A prolonged period of drinking alcohol may result in damage to the ______ whereby formerly healthy cells are replaced with scar tissue.
Answer:
liver
Explanation:
prolonged abuse of alcohol disrupts the regeneration of liver cells leading to scar tissue (cirrhosis).
The rabies virus is 12 kb in length. Based on the coating ratio of nucleoprotein (n), what would be the total number of nucleoprotein (n) molecules enclosed in a single virion?
Rabies virus nucleoprotein encapsidates the genomic and antigenomic RNA of RV to form the viral ribonucleoprotein complesx. Rabies virus is nonsegmented negative strand RNA virus within the Rhabdoviridae family.
It is zoonotic , aftal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of genus lyssavirus and family rhabdoviridae.Its genome is 12 kb in length and encodes 5 monocistronic mRNAs encoding the nucleocapsid protein, matrix, phosphoprotein, the trans-membrane, glycoprotein and viral RNA depent RNA polymerase.
Rabies virus vaccine vector tolerate large , multiple foreign genes , upt to 6.5 kb and live rabies virus vector with very low pathogenic potential can be constructed. It contains foreign glycoproteins such as hepatitis E2 or HIV .
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What would be a likely outcome if the alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes durinmg metaphase of meiosis?
A Final statement or concluding statement
Answer: Alleles for genes would tend to be inherited together because chromosome pairs would align non-randomly.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of four gamete cells and a halving of the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. In this, Meiosis I and II, the two cell divisions, occur without the S phase in between. The sister chromatids are held together by a mechanism known as cohesion during meiosis I, where the chromatin condenses like it does during mitosis.
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What term refers to the double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code and is a main component of chromosomes?
The double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code and is a main component of chromosomes is Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, the genetic material necessary for an organism's growth and operation.
The structure of DNA is a double-stranded, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder. Deoxyribose and phosphate groups alternately form the backbone of each strand. One of the four bases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine—is joined to each sugar (T). Adenine forms chemical bonds with thymine, while cytosine forms chemical bonds with guanine to join the two strands together. A protein or RNA molecule's construction instructions are among the biological information encoded by the nucleotide sequence along the DNA backbone.
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The energy required to maintain essential body functions, such as staying alive, awake, and warm is known as?
Answer:
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Explanation:
During transpeptidation, nucleophilic attack occurs between the α-amine group in the ____ site and the esterified carbon in the ____ site.
During transpeptidation, nucleophilic attack occurs between the α-amine group in the A site and the esterified carbon in the P site.
What is a transpeptidation?A chemical process in which an amino acid residue or a peptide residue is transferred from one amino molecule to another (as in the reversible conversion of one peptide to another by a protease). The binding of transpeptidase PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan production.Transpeptidase is a bacterial enzyme that cross-links peptidoglycan strands to build stiff cell walls. A liver enzyme called gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Transpeptidase D-glutamyl.To learn more about nucleophilic attacks from the given link
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Was the efficiency of selection different for selection against the recessive genotype versus selection against the recessive allele? if so, why was this?
Dominant alleles selection is relatively efficient because these are by definition expressed in phenotype. Selection against recessive alleles is less efficient efficient , because these alleles are sheltered in hetero zygotes.
It is impossible to totally eliminate recessive alleles from a population , because the dominant phenotype is selected for , both AA and Aa individuals have that phenotype. Selection against the recessive gene is more significant in changing gene frequency than selection against a dominant gene.
According to hypothesis , section is more efficient in haploids than in diploids , because recessive mutation are directly exposed to selection in haploids , their phenotype effect can be masked in hetero-zygote diploids through dominate alleles.
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In a gene expression pattern called ______, the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between the homozygotes.
Answer:
Incomplete Dominance
For a given antibiotic, is there a difference in susceptibility between the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
For a given antibiotic, is there a difference in susceptibility between the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria due to the structure of their cell wall.
The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria consists of a single thick layer composed of peptidoglycans. On the other hand, the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria is made up of three layers.
The first layer is the outer membrane, the second layer is the peptidoglycan layer and the third layer is the inner membrane made of phospholipid bilayer.
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is the mainly responsible for resistance to a wide range of antibiotics including β-lactams and other antibiotics.
