Many of the theory's detractors said that punctuated equilibrium has never adequately explained how the significant changes depicted in the fossil record could have occurred in such a brief period of time.
Does punctuated equilibrium remain steady and reliable?Environmental conditions are thought to be constant in punctuated equilibrium. The ecosystem can, however, potentially alter as a result of climatic changes or the arrival of new predators. Additionally, it may highlight recent changes in a population that inhabits that area.
What is an illustration of a punctuated equilibrium?Punctuated equilibrium develops as a result of faster genetic variation transmission, which speeds up speciation and evolution. Examples of punctuated equilibrium can be found in the fossils of tyrannosaurids and mollusks in the Turkana Basin.
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2. what are the correct names for the bumps and fissures that make the cerebral cortex appear wrinkled?
Gyri are the correct name for the bumps and fissures that make the cerebral cortex appear wrinkled.
The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, is extremely unlevel and has a characteristic pattern of folds and grooves called sulci and gyri. The brain's lobes are split in humans by a variety of ridges and grooves. Gyri (bumps) and sulci (groves or fissures) are the terms for them. More cerebral cortex matter can fit inside the skull thanks to the folding of the brain and the accompanying gyri and sulci, which increase the surface area of the brain.
Gyri and sulci are the terms used to describe the folds and grooves in the brain. The folding of the cortex, the area of the brain in charge of higher cognitive functions including memory, language, and awareness results in the development of certain morphological characteristics.
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true or false? during atrial contraction, the papillary muscles are relaxed, and av valves are open
TRUE. During atrial contraction, the papillary muscles are relaxed and av valves are open..
The cardiac cycle is accompanied by brief negative deflections in the primarily forward-moving blood in the veins caused by atrial contraction of the heart, which produces pulse waves that are conveyed from the heart into the venous system.
Just before ventricular systole, atrial contraction gives the ventricular volume one more boost. When the pressure in the ventricle surpasses the pressure in the atrium due to ventricular contraction, the mitral valve closes.
The atrial contraction, also known as the atrial kick, is the last stage. It occurs when the cardiac muscle in the atrium contracts, increasing pressure and causing more blood to flow past the mitral valve. 20% to 30% of the total diastolic volume crosses the mitral valve at this final stage.
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blood flows through a coronary artery that is partially blocked by deposits along the artery wall. blood flow through which part of the artery is the flux (mass of blood per unit time) largest?
Blood flows through a coronary artery that is partially blocked by deposits along the artery wall then blood flow through which part of the artery is the flux largest: flow rate is the same in both parts.
How does blood flow?Blood flows through a network of vessels that is called the circulatory system. When blood returns to the heart, it flows to the lungs to receive oxygen. Then the heart pumps the blood out to the rest of body and the process begins again.
Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscles which needs oxygen-rich blood to function and oxygen-depleted blood must be carried away.
Coronary arteries receive the maximum blood flow during diastole because this is when the heart is relaxed, and they receive least blood flow during systole because this is when the myocardium contracts are decreasing the blood flow through coronary arteries.
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When oxidized completely, which of the following 3 milk products will release the greatest amount of potential energy (G)? Casein, Lactose, or Palmitic Acid?
When oxidized completely, casein will release the greatest amount of potential energy (G) .
What is Casein?Casein is a family of related phosphoproteins that are found in mammalian milk. It comprises about 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and 20% to 60% of the proteins in human milk.
Casein is a slow-digesting protein that boosts muscle growth and help in recovery after exercise. Taking this can improve the health and also increase the total daily protein intake. This is also an important factor in weight loss and muscle growth.
Casein is absorbed slowly, so it can be more satiating in the long-term. Taking it regularly can cause weight loss and improved body composition.
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garden plants are eaten by snails, which are eaten by birds, which are eaten by the household cat. what happens to the other members of the food chain if the garden is removed?
The number of snails and birds decrease in the given food chain.
Food chain refers to the order of events in an ecosystem, where one living organism feeds another organism, and after that organism is consumed by another organism in higher tropic level.
