This is due to the fact that mutations in body cells have no effect on the DNA of eggs and sperm. While this prevents many harmful mutations from wreaking havoc on offspring, it also reduces diversity and the ability to adapt to changing environments. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, compensates for this loss, at least in part.
What are some examples of genetic variation?
Genetic variation results in different forms of genes, known as alleles. People with blue eyes, for example, have one allele of the eye color gene, whereas people with brown eyes have a different allele of the gene.
There are three sources of genetic diversity: mutation, recombination, and gene immigration. The driving force behind genetic variation and evolution is mutation.
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Does meiosis end with 4 daughter cells?.
There are four haploid daughter cells that remain after meiosis and differentiate into either sperm or egg cells.
Do meiosis' four daughter cells exist?Mitosis divides a parent cell into two identical daughter cells, Both of them has the same amount of chromosomes. On the other hand, meiosis produces four distinct daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as its parent.
4 daughter cells are produced by what process?A single cell splits twice during the meiotic process, resulting in four cells with 50% the original genetic material. These cells sperm are in men and eggs in women are our sex cells.
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ulia did an experiment to study the solubility of two substances. She poured 100 mL of water at 20 °C into each of two beakers labeled A and B. She put 50 g of Substance A in the beaker labeled A and 50 g of Substance B in the beaker labeled B. The solution in both beakers was stirred for 1 minute. The amount of substance left undissolved in the beakers was weighed. The experiment was repeated for different temperatures of water and the observations were recorded as shown.
Experimental Observations
Substance Mass of Undissolved Substance at Different Temperatures (gram)
20 °C 40 °C 60 °C 80 °C
A 40 37 34 30
B 15 14 13 12
Part 1: Which substance has a higher solubility?
Part 2: Explain your answer for Part 1. (8 points)
Substance B has a higher solubility than Substance A.
Since Substance B has the least undissolved particles compared to Substance A, it means that more of Substance B dissolves at a given temperature.
What is the solubility of a substance?The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent.
The solubility of substances in a given solvent varies between substances.
The solubility of substances depends on the following:
temperature - increases with an increase in temperature for solids but decreases for gasesnature of the solventnature of the substanceComparing the solubilities of Substance A and Substance B:
More of Substance B dissolve at all the temperature ranges than substance A since it has the least undissolved amount.
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Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug? (Select all that apply)A) The prevalence of the infecting agent in the communityB) The nature of the infecting agentC) The sensitivity of the infecting agentD) The patient's prior history of exposure to the infecting agentE) The overall health of the patient
The three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug are The sensitivity of the infecting agent,The patient's prior history of exposure o the infecting agent and The overall health of the patient. The correct option to this question are C,D and E.
Why selecting an appropriate antimicrobial is important?Selection can happen at any site in the body where the antibiotic travels when we treat an infection. As a result, both pathogenic bacteria and commensal bacteria living in the body that are unrelated to the infection in question are susceptible to the antibiotic's selection for resistance genes and mechanisms.It is frequently more difficult and expensive to treat an infection when bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics. being unable to treat harmful bacteria.For more information on antimicrobial kindly visit to
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after loss of a large volume of sweat, body fluid compartments equilibrate to new levels of volume and osmolarity. drag each variable from the left into the correct column at right to indicate whether profuse sweating would cause it to increase or decrease.
Increase
1. Osmolarity of blood plasma.
2. Osmolarity of intracellular fluid.
3. Osmolarity of interstitial fluid.
Decrease
1. Plasma volume
2. Volume of intracellular fluid.
3. Volume of interstitial fluid.
Why is osmolarity significant, and what does it mean?Your body produces antidiuretic hormone in response to rising osmolality. Arginine vasopressin is another name for it. Your kidneys are instructed by this hormone to keep more water in your blood vessels, which causes your urine to become more concentrated. Your body produces less ADH as osmolality declines.
The quantity of dissolved particles in one litre of a liquid is known as osmolarity. The term "fluid homeostasis" refers to the maintenance of a constant fluid concentration within the body. Fluid balance is another name for it on occasion.
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please choose the answers that best fill in the blanks of this sentence in order. the ability of a microbe to cause disease is called ___ , whereas ___ refers to the degree to which a microbe can cause disease, or the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host tissues.
The ability of a microbe to cause disease is called virulence whereas pathogenicity refers to the degree to which a microbe can cause disease, or the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host tissues.
What causes virulence, and how?The ability of a pathogenic organism to produce disease is known as an organism's virulence in biology. According to its etymology, the word "vrulent" means "full of poison" or "toxin." The word "virulent," which is related, is used to describe a disease as being very toxic.
