it may be difficult as Buyers have high bargaining power, such as when sellers have difficulty finding suitable buyer
Investment risks :Investment risk is the risk associated with a business or new investment project. Before investing in a project, a detailed risk and reward analysis should be done. We recommend that you understand the nature of the risk and the extent to which it may impede your business' progress.
What is the bargaining power of a buyer?One of Porter's five powers of the industry analysis framework, the bargaining power of the buyer is the ability of the customer/consumer to provide a company with a higher quality product, better customer service, and/or delivery. Refers to pressure to buy at a lower price than you want.
Signs of strong bargaining power:Several alternatives are available, which means that buyers are less dependent on this supplier. Low switching cost. Possible backward integration or merger of multiple vendors. A buyer buys many products from a seller or buys a large quantity of products.
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suppose that each of two firms has the independent choice of advertising its product or not advertising. if neither advertises, each gets $10 million in profit; if both advertise, their profits will be $5 million each; and if one advertises while the other does not, the advertiser gets profit of $15 million while the other gets profit of $2 million. according to game theory, if the firms could collude to maximize profit:
In the situation given above, none of the firms would engage in advertising their respective products if they want to collude to achieve profit maximization under the game theory.
The game theory can be referred to or considered as the theory that relates to the situation of the rivals in the market. However, the rivals are into making rational decisions. So, in the above case, each of the firms will look to maximize its profits, and thus, none of them will decide to advertise their products to maintain healthy competition in the market.
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if the required reserve ratio is 10 percent, what is the maximum change in the money supply from john’s deposit of $50,000 cash into his checking account?
$4,50,000 is the maximum change in the money supply from john’s deposit of $50,000 cash into his checking account.
What is the difference between a checking account and a bank account?A checking account is a bank account from which you can write checks or access funds in a variety of other ways, making it your primary bank account for daily transactions.
A checking account helps you achieve financial success. Get faster access to your money, complete financial transactions on your phone or tablet, be confident that your money is safe, and easily track your spending to make better financial decisions.
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universal fence stock is selling for $41 per share. a 6-month call on the stock with a strike price of $45 is priced at $1.60. risk-free assets are currently returning .15 percent per month. what is the price of a 6-month put on the stock with a strike price of $45?
We will apply the Put-Call parity equation where a 6-month call on the stock with a strike price of $45 is priced at $1.60.
What does the strike price of an option mean?The price at which a put or call option may be executed is referred to as the option's striking price. Another term for it is the workout cost. The strike price is one of the two critical decisions a trader or investor must make when deciding on an option (the other being the period to expiration).
Who determines the striking price?Strike prices are frequently determined by options exchanges like the Chicago Board Options Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (CBOE). The correlation between the strike price and the spot price is one of many factors that affect an option's premium (how much it costs to purchase the option).
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according to the theory of liquidity preference, group of answer choices if the interest rate is below the equilibrium level, then the quantity of money people want to hold is less than the quantity of money the fed has created. all of the above are correct. the demand for money is represented by a downward-sloping line on a supply-and-demand graph. if the interest rate is above the equilibrium level, then the quantity of money people want to hold is greater than the quantity of money the fed has created.
The demand for money is represented by a downward-sloping line on a supply-and-demand graph.
Liquidity preference theory is a version that indicates that an investor ought to call for a better interest rate or top class on securities with lengthy-time period maturities that bring greater threat due to the fact, all other elements being identical, buyers opt for cash or different notably liquid holdings.
In step with the liquidity choice idea, interest is decided by way of the call for and deliver of cash. It is determined at a factor where the supply of cash is same to demand cash.
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What are 2 ways investors can make money?.
Either by paying out income or by increasing in value to other investors, an investment can generate income. Income is received in the form of interest payments for bonds or dividends for stocks, depending on the asset.
What is meant by investment?The act of investing entails using money now in the hopes that it will appreciate over time. In order to make an investment, one must put capital to use, such as time, money, effort, etc., with the expectation that the investment will eventually yield a larger return than what was first invested. An asset that is bought as an investment is one that is done so with the hope of making money, making a profit, or seeing a price increase. A return is what you get in exchange for your investment. The correlation between risk and return is direct, i.e., the riskier the investment, the greater the potential reward. An asset or object that is accumulated with the intention of bringing in money or recognition is referred to as an investment.To learn more about investment, refer to:
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When the price of broccoli increase relative to cauliflower, people who buy fresh vegetables respond by buying more cauliflower and fewer broccoli. As a result, the CPI has a
commodity substitution bias.