The food chain always begins with producers who make food, proceeds with other consumers who eat the food and at the comes the topmost predator. In ecology food chain is considered as the series of events that transfer energy and food from one organism to another and is necessary for survival of the organisms .
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When building a new
complementary strand, each
strand of the DNA molecule
serves as which of these?
During DNA replication, each of the two strands that make up the double helix serves as a template from which new strands are copied.
What is template?
The DNA polymerase enzyme bases the replication of DNA on a single strand of DNA known as a DNA template.
The double-stranded DNA is divided into two single-stranded molecules during the replication process. After working with these single strands, the DNA polymerase creates a fresh second strand of DNA on each of the two single strands. You just need one strand of DNA, which may be used as a template to replicate the missing strand of DNA thanks to complementary base pairing in DNA (A-T and G-C).
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what is the effect of types of artificial sweeteners on co2 production from alcohol fermentation of splenda and sweet n' lo by yeast
Using theories of sweeteners, we find that C0₂ production increases when artificial sweeteners is added from alcohol fermentation of splenda and sweet 'n' lo by yeast.
Sweeteners are the ingredients that sweeten like sugar (sucrose), but may be low-calorie of synthetic substitutes. Under EU legislation, food products containing the sweetener or sweeteners must include the statement ‘with sweeteners’ on label accompanying the name of the food product. The relationship between sweeteners and negative health effects which has been studied for many years by many of different regulatory agencies, and after rigorous safety assessments and establishment of safe levels of use, certain sweeteners have been approved as the food additives.
Hence, on addition of different types of artificial sweeteners, CO₂ production increases from alcohol fermentation of splenda and sweet n lo by yeast.
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why are most stray cats short haired cats
Most stray cats are short haired cats because according to the American Humane Society, roughly 95% of all cats are short hair cats.
What are cats?The cat is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal which is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family.
So most cats have shorts hairs and doesn't just apply to stray cats. Research claims that some people claim that long hair cats are more expensive and rare, so the owner is likely to take better care of them and keep them indoors.
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what techniques could be used to demonstrate that a mutation in a man with hemophilia is due to the insertion of an alu element into the coding sequence of the x-linked gene for factor viii, one of the proteins needed for efficient blood clotting in humans?
Therefore, if a guy inherits an X chromosome that has a mutation in either the factor VIII or factor IX gene, they may develop a disease similar to hemophilia. Hemophilia can also affect women, however this is far less common. In these situations, either both of the X chromosomes are afflicted, or one is affected while the other is absent or inactive.
What is Mutation ?A mutation in biology is an adjustment to the nucleic acid sequence of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA. DNA or RNA can be found in the viral genome.
Mutations that are harmful can result in cancer or genetic diseases. A genetic disorder is a condition brought on by a change in one or more genes. Cystic fibrosis is a human example. A single gene mutation causes the body to create thick, sticky mucus that obstructs digestive organ ducts and clogs the lungs.
Missense, nonsense, insertion, deletion, duplication, and frameshift are just a few categories of gene mutations. The advent of lethal diseases like cancer is one of the main consequences of a gene mutation.
What is Hemophilia ?An genetic bleeding ailment called hemophilia causes the blood to clot improperly. This may result in both spontaneous bleeding and bleeding after injury or surgery. Blood contains a variety of clotting proteins that can aid in halting bleeding.
A moderate form of hemophilia A or B usually results in substantial bleeding after an accident. Additionally, you can have bleeding after an injury if you have hemophilia A or B in its most severe forms. spontaneous bruising of the muscles or joints
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Which of the following statements concerning
platelets is INCORRECT. Platelets:
The statement that is incorrect about platelets is that the life span of platelets is between 30 and 60 days.
The correct option A.
What are platelets?A platelets is described a tiny, disc-shaped piece of cell that is found in the blood and spleen. Platelets are pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. They help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal.
When platelets are low, dangerous internal bleeding can occur when your platelet count falls below 10,000 platelets per microliter. Though rare, severe thrombocytopenia can cause bleeding into the brain, which can be fatal.
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The complete question:
Which of the following statements about platelets is INCORRECT?
A
The life span of platelets is between 30 and 60 days.
B
Platelets are essential for the clotting process.