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A structure consisting of proteins and looped dna in a repeated pattern is known as a:_________
A structure of protein and looped DNA in a repeated pattern is known as nucleosomes.
What are nucleosomes?Nucleosomes are a structure of DNA looped around histone proteins. This connection is histone and proteins makes sure of the compact nature of DNA in all eukaryotic cells.
Histone proteins are basic positively charged proteins. These histone proteins prevent DNA damage and also aid in DNA replication.
Eight positively charged histone protein molecules at the centre of the looped DNA are called histone octamers. Two copies of the four core histone proteins i.e H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are present in a histone octamer. Negatively charged DNA readily surrounds the positively charged histone proteins to form the nucleosome.
Therefore, the structure of proteins and looped DNA in a repeated pattern is known as nucleosomes.
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What is the major advantage or advantages of bones undergoing continual remodeling?
Answer: Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Explanation:
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Which is NOT a benefit to alternative resources? *
O tend to cost less
O accessible in our own country
O do not pollute our air
Owind and solar energy are not always available
Helppp
Answer:
I think D
Explanation:
What is the difference between the gamma motor neuron and the alpha motor neuron?
Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal fibers, the highly contracting fibers that supply the muscle with its power. Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers, which contract only slightly.
Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers and gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers. Axons that convey information from motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.
A gamma motor neuron (γ motor neuron), also called gamma motoneuron is a type of lower motor neuron that takes part in the process of muscle contraction, and represents about 30% of (Aγ) fibers going to the muscle. The gamma motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord send motor axons to each intrafusal muscle fiber and stimulate contraction of their polar ends.
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Which nerve is responsible for taste as well as salivation in the anterior oral cavity?
The chorda tympani gives a taste sensation. Salivation in response to oral food is based on visceral reflex arcs within the facial or glossopharyngeal nerve.
The chorda tympani gives taste sensation whereas glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for mouth salivation.
The submandibular and sublingual salivary glands are innervated by preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers that are carried via the chorda tympani, which also gives taste sensation from the front 2/3 of the tongue. There are two cranial nerves that innervate the tongue and are used for taste: the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
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What is the consequence of an unsaturated fatty acid having a double bond that is in a cis, rather than a trans, configuration?
One of the consequences of fatty acid having a double bond that is in a cis, rather than a trans, configuration can be an alteration in the charge of the molecule.
Unsaturated fatty acids, which usually contain cis double bonds, also are degraded by β-oxidation. However, additional (auxiliary) enzymes are required to act on the preexisting double bonds once they are close to the thioester group as a result of chain-shortening. In an unsaturated fatty acid, the carbon atoms on either side of the double bond can be in either a cis or a trans configuration. The higher the concentration of trans fatty acids, the more solid the fat, so oils are generally high in cis fatty acids, and margarine and lard are high in trans fatty acids. Cis and trans fatty acids are geometric isomers. Cis fatty acids have hydrogen bonds on the same side whereas in Trans fatty acids hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon atoms.
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One of the reasons bacteria can be so deadly is because they multiply very quickly. E. coli has a doubling time of around 15 minutes. This means that if 100 bacteria are left alone for 2 hours, they will multiply to become:
Answer: There will be a number of 25600 bacteria after 2 hours.
Explanation: This problem requires some simple math to solve.
We were told that E. coli doubles approximately every 15 minutes. Meaning that, after just 15 minutes, our colony of 100 bacteria is now a colony of 200 bacteria and so forth:
100 * 2^1 = 200
There are 4 15-minute periods in an hour, thus there are 8 15-minute periods in two hours. Therefore, the bacteria will have doubled their population size 8 times:
100 * 2^8 = 25,600
What structure is responsible for separating the chromosomes during Meiosis?
A. Chromatids
B. Metaphase plate
C. Spindle Fibers
D. Cytoplasm
The structures that are responsible for separating the chromosomes during Meiosis are the Spindle Fibers (Option C).
What are the Spindle Fibers?The Spindle Fibers are proteinic cytoskeletal structures present in eukaryotes that bind to chromosomes during meiosis and separate chromatids during the meiotic anaphase of this cell division cycle.
In conclusion, the structures that are responsible for separating the chromosomes during Meiosis are the Spindle Fibers (Option C).
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Osteocytes are located in ____________________ and function to ____________________.