As per the given situation, the CPI has a commodity substitution bias.
CPI
In economics, CPI refers the prices paid by consumers for a fixed market basket of consumer goods and services.
Given,
When the price of broccoli increase relative to cauliflower, people who buy fresh vegetables respond by buying more cauliflower and fewer broccoli.
Here we need to find the CPI value.
While we looking into the given situation, we have identified that the price of the broccoli increase relative to cauliflower, this will happen when people who buy fresh vegetables respond by buying more cauliflower and fewer broccoli.
Here the situation tell us that more cauliflower and fewer broccoli are sold, so this states the biased state.
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15.why are other central bank from around the world interested in how the federal reserve operates?
The other central bank from around world are interested in how federal reserve operates because their own economic policies to equal economic growth and better living standards for the citizens.
What is federal reserve system?The central banking structure of the United States of America is the Federal Reserve System, also referred to as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed. Following a string of financial panics, including the Panic of 1907, which sparked the need for centralized control of the monetary system to prevent financial crises, it was established on December 23, 1913, with the passage of the Federal Reserve Act. Over time, occurrences like the 1930s Great Depression and the 2000s Great Recession have prompted the Federal Reserve System to assume more roles and responsibilities.
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On January 1, year 1, Jessica received 10,000 shares of restricted stock from her employer, Rocket Corporation. On that date, the stock price was $10 per share. On receiving the restricted stock, Jessica made an 83(b) election. Jessica's restricted shares will all vest at the end of year 4. After the shares vest, she intends to sell them immediately to fund an around-the-world cruise. Unfortunately, Jessica decided that she couldn't wait four years and she quit her job to start her cruise on January 1, year 3. (Leave no answer blank. Enter zero if applicable.)a. What are Jessica's taxes due in year 1 assuming her marginal tax rate is 35 percent and her long-term capital gains rate is 15 percent?b. What are Jessica’s taxes due in year 3 assuming her marginal tax rate is 35 percent and her long-term capital gains rate is 15 percent?
$35000 Jessica’s taxes due in year 3 assuming her marginal tax rate is 35 percent and her long-term capital gains rate is 15 percent.
Concept of 83(b) election.
A section 63(b) can allow the person who receives restricted stock to save a substantial amount of tonos because taxt taxes is this weil be based on fair market value of shanes case uchess they are quented rather than fair market Value of Share when they vested.
(a) Jessica's taxes due in year 1- Total amount) fair market value of shans at grant date-
= 10000 shares x $10.
Tax = FMV of Shares x ordinary manginal tax rate
= 100000 X 35°10
= $ 35000 (Answer to a)
Jessica's taxes due in year 3%-
Reason for No Tax :- she has already taxed in year of grant for now she will not be taxed. Disadfaudage of leaving Company before the Vesting date is - Now her shares will be forfeited and also she cannot clain back amount of tax paid earlier on $100000, because of election of 83 Ch).
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Flightline, the 4-year-old colt, was the talk of breeders’ cup weekend. How much is the horse, undefeated in six career starts, projected to fetch in his breeding career?.
The Breeders' Cup weekend was all about the four-year-old stallion. The horse won the Breeders' Cup Classic by 814 lengths after going undefeated in six career starts.
Flightline was valued at his $184 million after the owner sold his 2.5% stake in the horse for his $4.6 million.
What is horse racing?Horse racing, the sport of fast racehorses, primarily thoroughbreds straddled by riders or standardbreds with drivers towing carriages.
These two types of races of his are known as flat races and harness races respectively.Quarter in his Horse Racing article describes racing on the same level as non-Thoroughbred horses.
Horse racing is one of the oldest sports he has, and its basic concepts have changed little over the centuries. From his simple two-horse speed and endurance contest to a spectacle involving massive runners, sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment, and billions of dollars, the basic characteristics have always been the same. stay.The first horse to finish wins.
