The endosymbiont theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
The endosymbiont theory holds that some of the organelles within eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotic cell size and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is circular rather than linear.
The mitochondrial endosymbiosis theory describes how eukaryotic mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other membrane-bound organelles may have arisen from symbiosis between aerobic prokaryotic and anaerobic eukaryotic host ancestors. It is a theory about whether there is a gender. The Russian botanist Konstantin Mereshkovsky was the first to propose the symbiosis or endosymbiosis theory, which states that the organelles that distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes form mutually beneficial relationships between individual prokaryotes.
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Complete question :
Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
A. the theory of evolution
B. the theory of natural selection
C. the geologic time theory
D. the cell theory
E. the endosymbiont theory
is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protists use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, whereas the process of
Plants, certain bacteria, as well as some protists employ the process of "photosynthesis" to convert sunlight's energy into sugar.
Explain about the photosynthesis?On earth, every living thing is made up of one or more cells.
The chemical energy that fuels each cell is mostly contained in carbohydrate molecules (fuel), the vast majority of which are created by the process of photosynthesis. Certain organisms transform sun's radiation (sunlight) in to the chemical energy through photosynthesis, which is then used to create carbohydrate molecules. When a creature digests food, the energy that held these proteins together is released. Following that, cells put this energy to use by performing tasks like cellular respiration.Oxygen is also released into the atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis.In other words, humans are largely dependent on the creatures that perform photosynthesis in order to survive and breathe.
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the layer of the skin called the lacks blood vessels.
The epidermis layer of the skin called the lacks blood vessels.
The skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
The epidermis is visible to the eye and works to provide protection to the body. It does not contain any blood vessels and is, therefore, dependent on the dermis, the layer of the skin underneath it, to provide access to nutrients and dispose of waste. Hence, the epidermis is the layer of skin that does not contain blood vessels.
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what is the name of the structure located inside the cochlea that contains auditory receptors?
Answer: mf uhhh
Explanation:
how do retrotransposons differ from other transposons?
Transposons migrate by being copied and pasted in DNA. Contrarily, retrotransposons duplicate a single element before pasting it into a different genomic location using an intermediary RNA. As a result, retrotransposons replicate more quickly than DNA transposons.
Transposable elements make up a sizable portion of the genome and the majority of the DNA mass in eukaryotic cells. Despite being essential to the evolution and function of the genome, TEs are selfish genetic elements. Transposons are a highly helpful tool for scientists to modify a living organism's DNA. At least two categories can be used to categorise TEs: Contrary to Class II TEs, or DNA transposons, which typically encode additional proteins in addition to the transposase enzyme needed for insertion and excision, Class I TEs, or retrotransposons, frequently work by reverse transcription.
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What substance can be added to a simple stain to increase the affinity of the stain for the cell? nitric acid. mordant. sodium hydroxide. alcohol. iodine.
A mordant can be added to a simple stain to increase the affinity of the stain for the cell.
A mordant is a substance that helps the stain bind more strongly to the cell by forming a complex with the stain and the cell. This increases the staining intensity and makes the stain more resistant to being washed out.
Mordants are often used in Gram staining to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The most common mordant used in microbiology is iodine, which is added after the primary stain to form a complex with the stain and the cell. Other mordants that are used in staining include nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, and alcohol.
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What is one similarity between diffusion and osmosis?
One similarity between diffusion and osmosis is that both are passive transport mechanisms, which means they do not require energy input from the cell to move substances across a membrane.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, which results in the equalization of concentration throughout a medium. Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion in which water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, also known as from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.
In both cases, the movement of molecules or water occurs spontaneously without the input of energy from the cell. Diffusion and osmosis are fundamental concepts in biology and play important roles in various cellular processes such as nutrient uptake and waste removal.
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what is the megagametophyte also know as in angiosperm reproduction?
Megagametophytes, or embryo sacs, are produced during angiosperm reproduction.
One of the reproductive stages of plants like mosses and bryophytes is the gametophyte. The female gamete, or megagametophyte, is also referred to as an embryo sac. The megagametophyte emerges from the megaspores of heterosporous plants. In angiosperms, the megagametophyte serves as the embryo sac. An immature ovule is a megasporangium. There are megasporocytes inside the ovule. Megaspores are formed as a result. The megagametocyte, the female gamete, is produced by the megaspore. An ovule becomes fully developed from these megagametocytes. They serve as the equivalent of an embryo sac in several plants. The process through which megagametophytes mature and evolve is known as megagametogenesis. The female gametes, or eggs, are produced by megagametophytes.