What is the pathogenicity theory?It claims that pathogens, also referred to as "germs," can cause disease. These microscopic organisms invade people, other animals, and other living hosts because they are too small to be seen without a magnifying glass. They can spread disease through their hosts' development and reproduction.
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what type of chemical agents, of which chloropicrin is an example, produces temporary, usually nonfatal, irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract?
Chloropicrin is a riot control agents.
What is chloropicrin?Oily liquid, colorless to barely yellow. Chloropicrin is a soil fumigant that is utilized in agriculture. Additionally, it has been employed as a riot control agent and a chemical warfare agent . It was stockpiled during World War II and utilized extensively during World War I. However, military usage is no longer permitted. The irritant chloropicrin (PS) has tear gas-like properties. The smell of chloropicrin (PS) is extremely disagreeable. When 1 ppm is inhaled, it irritates the eyes and can signal exposure. it is disseminated in Indoor Air: Chloropicrin (PS) may be sprayed into the air within buildings (aerosol).Chloropicrin (PS) has the ability to pollute water. Food can be contaminated with chloropicrin (PS).Air outside: Chloropicrin (PS)
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What is central dogma answer in one sentence?.
The central dogma contends that DNA contains the instructions necessary to produce every one of our proteins and that RNA serves as a messenger to deliver these instructions to the ribosomes.
A theory claiming that genetic information only moves in one direction—from DNA to RNA to protein, or from RNA to protein directly—is the basic dogma of molecular biology. The foundation of all living things is the core dogma. The four processes identified as being fundamental to all life forms make up the basic dogma. After cell division, the information of DNA is preserved by replication and passed to the other cells. The method used to transform DNA's instructions into a useful output is known as the "Central Dogma." Francis Crick, who discovered the structure of DNA, made the initial proposal in 1958. DNA is translated to RNA is the best explanation for the core tenet of biology.
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10
Use the information to answer the following question.
1. tRNA brings the correct amino acid specified by the mRNA codon
2. DNA is used as a template to create mRNA, which leaves the nucleus
3. Amino acids are bonded together to make a polypeptide (protein)
4. mRNA molecule binds to a ribosome
5. The ribosome releases both the mRNA molecule and the polypeptide (protein)
Which of the following demonstrates the correct sequence of events that occurs during protein synthesis?
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 3, 5, 1
4, 2, 1, 5, 3
DNA acts as a template for the mRNA and later gets into the cytoplasm to bind with the ribosome for translation. The polypeptide chain is formed as a result. The correct order of protein synthesis is the first sequence.
What is eukaryotic translation?In eukaryotes, the nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, so the mRNA needs to translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The DNA acts as a template on which mRNA is formed, which passes through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm and binds to the ribosome. The ribosome reads the mRNA with the help of tRNAs that are associated with amino acids, and in this way the polypeptide chain is synthesized.
Hence, the correct order is mentioned in the first sequence.
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What is eukaryotic gene regulation examples?.
The TATA box is eukaryotic gene regulation examples
Organisms called eukaryotes have nuclei in their cells. Eukaryotes include include animals, plants, fungi, and several single-celled creatures. One of the three domains of life, Eukarya, is the group of organisms that they are a part of. The other two domains consist of prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea.
Today, eukaryotes are frequently thought of as sister archaea to the Asgard archaea or as having evolved in the Archaea. With eukaryotes included in archaea, this suggests that there are only two realms of life: bacteria and archaea. Despite making up a very small portion of all organisms, eukaryotes are predicted to have a global biomass that is roughly equivalent to that of prokaryotes due to their typically much bigger size. In the Proterozoic era, between 2.3 and 1.8 billion years ago, eukaryotes probably began as flagellated phagotrophs.Their name is a combination of the Greek words eu (well or good) and v
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Which nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles?.
The somatic nervous system (SNS) regulates conscious, voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles.
A component of the peripheral nervous system that permeates almost every aspect of the body is the SNS. This system's nerves transmit data from the senses to the brain. Additionally, they transmit orders from the brain to the muscles, allowing us to move. Brain and spinal cord are the origin of your SNS. Roman numerals are used to identify the 12 pairs of nerves, 11 of which link to various parts of somatic nervous system. The cranial nerve (CN) II that runs from brain to eyes is not a component of SNS.
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Which information is needed to create a new copy of dna that is identical to the original?.