C
Platelets contain serotonin, ADP, calcium, and PDGF.
D
Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte.
E
The formation of platelets is regulated by the hormone thrombopoietin
13. would putamen neurons fire as a person is reaching for a doughnut, or in anticipation of the reach? would the firing correspond with the position of the doughnut or with the starting position of the arm? what does this suggest about the role of the putamen?
Neurons of the putamen are fired in the anticipation of the reach of the object.
Neurons of the putamen would fire in anticipation of the reach .Instead of the arm's location, the doughnut's position would be matched by this firing. This suggests that the putamen is more crucial for encoding the decision to move in the direction of a goal than the actual movement.
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On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the __________.
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the Diencephalon
"Diencephalon" is the term used to describe the structures around the 3rd ventricle and form the nucleus of the cerebrum "big brain", the members of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus.
Diencephalon Function
The diencephalon plays a role in the motor control of sensory information exchange and the control of autonomic functions of various parts of the body. Examples of some activities that involve the work of the diencephalon are chewing, seeing, eye movements, facial expressions, hearing, breathing, swallowing, smelling and regulating body balance.
Structure and Parts of the Diencephalon
Diencephalon consists of 4 structures that have their respective specific tasks, namely:
1. Thalamus
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain, precisely between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. The word thalamus comes from the Greek word which means inner space. The main function of this gland is to convey sensory and motor signals related to consciousness, sleep and alertness to the brain cortex, the thalamus is a suborgan of the diencephalon.
2. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that is the control center of the autonomic system, the hypothalamus is located just above the brainstem. This gland-shaped organ is part of the endocrine system. In humans, the hypothalamus is about the size of a pea and accounts for 1% of the total brain weight.
3. Subthalamus
The subthalamus is an important extrapyramidal motor nucleus that has many connections with other nervous system nuclei. The function of the subthalamus is not yet fully understood, but if there is an abnormality in this part, there will be abnormalities in the movement of the foot or hand that hit strongly on one side of the body.
4. Epithalamus
The epithalamus is a narrow band of nerve tissue that forms the roof of the diencephalon, functions in regulating the body's circadian rhythm and inhibits gonadotropic hormones.
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In 3 to 5 sentences, describe the relationship between a glucose molecule and the products it makes during cellular respiratio
PLEASE HELP I NEED IT
Answer:
Explanation:
During Cellular Respiration, glucose is broken down into many different pieces turning into pyruvate and releasing electrons. During cellular respiration, this is a process known as glycolysis and takes place in the cytoplasm. The pyruvate then oxidizes (meaning it loses the electrons which produce energy) and turns into acetyl CoA which is used in the Krebs/citric acid cycle.
Which of the following is true about ecological succession?
O secondary succession is much slower than primary succession
O Primary succession comes after secondary succession
O During succession one species replaces another species over time
O a tornado would cause primary succession to occur
O secondary succession occurs when bare rock is colonized by organisms such as algae
Answer:During succession one species replaces another species over time
Explanation:example: If lichen comes first, then grass or whatever will gradually replace the the lichen (or another example, that one was kinda bad)
How do personal choices and nature affect
human health?
Answer:
I think the answer is Exposure to nature not only makes you feel better emotionally, but it also contributes to your physical well-being, reducing blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and the production of stress hormones.
Explanation:
I hope this helps
1. during transduction involving a p1 phage, a. any small fragment of the bacterial chromosome may be transferred to another bacterium by a new phage. b. only a specific fragment of dna may be transferred to another bacterium by a new phage. c. any small fragment of the bacterial chromosome may be transferred during conjugation. d. only a specific fragment of dna may be transferred during conjugation.
During transduction that is involving a P1 phage : a.) any small fragment of the bacterial chromosome may be transferred to another bacterium by bacteriophage.
What is transduction ?Process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to the another is called transduction and viruses called bacteriophages infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more viruses.
Phage P1 mediate generalized transduction between E. coli strains and the other Gram-negative bacteria.
P1 genes that are expressed in the lytic pathway are those that are involved in the timing of phage development, in replication, in formation of phage particles, including headful packaging and then finally in cell lysis to release the phage progeny.