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The above question is incomplete. Check complete question below -
what is the megagametophyte also know as in angiosperm reproduction?
A. embryo sac
B. Endosperm
C. Pollen sac
D. microsporophyll
zidovudine was the first antiviral drug approved to fight the hiv virus. zidovudine works by interfering with the reverse transcription of viral genetic material. in the diagram, the numbers represent the different stages of viral replication. at which stage does zidovudine work?
An anti-HIV medication called zidovudine lowers the level of the virus in the body. Anti-HIV medications like zidovudine decrease immune system deterioration and stop the development of AIDS-related diseases.
What are antiviral tablets used for?Antiviral medications are a particular class of medication used to treat viral infections. They work by eradicating or stopping the spread of viruses. Oseltamivir and zanamivir, two antiviral medications, are used to treat the flu (Relenza). One of these might have been recommended to you by someone.
What was the first antiviral drug?The COVID antiviral treatments are really only available to patients at highest risk of contracting serious COVID-19 illness, such as people older than 65 and those who have other medical diseases such as cancer, as well as diabetes that make them more susceptible to severe illness. The first anti - viral, idoxuridine, has been approved in 1963 for applied topically of a herpes simplex virus (HSV).
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calculate the flow rate of blood through a capillary in cubic centimeters per second, given that the capillary has a diameter of 4.0 x 10-4 cm and the average speed of the blood is the capillary is 3.0 x10-2 cm/sec.
The flow rate of blood through a capillary in cubic centimeters per second, is 37.68 x 10⁻¹⁰ cm³/sec.
Flow rate (Q) of anything is defined as the rate of volume of the liquid of something passing through a cross-section of area with respect to time. The SI unit of of flow is m³/sec. The relation between the velocity of the liquid and the rate of flow is directly proportional and can be calculated using the following equation :
⇒ Q = A x v where, A is the cross sectional area and v is the average velocity of the liquid. First We have to calculate the area of the cross section :
⇒Area = [tex]\pi[/tex]r²
⇒3.14 x (2.0 x 10⁻⁴) x (2.0 x 10⁻⁴)
⇒ 12.56 x 10⁻⁸ cm²
Now, calculating flow rate, Putting the given values :
⇒ Q = (3.0 x 10⁻²) x (12.56 x 10⁻⁸)
⇒ 37.68 x 10⁻¹⁰ cm³/sec
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if an organism can use only o2 as a final electron acceptor, can it generate atp under anaerobic conditions?
Organisms that can use only oxygen as a final electron acceptor can generate ATP via during anaerobic conditions.
Anaerobic conditions exist when the intake or disappearance of oxygen exceeds its production through photosynthesis or diffusion through physical transfer from the surrounding environment. Microbial respiration normally consumes oxygen as a result of the availability of organic material.
What does an anaerobic environment look like?Soil and muck, the inner guts of certain creatures, and hydrothermal vents deep beneath the sea are all examples of anaerobic environments. These locations are not devoid of life. Yet, the life that survives there is often tiny, single-celled, and tough.
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gross motor skills multiple choice question. involve the hands and fingers. begin with the moro reflex. involve large-muscle activities. develop after fine motor skill development.
The gross-motor skills involve large muscle activities, thus the correct option is D. However, gross-motor abilities are more intricate than they may appear.
Huge muscles make up our body, legs, and arms, which our gross motor abilities allow us to use to perform tasks and involve whole-body movements. We use our gross motor abilities during physical activities like raking leaves and running. Most people use these skills automatically and without thinking and involve the nervous system and coordinated movement of the muscles. They interfere with balance and coordination. They also act as the foundation for our fine motor skills, which give us the ability to make exact movements like those needed to use a pencil. gross-motor skills start to develop at birth and continue to grow throughout childhood. Despite the fact that each child develops at a different rate, they all reach particular milestones at about the same age.
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The complete question is:
Gross motor skills, Multiple choice question.
A. begin with the Moro reflex.
B. develop after fine motor skill development.
C. involve the hands and fingers.
D. involve large-muscle activities.
Answer: involve large-muscle activities
Explanation:
The separation of the Archaebacteria into a separate domain indicatesa. That these organisms are very different from eubacteria and from eukaryotesb. That orgasims should never be classfied according to how they appera (morphological characterisitics)c. That early taxonomist rushed to classify them without closely examining themd. That optical viewing techniques have greatly improved so that we can better view these microorganismse. None of that above
The separation of Archaebacteria into different separate domains indicates that they are different from Eubacteria. option a)
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living forms on the Earth. They have the potential to survive under very harsh conditions like volcanic vents and at the bottom of the sea and are therefore also called as extremophiles.