Information about base pairing is needed to create a new copy of DNA that is identical to the original.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA) is a polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that form a double helix around one another. All known living things, including many viruses, have genetic material in their polymers that direct how they should function, grow, and reproduce. Nucleic acids include ribonucleic acid (RNA) and DNA. One of the four major categories of macromolecules that are necessary for all known forms of life, along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), is nucleic acids.
The production of a small fragment of RNA known as a primer serves as the launch pad for the synthesis of fresh DNA. The DNA is then started being replicated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase by aligning its bases to the original strand.Hence, information about base pairing is needed to create a new copy of DNA that is identical to the original
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cellular respiration is a type of oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. what is getting oxidized and reduced during cellular respiration?
Oxygen is reduced and glucose is oxidized to produce CO2 and water during cellular respiration.
A sequence of chemical processes known as cellular respiration convert glucose into ATP, which may then be utilized as energy for a variety of bodily functions. Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the three basic processes that take place during cellular respiration.
The presence or absence of oxygen has no effect on cellular respiration. However, the activity is fundamentally known as "cellular respiration" because the cell seems to "respire" by consuming molecular oxygen (as an electron acceptor) and exhaling carbon dioxide (as an end product).
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which of the cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response?a) macrophagesb) memory cellsc) t cellsd) all answers are correct
Memory cells are the cell types that start the secondary immune response.
In immunology, memory cells are a subtype of B lymphocytes that are a part of the adaptive immune system. These cells develop in the germinal centres of the secondary lymphoid organs. Immunological memory is a unique capability of the immune system that enables it to "remember" details about a stimulus and mount an effective defence when the stimulus is re-exposed. More quickly and effectively than the initial immune response is the secondary immunological response.
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Animals that have ______ are called vertebrates, and those without are called invertebrates.
Animals that have spinal cord are called vertebrates, and those without are called invertebrates.
what are the function of spinal cord ?The spinal cord is a structure rich in nerves which runs from the bottom of the brain stems to the lower back.
The spinal cord aids movement of body parts which is why spinal cord injuries usually ends up with individuals not being able to use parts of the body such as the legs.
The Spinal cord also helps to relay messages and signals from the brain to other parts of the body.
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the most common bone shape in the body is the bone shape. one of the principal features is a shaft called a(n) that contains a hollow, cylindrical space inside called the cavity. in children, this cavity contains bone marrow, which is later replaced by bone marrow in adults. an end of these bones is calle
The most common bone shape in the body is long and curved bone shape.
One of the principal features is a shaft called Diaphysis that contains a hollow, cylindrical space inside called the marrow cavity.
In children, this cavity contains red bone marrow which is later replaced by yellow bone marrow in adults.
An end of these bones is called ephiphyses.
The other three bones shapes in the body generally have an external surface composed of periosteum bone and the interior is composed entirely of endosteum bone.
Bone marrow is the soft connective tissue of bone and includes red and yellow bone marrow. Red bone marrow is heterocytic (making blood cells) and contains red active connective tissue, immature blood cells, and fat.
In children, red marrow is found in the anterior portion of the cyclonic bones and long bones of most bones in the body. Much of the red bone marrow degenerates into yellow bone marrow as the child matures into adulthood. As a result, adults have red bone marrow only in selected parts of their irregular skeleton. Some of these are the dissected bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and hips.
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Which bet decribe dynamic equilibrium?
There i a difference in concentration on either ide of the cell membrane. There i an uneven ditribution of particle inide and outide the cell. Particle are moving into and out of the cell, but their concentration remain table. A concentration gradient i forcing water out of the cell and particle into the cell
Particles enter and exit the cell, but their concentration stays constant.
Option c is coorect.
In the biology quiz, what is dynamic equilibrium?balance in motion When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction and the concentration of reactants and products remains constant, a closed system is said to be in equilibrium.
What is another name for dynamic equilibrium?April 8, 2019 revision. A chemical equilibrium known as a dynamic equilibrium occurs when the rates of a forward reaction and a reverse reaction are identical. At this point, the proportion of reactants to products stays constant across time.
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Know the definitions of distal and proximal stimuli, and be able to recognize correct uses of those terms in given examples (lecture).
Distal Stimulus is any physical object or event in the external world that reflects light.
proximal stimulus, is what excites the receptors on our eyes, leading to visual perception.
Example the distal stimulus is the printed page of a book, whereas the proximal stimulus is the light energy reflected by the page that stimulates the photoreceptors of the retina.
Any physical thing or event in the outside world that reflects light is referred to as a distal stimulus.
The proximal stimulus activates the receptors in our eyes, producing vision.