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virtual teams consist of people in different locations, and are often formed to take advantage of distributed expertise or time. which of the following statements is true about managing virtual teams?
Members of the team in other places may not always be given full thanks for their efforts since managers frequently believe that they must see coworkers functioning in order to trust believe work is being completed.
What is meant by "advantage thinking"?Advantaged Thinking places more emphasis on a person's assets than on their flaws or obstacles to be overcome. Instead than focusing on people's issues and investing in their potential, it focuses on their hopes and aspirations.
What is meant by personal advantage?Any interests that have the potential to be profitable for a worker or for any individual or company they may like to assist are referred to as personal advantages. Gifts, employment, and political contributions are examples of personal advantages.
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TRUE/FALSE. if a firm in a perfectly competitive industry introduces a lower-cost way of producing an existing product, the firm will be able to earn economic profits in the long run.
It is untrue to say that if a company in a highly competitive market introduces a less expensive method of manufacturing an already existing good, the company will eventually be able to turn a profit.
What is economic profit?Economic profit is the difference between revenue from sales of goods and services and costs incurred in their production, including opportunity costs (benefits a business forgoes by not selecting a different option) and explicit costs (expenses on lease payments, raw materials, inventory, and utilities).
Economic profit is essential since it allows for the evaluation of a company's financial performance and profitability. It demonstrates if a specific company can pay its bills and generate profits for stakeholders.
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a company that manufactures alcoholic beverages bought and then sold two smaller companies that produce film, television, and music. what is this process called?
A company that manufactures alcoholic beverages bought and then sold two smaller companies that produce film, television, and music. this process called the Conglomerate Seagrams.
What is the Conglomerate Seagrams?
The Seagram Company Ltd. previously had its headquarters in Montreal, Quebec, and was a global company of Canada.
It was formerly the biggest owner of alcoholic beverage brands in the world, with headquarters in Waterloo, Ontario, and was originally a Canadian whisky distiller.
Whose family is Seagram's owner?
The Bronfman family, descended from tobacco farmer Yechiel (Ekiel) Bronfman and his wife Mindel, who immigrated from Russia,
has owned and controlled enormous financial empires fueled by the success of the family's liquor business.
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Costs that can be easily traced to individual products include____. sales commissionshipping costs warranty repair costs
warranty repair costs, shipping costs, sales commission are costs that can be easily traced to individual products
Cost accounting is a method of accounting that includes both fixed and variable costs in the measurement of all production-related expenses. Cost accounting is used to help management make decisions that will maximize operations based on effective cost management.
The goal of cost accounting is to evaluate a company's various costs and how they affect operations, expenses, productivity, and profitability. Management can enhance how it conducts business and thereby increase the firm's value by individually evaluating each company's cost structure.
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On January 1, year 1, Jessica received 10,000 shares of restricted stock from her employer, Rocket Corporation. On that date, the stock price was $10 per share. On receiving the restricted stock, Jessica made an 83(b) election. Jessica's restricted shares will all vest at the end of year 4. After the shares vest, she intends to sell them immediately to fund an around-the-world cruise. Unfortunately, Jessica decided that she couldn't wait four years and she quit her job to start her cruise on January 1, year 3. (Leave no answer blank. Enter zero if applicable.)
a. What are Jessica's taxes due in year 1 assuming her marginal tax rate is 35 percent and her long-term capital gains rate is 15 percent?
b. What are Jessica’s taxes due in year 3 assuming her marginal tax rate is 35 percent and her long-term capital gains rate is 15 percent?
Jessica have held restricted shares means that she couldn't transfer these before the maturity if she does so, will not get any capital gain.
Calculation:
No. of share = 10,000
Face value = $10
Total value = $1,00,000
a) Tax rate = 35%
Jessica's tax due after one year = $1,00,000*35% = $35,000
Since, there is market price is given, the amount of capital gain = 10,000*10*15/100 = $15,000
b) Since there was no change in no. of shares and face value, the tax will remain same
Jessica's tax due after 3 years = $35,000*3 = $105,000
There is no capital gain because she does not hold the shares till maturity
Shares are fractional ownership interests in a corporation. For some businesses, shares are a type of financial instrument that enables for the equitable distribution of any stated residual earnings in the form of dividend. A stock with no dividend payments does not distribute its income to its shareholders. Rather, they looked forward to further stock price appreciation when business profits rise.