Osteocytes are located in the bone that functions for bone health
Osteocytes, which make up 90–95 percent of the adult bone cell population, are former osteoblasts that turn into an unmineralized matrix (osteoid) during bone development. Recent reviews have examined the intricate process of the transition from osteoblast to an osteocyte.
Osteocytes may respond to mechanical strain by signaling bone production or resorption to the surface of the bone, altering their microenvironment, and controlling local and systemic mineral balance, among other things.
Osteocytes actively contribute to bone resorption. Osteocytes are the mechanosensory cells of bone and are essential to the functional adaptation of bone due to their extensive cell-matrix contact surface, which is engaged in ion exchange.
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provide a brief description of the environment you are living in and suggest various measures to make it a sustainable environment (chapter 15 our environment)
The various measures that can make your environment a sustainable environment is the use of renewable energy and recycling of materials.
What is environmental sustainability?Environmental sustainability is defined as the controlled way human beings Interact with their immediate environment in such a way that depletion or degradation of natural resources is avoided.
Examples of environmental sustainability include the following:
Renewable energy, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass.Recycling of metals, such as iron and steel, and minerals.Crop rotation.Cover crops.Selective logging.The environmental sustainability is important due to the following:
Increased energy, food and human-made resources we use every day.Rapid increase in population growth farming and manufacturing, which can lead to more greenhouse gas emissions, unsustainable energy use, and deforestation.Learn more about pollution here:
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The way that neurons communicate is through _____________ _________________ which release _________________ .
The way that neurons communicate is through synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters.
What are Neurons?The neurons are the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
These neurons are able to communicate to each other through the neurotransmitters that are released by synaptic vesicles.
The neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry chemical signals from one neuron to another upon the generation of an action potential.
The synaptic vesicles are the organelles that house these neurotransmitters.
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Which of the following is not a con of solar power?
Select one:
a
It contributes to global warming.
b
It requires expensive technology.
c
It is not available at night.
d
It is not available when it is cloudy.
Solar powers do not contribute to global warming. The correct option is A.
What is solar power?Solar power is a form of energy derived from solar radiation.
A solar panel is used to harvest the solar radiation and an inverter is used to convert the solar energy to electrical energy.
Solar energy is also referred to as clean energy because it has no negative effects on the environment unlike other forms of energy such as fossil fuel burning. They do not contribute to greenhouse gases emission, and thus, global warming.
One of the downsides of solar power is that it remains an expensive technology. Also, it becomes unavailable when the sky is cloudy or once the sun sets.
In order to solve the unavailability of solar power at night or during cloudy days, batteries are used to store some of the harvested power.
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In the embryonic stage, the brain begins to undergo rapid development, which causes the head to represent about __________ of the total length of the embryo.
In the embryonic stage, the brain begins to undergo rapid development, which causes the head to represent about 50 percent of the total length of the embryo.
What is Embryo?This is regarded as an early stage of development in multicellular organisms and is characterized by an organism which is undergoing development in the egg or uterus of the females.
The brain which is a vital organ and components of the central nervous system develops rapidly so as to enable coordination of different activities. This is therefore the reason why it is necessary for it to fully develop first before other parts as it also contains rich network of neurons necessary for its reaction to different types of stimuli.
In this stage, the brain represents about fifty percent of the total length of the embryo when observed.
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To which hemisphere of the brain would the signals go when light reflects off an object and stimulates the retina of the region of the left eyeball closest to the nose?
When light reflects off an object and stimulates the retina of region of left eyeball closest to the nose, the signals would go to the right hemisphere of the brain.
The arrangement of human brain is in a way that the left part of our body is controlled by the right hemisphere and the right part of the body is controlled by the left hemisphere. However, the eye functions a bit different from the specified general phenomenon.
Both the halves of the brain receive information from each eye.
The objects seen by our left eye is sensed by the right half of our left eye and the information is sent to the right hemisphere.
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In the dna isolation process, ________ is used to break down the protein complexes and allow the dna molecules to easily precipitate.
A final statement or concluding statement
In the dna isolation process, Meat Tenderizer is used to break down the protein complexes and allow the dna molecules to easily precipitate.