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How many chromosomes would a cell have after mitosis if it has 24 chromosomes during interphase?
If a cell has 24 chromosomes during interphase then after mitosis or mitotic division it will have 24 chromosomes.
Interphase is the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
Mitosis or mitotic division is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
If a cell has 24 chromosomes during interphase then the daughter cell resulting from mitotic division or mitosis will have 24 chromosomes.
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What type of hormones use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response?.
The hormones that use second messengers to trigger a cell response are glucagon, calcitonin and thyroid-stimulating hormone which achieve the result through cAMP.
Glucagon takes part in levels regulating the levels of blood glucose .
Calcitonin helps in construction of bones and regulation of blood calcium levels.
Thyroid-stimulating hormones releases T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland .
There are three types of second messengers namely;
calcium ions cyclic nucleotides that include cAMP and cGMP inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol.The above are molecules transfer signals that are received at the receptors on the surface of the cell.
The cell response is triggered by the cyclic AMP which is activated by the G-proteins.
The cell responses to hormones involve; protein and enzyme production.
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What structure is in some plant cells but not all
Answer: The vacuole is found in some plants cells but not all of them like the Mature cells.
Explanation:
The spinal column is sometimes referred to as the backbone
True Or False
The statement the spinal column is sometimes referred to as the backbone is TRUE because it provides structural support to the body.
What is the spinal column in the human body?The spinal column is a series of vertebrae which include cervical spine vertebrae, thoracic spine vertebrae, lumbar spine vertebrae and sacral spine vertebrae. These bones are able to support the weight of the body.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the spinal column in our body provides a structure that supports the human body.
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during the refractory period, the cell a. is insensitive to further stimulation; b. responds to even weak stimuli; c. reverses the direction of the action potential; d. generates many local potentials e. increases the strength of the action potentia
During the refractory period, the cell responds to even weak stimuli.
Option B is correct.
What takes place during the refractory stage?The time period immediately following an orgasm during which a person is not sexually responsive is known as the refractory period. Both mental and physical repercussions may result from the refractory phase. A person may become uninterested in or incapable of having intercourse during the refractory period.
Why is it vital to understand the refractory period?An essential component of neural signaling is the pace of generation of action potentials, which is constrained by the refractory period. The refractory period also makes it easier for the action potential to go in a single direction along the axon.
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species x has a gene a that has this as part of its sequence: atgctgcctagc which species is most closely related to species x, based on their gene a sequence?
ATTTGCCTAGC is most closely related to species x, based on their gene a sequence.
What is Sequence ?The basic structure of a biological macromolecule, also known as the sequence, is the covalently connected, one-dimensional ordering of monomers inside a biopolymer. The term "sequence" can apply to a variety of substances, although it is most frequently used to describe a DNA sequence.
An ordered list of numbers is a sequence. The three dots indicate that the established pattern should move forward. A phrase is used to describe each number in the series. The first term in the order 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,... is 1, the second is 3, the third is 5, and so on.
The nucleotide base sequence of an organism's genetic material can be recognized and recorded thanks to DNA sequencing. Frederick Sanger and his associates created the chain termination method of sequencing throughout the 1970s. Another name for the chain termination technique is Sanger sequencing.
What is Gene Sequence ?A technique used in laboratories to map out the complete genetic composition of a particular organism or cell type. To detect changes in specific regions of the genome, utilize this technique. These modifications could aid research into the pathogenesis of particular diseases like cancer.
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Make identical strands of DNA:
CCG GAT TTT AAT TAG CTA CTA TCG TAC TAC GTT GGT GCT
which statement is true about enzymes in the human body? which statement is true about enzymes in the human body? enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature. enzymes in the human body always work better as the temperature decreases. enzymes in the human body always work better as the temperature increases. enzymes in the human body work just as well at any temperature.
The correct statement is option A: enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature.
The body's normal temperature, which is around 98.6° F (Fahrenheit) or 37°C, is where most enzymes in the human body function optimally. They might still function at lower temperatures, but considerably more slowly. Therefore, option A is the right choice.