Archaebacteria are obligate or facultative anaerobes, and this is the reason that they can flourish in the absence of oxygen and that therefore undergoes methanogenesis.
The archaebacteria are those organisms which have certain properties which are not common to the organisms placed in the other kingdoms. Archaebacteria are methanogens which can produce methane gas. The DNA of these organisms is generally present in a relaxed state or in a positively coiled manner. The cell wall of these organisms do not contains lipids, peptidoglycan, etc. The organisms are studied and differentiated on the basis of the ribosomal gene diversity in these organisms.
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Full Question: The separation of the Archaebacteria into a separate domain indicates
a. That these organisms are very different from eubacteria and from eukaryotes
b. That orgasims should never be classfied according to how they appera (morphological characterisitics)
c. That early taxonomist rushed to classify them without closely examining them
d. That optical viewing techniques have greatly improved so that we can better view these microorganisms
e. None of that above
what is the mode of inheritance of black and brown fur color in mice?
Explanation:
O single gene with two alleles controlling fur color black fur is dominant to brown brown fur is dominant to black multiple genes controlling fur color Suhmit
The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior is called
- sociobiology
"Sociobiology" is the methodical study of how biology influences human social behavior.
SociobiologySociobiology is a branch of biology that looks at the biological underpinnings of social behavior in both humans and animals, including the evolutionary and genetic influences on communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution.The word "sociobiology" was initially used in the 1970s by biologist Edward O. Wilson, who believed that natural selection and genetic variables might be used to explain social behavior in animals, including humans. Wilson's work generated controversy because it implied that socialisation, including human behavior, had a biological base in addition to being influenced by cultural and environmental influences.Scientists are still debating and researching sociobiology today, with some wondering how much biological elements may account for sophisticated social behaviour in humans. Despite this, sociobiology has aided in our comprehension of the genetic and evolutionary roots of social behavior and has sparked fresh investigation and insights in the disciplines of psychology, anthropology, and neuroscience.learn more about sociobiology here
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In the case of humans, we have _________ pairs of chromosomes which determine the details of our _________________________
In the case of humans, we have 23 pairs of chromosomes which determine the details of our genetic makeup, including our physical characteristics, susceptibility to certain diseases, and other traits.
Each pair of chromosomes consists of one chromosome inherited from the mother and one from the father. Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs are called autosomes, while the 23rd pair is the sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males), which determine an individual's biological sex.
The information encoded in the DNA sequences of our chromosomes is responsible for the development and maintenance of our bodies, including the production of proteins that carry out many essential functions. Genetic variations in our chromosomes can lead to differences in traits and characteristics between individuals, and some variations can increase the risk of certain diseases.
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if our intent is to classify members of the kingdom animalia, which statement below best describes characteristics of members of kingdom animalia? question 5 options: all animals are multicellular and eukaryotic. all animals can reproduce sexually. all animals are heterotrophic and digest food inside their bodies. all of the choices are correct
Members of the kingdom Animalia are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain their energy from ingesting other organisms or organic matter.
What is heterotrophic ?Heterotrophic organisms are organisms that need to obtain organic nutrients from their environment, such as plants or animals, in order to survive. Unlike autotrophs, which are capable of producing their own food, heterotrophs must feed on other living or dead organisms. Heterotrophic organisms can be further divided into two groups: holozoic and saprophytic. Holozoic heterotrophs are animals like humans and other mammals that must feed on organic material in order to survive. Saprophytic heterotrophs, such as fungi and bacteria, feed on organic material that has already been broken down by other organisms or by chemical processes. Heterotrophic organisms are vital for the health of an ecosystem because they break down organic material and release essential nutrients back into the environment.
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at what age did girls usually get married in the middle ages?
In the Middle Ages, girls generally married in their teens and boys in their early twenties. A teenager is someone between the ages of 13 and 19.
Was it normal to get married at 14 in 19th century?It was not at all unusual for newly emancipated girls like Susie Baker, or many other girls across the country, to marry at the age of 14 in the mid-19th century.
How old is the youngest bride?Nujoud Ali was just an 8-year-old child when her father arranged the marriage.
How old are Indian child brides?Girls around 16 years old are friends from childhood. They are also child brides and some got married when they were 10 years old. Marriage for girls under the age of 18 is illegal in India. However, due to patriarchy and poverty, the practice still continues in many parts of the country.
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If a person is nearsighted, what type of lens will their glasses have to correct their eyesight?