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TRUE/FALSE. top-down change is typically more gradual or evolutionary than bottom-up change.
False: Top-down change is typically more evolutionary or gradual than bottom-up change.
What is top-down change?Compared to bottom-up change, top-down change is often more slow or evolutionary.
The idea that evolutionary change or divergence builds steadily and slowly, in small degrees, as one species succeeds the previous one in the battle for existence was put forth by Charles Darwin in his 1859 theory of evolution by natural selection.
Evolutionary change happens over time and in small, incremental steps. To protect the survival of the organization, slow, gradual transformation is frequently implemented. It is incremental in the sense that it takes place gradually.
Recently, the idea that the bulk of evolutionary change is concentrated inside speciation events has challenged the conventional belief that most evolutionary change is gradual and cumulative within lineages (phyletic gradualism) (rectangular evolution).
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philanthropy, having a good family life, or professing religious faith are generally good indicators of ethical conduct in daily business dealings.
This claim is untrue. Philanthropy is described as "generosity in all its manifestations" and frequently refers to the act of giving "time, talent, and fortune" in order to improve the lives of others.
What does it mean to be a philanthropy?The term "philanthropy" was first used by the Greek playwright Aeschylus in the fifth century BCE. It stood for "love of mankind." Today, philanthropy refers to charity in all its manifestations and is sometimes characterized as providing "time, talent, and fortune" in order to improve the lives of others.
Giving food to someone experiencing a famine is an example of charity. The food provides temporary relief, but eventually the person will experience hunger once more. It is philanthropy to teach someone how to grow their own food because it solves the social issue that is the root of their hunger.
What characteristics define a philanthropist?Even while the term "philanthropist" is sometimes associated with a wealthy person who makes substantial financial contributions to nonprofit organizations, anyone can qualify, regardless of wealth. Any individual who contributes time, money, or resources to a philanthropic cause is considered a philanthropist.
Is charity just practiced by the wealthy?Genuine altruism comes in many forms: There is financial giving, which depends on both smaller gifts and those large checks that make headlines (more on that later). There are many people who offer physical areas and tangible possessions in the name of charity, thus donated resources aren't just restricted to cash.
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true or false? increasing the price of tobacco products is the single most effective way to reduce consumption.
Price hikes on tobacco products are among the most fruitful and economical ways to reduce the demand for tobacco with the least amount of administrative work.
Increasing the cost of cigarette productsIncreasing the price of tobacco products is one of the most efficient and economical ways to reduce the demand for tobacco with the least amount of administrative work. One of the cornerstones of economics is the idea that demand declines as a good's price rises. The term "price elasticity" refers to how much demand declines in response to a price rise. Even when taking into account the extremely addictive nature of tobacco usage, this theory of price responsiveness can be applied to demand for tobacco goods.
According to several studies, a 10% price rise causes a 2.5% to 5% drop in cigarette usage. At a cost of 3 to 78 US dollars every disability-adjusted life year (DALY), it has been calculated that such a response to a 10% price rise might prevent 600 000 to 1.8 million premature deaths in eastern European and central Asian nations (16). These projections are based on smokers' short-term reactions to a price rise. Given that smoking is addictive, it is expected that the response will be stronger over time as the effects of addiction become more pervasive.
According to several studies, the demand for tobacco might be lowered twice as much over the long term as it is in the short term, but only if actual prices continuously rise to keep up with inflation. It should be noted that estimates of elasticity, or the reduction in demand as prices rise, primarily come from high-income nations, while estimates from lower- and middle-income nations imply even bigger reactions. There is a compelling case for governments to step in and raise tobacco taxes. Taxes make up between 65% and 80% of the cost of a pack of cigarettes in nations that have taken significant steps to reduce tobacco use, where consumption has decreased in response to price hikes.
Price hikes may contribute most effectively to the efficacy of comprehensive tobacco control programs when a portion of tobacco tax income is set aside for publicaly sponsored tobacco interventions.
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