As an illustration, the printed page of a book serves as the distal stimulus, while the light energy reflected by the page activates the retina's photoreceptors.
What is a distal versus a proximal stimulus?What is typically referred to as the "actual" object in the environment is represented by the distal stimulus. The pattern of energy impinging on the sensory receptors of the observer is generally referred to as the proximal stimulus. A distal stimulus is connected to this energy.
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The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of _______________.
The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of Endocrine Signaling.
What do you mean by Pituitary gland ?
The pituitary gland is a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions.It regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces.It is located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus.Endocrine signaling can be defined as a process where the cell targets a distant cell .It is released by one cell, then travels through the bloodstream to bind to receptors on a distant target.Hence, the answer is Endocrine Signaling.
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kangaroo cells undergo aerobic respiration, just as human cells do.during aerobic respiration, which process takes place?
During aerobic respiration glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell.
Aerobic respiration is the process of using oxygen to break down glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to produce ATP. Pyruvate is then converted to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. The Kreb cycle occurs twice per glucose molecule.
Most cardio respiration (with oxygen) takes place withinside the mitochondria of cells, while anaerobic respiration (with out oxygen) takes place withinside the cytoplasm of cells.
Aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme-driven reactions that release energy stored in carbohydrates and lipids during photosynthesis and make them available to living organisms. Next he has four stages.
Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.
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A helper T cell is found bound to an antigen-presenting cell and has released cytokines into the bloodstream. Indicate whether the statement is true or false The helper T cell will destroy the cell through phagocytosis. true false
A helper T cell is found bound to an antigen-presenting cell and has released cytokines into the bloodstream. Indicate whether the statement is true or false The helper T cell will destroy the cell through phagocytosis. It is true
Since they are necessary for practically all adaptive immune responses, helper T cells are arguably the most significant cells in adaptive immunity. The helper T cell will destroy the cell through phagocytosis. They aid in the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as B cells that generate antibodies and macrophages that kill ingested microorganisms. Helper T-cells are able to detect infections when they occur in the body. To combat the infection, they stimulate additional immune cells. An essential component of your adaptive immune response are these T-cells.Additionally to activating Tc and B lymphocytes, activated T helper cells also produce cytokines that cause other T helper cells to become active. The end outcome is a population of lymphocytes capable of producing antibodies and killing contaminated cells.
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TRUE/FALSE b)once equilibrium is reached between sunflower and the environment, calculate the turgor pressure inside the plant cell.
Answer:
Explanation:
by doing it
Which of the following differentiates between the goals of the 1960s Green Revolution and current goals in high-yield farming?
High-yield farming is not concerned with agriculture to feed undeveloped countries.
The Green Revolution was not concerned with increasing crop yields.
High-yield farming is more concerned with sustainability and ecological damage.
The Green Revolution placed more importance on the use of traditional seed stock.
The Green revolution of the 1960s placed more importance on the use of traditional seed stock. Option D.
What is the Green revolution?When we talk about the green revolution, we are talking about a great concern for the improvement of the yield of the crops and this was achieved by different methods in the 1960s and now.
In the 1960s, the effort was not so concerned about the use of genetic methods and artificial fertilizers as we have now but on the use of the traditional seed stock to achieve the expected ends.
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The relationship between the breakdown of macromolecules and the biosynthesis of macromolecules is most similar to the relationship between which of the following pairs of terms? exergonic and endergonic work and free energy free energy and entropy exergonic and spontaneous
The relationship between macromolecular degradation and macromolecular biosynthesis most resembles the relationship between exergonic and endergonic work.
How do exergonic and endergonic reactions work together?Endergonic reactions take simple, low-energy reactants and require energy input to build complex, high-energy products. Exergonic reactions release energy bound in the reactants to produce simpler, lower-energy products.In an exergonic reaction, energy is released into the environment. Bonds that are formed are stronger than those that are broken. In endergonic reactions, energy is absorbed from the environment. A bond that is formed is weaker than a bond that is broken.How does ATP transfer energy from exergonic to endergonic?ATP transfers a phosphate group to the reactant molecule in an endergonic reaction. The energy from the phosphate group drives the endergonic process. This is how ATP transfers energy from exergonic to endergonic responses.
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What did the other animals see when they looked into the farmhouse group of answer choices?.
Other animals saw that pigs were in alliance with the humans when they looked into the farmhouse group.
