The true statements are B. We can use results from an observational study to establish an association between two variables. and D. When many observational studies together meet specific criteria, the results can provide varying degrees of evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, but we should be cautious in interpreting such results.
A. False: We cannot use results from an observational study alone to test a claim about a population. Observational studies can provide evidence of associations, but they cannot establish causal relationships.
B. True: Results from an observational study can help establish an association between two variables. Observational studies are designed to observe and analyze relationships between variables in real-world settings.
C. False: Even if an observational study has a large sample size and follows people for many years, it cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Observational studies lack the experimental control necessary to establish causation.
D. True: When multiple observational studies meet specific criteria (such as rigorous design and consistent findings), the results can provide varying degrees of evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship. However, caution is needed in interpreting such results due to the limitations of observational studies.
E. False: While well-designed experiments are often considered the gold standard for establishing cause-and-effect relationships, observational studies can still provide valuable insights, particularly when experiments are not feasible or ethical.
Therefore, the true statements are B and D.
Complete question:
Which of the following statements is true? Check all that apply. Select all that apply. 10 points A. We can use results from an observational study to test a claim about a population. B. We can use results from an observational study to establish an association between two variables. C. When an observational study has a large sample and follows people for many years, we can use the results to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. D. When many observational studies together meet specific criteria, the results can provide varying degrees of evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, but we should be cautious in interpreting such results. E. A well-designed experiment is the only legitimate way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
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