What is DNA Isolation process?Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) isolation is an extraction process of DNA from various sources. Methods used to isolate DNA are dependent on the source, age, and size of the sample. Despite the wide variety of methods used, there are some similarities among them. In general, they aim to separate DNA present in the nucleus of the cell from other cellular components.
What are the steps involved?Three steps are involved in DNA isolation:
1. Lysis: This is the mechanical breakdown of the cell during which the DNA is released from the nucleus. Enzymes and detergents like Proteinase K must be used throughout this process.
2- Precipitation: During this step, salt and alcohol are used to precipitate the DNA.
3. Purification: This step rids DNA of contaminants. DNA is extracted by being cleaned with ethanol and water.
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When will there be 2,560 bacteria in the dish?
a) 40 minutes
b) 1 hour 20 minutes
c) 2 hours 40 minutes
d) 3 hours
Calculation :
It is given that in the start there are 5 bacteria and it keeps doubling after every 20 minutes we have to find the number of bacteria after 4 hours
4 hours = 240 minutes
⇒ Number of times the bacteria have doubled = 240÷20 = 12 times
It means the bacteria have doubled by 12 times
⇒Total bacteria = 5×2¹²= 20480
The time when there will be 2560 bacteria
⇒ the bacteria had doubled 9 times to reach the mark of 2560
so total time = 9 ×20= 180 minutes = 3 hours
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Question: There are 5 bacteria in a Petri dish at the start of the experiment. This type of bacteria doubles every 20 minutes
Find the number of bacteria after 4 hours When will there be 2560 bacteria in the dish?Scientists contend that humans and modern apes are related. What specifically does that mean?.
Assuming that you followed the parentage of people and primates, you would sooner or later show up at a common precursor that was neither a cutting edge ape nor a human.
What makes humans different from other Apes?People have an "S" shapes spine with a more limited straight firm more extensive more bowl-like pelvis. While Apes have a "C" formed spine and an introvert restricted pelvis.People knees are calculated inwards (valgus point - the point the femur makes at the knee) so the knee sits closer the focal point of gravity. The knee joints are bigger.Individuals have considerably more mind boggling types of verbal correspondence than some other primate species. We are the main creature to make and involve images for the purpose of correspondence. We additionally have more changed and complex social associations.To learn more about humans and apes from the given link
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Energy that is released from glucose during respiration but not transferred to atp bonds can be detected as?
Energy that is released from glucose during respiration but not transferred to atp bonds can be detected as heat.
What is cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy, which in turn drives the bulk production of ATP. This takes place in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen.
The release of energy from the breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, is referred to as cellular respiration. This process is carried out by individual cells. The process is analogous to burning, even though it does not result in the production of light or strong heat like a bonfire does.
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The current preference for flat rather than tall organization structures is mainly due to a flat organization's ability to:________
The current preference for flat rather than tall organization structures is mainly due to a flat organization's ability to respond quickly to customer demands.
What is an organizational structure?Organizational structure is a system which gives an idea of how certain activities should be performed with the aim of achieving the objectives of an organization.The activities performed can be related to rules, regulations and responsibilities.The various types of organizational structures are Divisional, Network, Horizontal or flat, Hierarchical, Functional organizational structures, etc.In a vertical/ tall organizational structure, the CEO is at the top with various managements under him. It has large number of hierarchy levels.Whereas in horizontal/ flat organization, there is fewer management and mostly the employees make the decision. The levels of hierarchy are less in this type of organization allowing employees to make decisions to customer’s demands.Learn more about Organizational structure here:
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What are the properties of toxicants that are likely to build up in animals through bioaccumulation?
Non - biodegradable and lipid soluble are the properties of toxic-ant that are likely to build up in animals through bio-accumulation.
In this chemical such as PCSs, DDT , dioxins, and mercury are all persistent chemicals. Because they don't break down and go away , these chemicals are problems . Toxicants that travels through the environment mainly by means of air and water .
Bio-accumulation is the toxic-ant which buildup the tissues of an animals. Bio-magnification is when toxins moves higher concentrations as they move to higher tropic levels. Toxicity is associated with the bio-accumulation and bio-magnification and storage of metals faster than the rate at which an organism metabolizes and excretes lead to the accumulation of that metal.
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Do pregnant women eat the same food as builders. backup ur answer/reason
Answer:
no they don"t they eat different food
Explanation:
they eat different food that they are craving