Answer:
concave
Explanation:
What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell?
a. Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell.
b. Na+ would flow out of the cell, and K+ would flow into the cell.
c. Ca2+ would flow out of the cell, and Na+ would flow into the cell.
d. Ca2+ would flow into the cell, and Na+ would flow out of the cell.
Option A) Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell, would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell.
According to electron microscopy research, the postsynaptic membrane is a specific structure with a high degree of folding (De Harven and Coers, 1959). Motor nerve terminals are lodged in a gutter or main cleft in the muscle. There are also secondary junctional folds, which are invaginations of the muscular membrane that extend into the sarcoplasm. They enhance the overall surface of the postsynaptic membrane, and AChRs are densely concentrated on the crests of these folds, adjacent to the presynaptic active zones. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are clustered at the folds' bases to enhance postsynaptic membrane excitability.
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Complete Question is:
What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on the postsynaptic muscle cell?
A.) Ca2+ would leak out of the cell as Na+ flowed into the cell.
B.) Ca2+ would flow into the cell as Na+ flowed out of the cell.
C.) Na+ would flow into the cell and K+ would flow out of the cell.
D.) Only Na+ would flow into the cell.
Does protein expression begin with transcription or translation?
a. translation
b. transcription
Transcription, the act of creating a complementary RNA (cRNA) copy of a DNA sequence, is the first step in the production of proteins.
The messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is produced when the enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region of a gene during transcription. Afterward, the mRNA molecule is moved from the nucleus and into the cell's cytoplasm, where it may be translated into a useful protein.
Decoding the mRNA into a string of amino acids that makes up a protein is known as translation. The transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are used by the ribosome to carry the relevant amino acids to the ribosome during translation after reading the mRNA codons.
The ribosome then connects the amino acids in the proper order to make a protein. Then, this protein may carry out its biological tasks. Thus, transcription precedes translation in the production of proteins.
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Consider the following situations, and determine when a simple stain should be used instead of a Gram stain. An unknown species of bacteria is being characterized and identified. A specimen is being examined in which the presence of multiple species of bacteria is suspected. A wound specimen is being examined. A microbiologist is trying to determine whether an organism has flagella.
A microbiologist is attempting to identify whether fungi or bacteria are present in a Gram stain. The entire organism is visualized and highlighted cellular forms or structures using a straightforward stain.
Why is Gram stain more crucial for identifying germs than a straightforward stain?Gram staining is valued higher than a straightforward staining approach for the following reasons: The type of bacterial cell is described. It serves as a means of identifying gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. aids in the identification of the specific organism when a sickness is present.
What distinguishes a simple stain from a differential stain?Differential staining helps identify distinct species of bacteria while simple staining simply makes the bacteria stand out from their surroundings.
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Nerve cells do not divide as they lackA. NucleusB. Golgi bodyC. MitochondriaD. Centrosome
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, do not divide as they lack Centrosomes. So option D is correct.
Centrosomes are organelles found in animal cells that play a critical role in cell division.
They help organize the microtubules that form the spindle fibers necessary for separating the chromosomes during mitosis. Without centrosomes, cells cannot divide properly.
While nerve cells do have a nucleus, Golgi body, and mitochondria, the absence of centrosomes is thought to be a key reason why they do not divide.
Due to the nervous system's cells' inability to regenerate or be replaced in the same way that other cells can, injuries to the nervous system, such as injury to the spinal cord or brain tissue, can be extremely crippling.
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What is the concept of punctuated equilibrium?
According to the evolutionary biology hypothesis of punctuated equilibrium, also known as punctuated equilibria, once a species first appears in the fossil record, its population will stabilise and show little evolutionary change for the majority of its geological history.
Stasis is the name for this condition of minimal or no morphological change. The theory states that considerable evolutionary change frequently only takes place during rare and geologically quick events of branching speciation, or cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two separate species as opposed to slow species change. Punctuated equilibrium is sometimes compared to phyletic gradualism, which holds that evolution typically progresses uniformly through the steady, gradual modification of entire lineages (anagenesis).
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what are the main factors limiting the growth of bacteria in nature?
The four main physical and chemical factors limiting the growth of bacteria in nature are warmth, moisture, pH levels, and oxygen levels.
The two main general problems in most structures are warmth and wetness. Moisture has a major role in the development of fungus. Like all living things, bacteria require water to survive. Without a reliable water source nearby, they are unable to grow and spread. The likelihood of moisture and standing water in bathrooms and basements makes them prime locations for possible microbial problems. In addition to damaging equipment, leaks in the ceiling caused by rain or from neglected water system pipes can serve as breeding grounds for bacteria in harder-to-see regions.