Enzymes function as biological catalysts that quicken biochemical reactions. The most popular explanation proposes that enzymes bind to the substrate molecule and create a transition state. As the reaction proceeds, an energy barrier that the substrates must cross separates the products from the substrates.
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The graphs below show the rates of
photosynthesis over two days. Besides
light intensity, what factor might explain
the differences between the rates
during the daytime?
Since photosynthesis predominates during the day, there is a net emission of oxygen. At night, respiration continues even though photosynthesis stops, resulting in a net oxygen consumption.
What differences between the rates during the daytime?The rate of photosynthesis will increase as you go from low light intensity to highlight intensity because there is more light available to power the processes of photosynthesis.
The amount of light is also affected by other elements like curtains, trees outside the window, weather, the time of year, shade from nearby structures, and the condition of the windows.
Therefore, Inside a house or business, reflective, light-colored surfaces tend to boost light intensity whereas dark surfaces reduce it.
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mucous membranes are a part of mucous membranes are a part of adaptive defense. cell-mediated immunity. the complement system. innate defense. humoral immunity.
Mucous membranes are a part of an innate defense that provides the first line of protection against ingested and inhaled infectious agents.
What is innate immunity?
It is a nonspecific type of defense mechanism which is present by birth. It protects us against all antigens and does not depend on prior contact with microorganisms.
It consists of different types of barriers:
Physical barriers: Skin and mucous membrane are the main physical barriers that help in preventing the entry of microorganisms and trapping it.Physiological barriers: HCL in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from the eyes, etc.Cellular barriers: Polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells in the blood, and macrophages in the tissues. They phagocytose and destroy the microbes.Cytokine barriers: Cytokines are secreted by the immune cells that protect the non-infected cells from further infection.Adaptive defense is also called acquired immunity which is pathogen-specific. Humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells. Cell-mediated immunity does not depend on antibodies and is primarily driven by mature T cells.
Hence mucous membrane comes under the physical barrier of innate immunity which prevents the entry of microorganisms.
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List three factors that affect climate and tell what conditions they modify
The three factors that affect climate include the following below:
Ocean currents.Wind and air masses.Altitude.What is Climate?This is referred to as the atmospheric condition of a place in a long time and is affected by different types of factors such as ocean currents, altitude etc.
The ocean current is responsible for the distribution of heat and moisture all around the world. It can also store radiations from the sun which helps prevents its uneven distribution.
Wind and air masses are also among the factors because they are involved in the movement of a weather pattern such as heat etc from one place to another. People living in areas which have a high altitude means they have a very cold climate due to the presence of low air pressure.
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If ATP is not present, the Calvin cycle will shut down. True or false?
Answer: True
Explanation:
explain what features of endospores make them so resistant to microbial control, and how sterilizing techniques work to destroy them.
Endospores are resistant to environmental stresses that would usually result in the bacterium's death. These stresses include high temperature, intense UV irradiation, desiccation, chemical damage and enzymatic degradation.
Because they contain less water and have a slower metabolism than vegetative organisms, bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants. Not all microorganisms respond to disinfection in the same way. However, there are two ways to eliminate bacterial endospores. The first technique involves spore killing at high temperatures. The second technique involves reactivating endospore germination to produce active bacteria that can be quickly eliminated using conventional sterilizing techniques.
The dehydration of the core protoplast caused and maintained by the osmotic activity of enlarged electronegative peptidoglycan polymer may be the cause of the exceptional heat resistance of bacterial endospores.
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a lineage of fossil mammals shows unusual stability over time for size. modeling and statistical analysis rule out genetic drift as an explanation for the pattern. what is the most likely cause for this pattern?
The most likely cause for this pattern is stabilizing selection. When the population stabilizes on a given characteristic value and genetic variation declines, stabilizing selection takes place.
Stabilizing selection is a kind of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a specific non-extreme trait value. Because most qualities don't seem to change significantly over time, this is regarded to be natural selection's most frequent mode of operation.
High and low birth weights are associated with decreased survival in both males and females, making birth weight a classic example of a feature that is subject to strong stabilizing selection.
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