George Orwell's novella animal Farm, a satirical allegorical beast fable, was first released in England on August 17, 1945. It depicts the tale of a band of farm animals who rise up against their human farmer in an effort to establish an animal-friendly society. In the end, the rebellion is put down, and the farm is ruled by a pig named Napoleon in a situation just as awful as it was before.
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GIVE TWO SIMILARITIES BETWEEN AN AQUATIC FOOD WEB AND A TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEB
Which two species in the table should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, to increase surface area for metabolic reactions?.
species A and B in the table should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, to increase surface area for metabolic reactions.
What are Phospholipids?Phospholipids are compound lipids made of alcohol, fatty acids, nitrogen base, and phosphoric acids. The cell membrane is primarily made up of these complex lipids, which also give the membranes their fluidity. These phospholipids constitute the interior of the bilayer and have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail in cell membranes.
Two varieties of phospholipids exist. they are as follows,
Glycerophospholipids :
They are the main phospholipid kinds found in biological membranes. Glycerol-based phospholipids make up this substance.
Sphingophospholipids:
They make up a significant portion of myelin and are widely distributed throughout the brain and nervous system. Sphingosine is present in it as alcohol.
Properties of Phospholipids are as follows,
They are mediators of signals.
These compounds are amphipathic.
They serve as protein anchors for the cell membranes.
They make up a large portion of cell membranes.
They are the substances that make up lipoproteins and bile.
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Short Essay Question: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several ways. Discuss 6 differences between them regarding initiation, elongation, and termination.
Termination of eukaryotic gene transcription. In contrast to the termination of transcription in prokaryotes which takes vicinity exactly on the 3′ stop of the mRNA, that of eukaryotes takes place generally beyond the ordinary 3′ quit of mRNA.
Prokaryotes are usually unicellular, even as eukaryotes are frequently multi-celled organisms. moreover, eukaryotic cells are more than a hundred to 10,000 instances large than prokaryotic cells and are a whole lot extra complicated. The DNA in eukaryotes is stored inside the nucleus, even as DNA is saved in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
Transcription termination takes place in a reaction coupled to RNA 3′-stop processing. most eukaryotic mRNA precursors are cleaved in a domain-specific way within the three′-untranslated location, accompanied with the aid of polyadenylation of the upstream cleavage product. A big quantity of proteins is concerned in those reactions.
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How many o2 molecules are needed for cellular respiration?.
Oxygen and glucose are both reactants within the procedure of the cell respiratory the main product of mobile respiratory are ATP waste products including carbon dioxide and water.
Oxygen is needed inside cellular respiration in the electron transporter chain. It serves as the very last electron acceptor of the electron transport chain facilitating the motion of electrons down the chain, therefore, producing the ATP or adenosine triphosphate.
The reactants of mobile breathing vary at every level, but to start with, it requires an entry of glucose, ATP, and NAD+. NAD+, nicotinamide derived from nutrition B3, is a widespread electron acceptor this is crucial in the technique of cellular respiration.
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describe how gene cloning can be used to make recombinant dna plasmids that can be used to transform bacteria and make useful products like insulin. include terms restriction enzymes and restriction fragments.
The recombinant DNA technology to manipulate and isolate specific DNA segments. Which combine DNA from various species or produce genes with novel functions.
Transformation and selection of bacteria are key steps in DNA cloning. DNA cloning is the process of making many copies of a specific piece of DNA, such as a gene. The copies are often made in bacteria.
In a typical cloning experiment, researchers first insert a piece of DNA, such as a gene, into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid. This step uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase and is called a ligation.
After a ligation, the next step is to transfer the DNA into bacteria in a process called transformation. Then, we can use antibiotic selection and DNA analysis methods to identify bacteria that contain the plasmid we’re looking for.
Hence, gene cloning is widely used in biotech industries to obtain drugs and biomolecules.
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The bicoid gene product is directly responsible for _____ in a developing drosophila embryo.
The Bicoid gene product is directly responsible for the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in a developing drosophila embryo. creating the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis of a growing Drosophila is determined by the Bicoid protein concentration gradient.
The organizer of the anterior body pattern in Drosophila is the gene Bicoid. Embryos missing maternally expressed Bicoid are unable to develop the head and thorax as well as other anterior parts.
In the front region of the embryo, the Bicoid protein drives hunchback gene transcription, but in the posterior region, the Nanos protein prevents hunchback RNA translation.
A well-liked model system for genetics and developmental biology is the process by which Drosophila (fruit fly) embryos form, or Drosophila embryogenesis. The study of its embryogenesis provided the solution to the regulation of development that had baffled scientists for a century, giving rise to the science of evolutionary developmental biology.
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