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how many reading frames are possible if this molecule is translated in a laboratory setting in which translation can be initiated anywhere along the molecule? how many reading frames are possible when this molecule is translated in a cellular environment? 3, 1 6, 1 3, 3 1, 3
There are three possible reading frames in a cellular environment.
A cell’s microenvironment includes the extracellular matrix; similar or dissimilar cells that surround another cell; different cytokines, hormones, and reactive species; local physical properties of a cell; the mechanical forces that are produced by the movement of molecular motors or fluids inside a cell.
A reading frame is a way of dividing a nucleotide sequence into consecutive triplets (codons) for translation into a polypeptide chain. In the laboratory setting, translation can be initiated anywhere along the molecule, so there are six possible reading frames. In a cellular environment, translation usually starts at the start codon (AUG) and continues until a stop codon is reached.
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a prophage is able to infect a bacterium plasmid and lay in its dormant state during the lysogenic cycle. why is this more virulent and why does it make sense that it will be able to infect more host cells?
When phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome during the lysogenic cycle, a prophage is created and passed on to succeeding cell generations. It is possible for the prophage to be excised and enter the lytic cycle as a result of environmental stressors like malnutrition or exposure to harmful substances.
Every time a cell divides after that, the bacteriophage's genetic material, known as a prophage, can be transferred to the daughter cells. Further events may release the prophage genetic material, which would then lead to the lytic cycle's ability to multiply new phages. Although the process of DNA inclusion is not entirely known, lysogenic cycles can also happen in eukaryotes. For example, the AIDS viruses can infect people lyrically or lay dormant in the genome of the infected cells, retaining the power to lyse at a later time. This article's remaining sections discuss lysogeny in bacterial hosts.
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slightly from the sunlit side of the moon visible with the bright side on the left is
Slightly from the sunlit side of the moon visible with the bright side on the left is Waning Crescent. The waning crescent phase appears as a thin crescent of light on the left in the Northern Hemisphere.
As the Moon finishes its monthly cycle, it displays these eight phases in order. Less than 50% of the surface of a waning crescent moon is lit, yet it is still expanding. Waning Crescent Moon phase, an intermediate phase, is the last phase of the lunar month. It takes place right before the New Moon and just after the Third Quarter. The Waning Crescent phase of the Moon begins when its illumination decreases from 49.9% to 0.1%.
In the lunar cycle, it occurs between the Third Quarter and the New Moon (when the Moon is almost invisible). Its form is known as a Crescent. At this phase, the Moon resembles a banana or a boat. In the waning phase, the Moon gets smaller.
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Do bryophytes have stomata?
Yes, bryophytes do have stomata, but they are less numerous than those seen in vascular plants.
BryophytesSmall pores known as stomata are often present on the leaves or stems of plants and are crucial in controlling how gases and water vapor are exchanged between the plant and its surroundings. Stomata are typically seen on the sporophyte generation, the diploid stage of the plant where spores are produced, in bryophytes. The bryophyte, that is the haploid stage of the plant that makes gametes, is joined to the gametophyte. Since bryophytes often live in damp environments, their stomata reflect their need for effective gas exchange and water balance.The non-vascular plant class known as bryophytes comprises mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. These plants can be found in a wide range of environments, including cold tundra, dry deserts, and wet wetlands. Bryophytes lack genuine roots, stalks, and leaves and are typically quite tiny, measuring just a few millimeters to several centimeters in height.learn more about bryophytes here
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What is a trait that appears only if an organism has two factors for the trait?
Recessive trait is a trait that appears only if an organism has two factors for the trait, show their effect if the individual has two copies of the allele .
Recessive alleles only show their effect if the individual has two copies of the allele ). For example, the allele for blue eyes is recessive, therefore to have blue eyes you need to have two copies of the 'blue eye' allele.
Recessive traits are expressed only if both the connected alleles are recessive. If one of the alleles is dominant, then the associated characteristic is less likely to manifest.
An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists. If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele.
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What do proteins do for living organisms? (Choose all that apply.)
cause muscles to contract
carry oxygen
provide structure and support to cells
repair cells
The functions of proteins in living organisms include carrying oxygen, providing structure and support to cells and repairing cells.
What is the role of proteins in an organism?The role of proteins in an organism are diverse but they can be categorized in a wide sense as enzymatic or structural functions, which are fundamental to carrying out metabolic activities in the cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the role of proteins in an organism can be classified as functional and enzymatic and they are key to sustaining life in the cells.
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