The simple sugars of corn are easier to convert to ethanol than the complex cellulose of switchgrass.
Ethanol in Corn-based ethanol contains very little of the energy needed to make it, but fuel made from switchgrass, a native grassland plant found in the Great Plains region, contains and contains more than five times the energy required to produce it. The value of corn as a feedstock for ethanol production is due to the large amount of carbohydrates, especially starch, contained in corn (Table 1). Starch can be processed fairly easily to break it down into simple sugars, which can then be fed to yeast to make ethanol.
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crows feeding on whelks drop the whelks from the air until their shell breaks, allowing the crows to eat the mussel inside. what factor(s) is/areimportant forcrows optimizing this foraging strategy?
The factors which are important for crows optimizing this foraging strategy the number of drops needed to break the shell and the height per drop.
What do you mean by Optimizing Strategy ?
Optimization strategy can be used to search and optimize the transform parameters .It is done for maximization of the similarity value between the warped source image and the target image.The “best” design relative to a set of prioritized criteria.These include factors like productivity, strength, reliability, longevity, efficiency, and utilization.It helps to reduce costs that can lead to higher profits and to success in the competitive fight.This is how the process occurs,
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a(n) enzyme immunoassay (eia) uses immobilized pathogen-specific antibody and enzyme-labeled pathogen-specific antibody to detect pathogen antigen in patient samples such as blood.
A direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) uses immobilized pathogen-specific antibody and enzyme-labeled pathogen-specific antibody to detect pathogen antigen in patient samples such as blood.
What is an immunoassay?
An immunoassay (IA) is a biochemical test that uses an antigen or an antibody to detect the presence or concentration of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a solution (sometimes). The molecule that the immunoassay detects is frequently referred to as a "analyte," and it is frequently a protein. However, other types of molecules, of various sizes and types, may also be detected, provided that the appropriate antibodies that have the necessary properties for the assay are developed. Immunoassays are widely used to measure analytes in biological liquids such as serum or urine for medical and scientific applications.
A direct ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an immunosorbent test that uses plates to detect and quantify a particular analyte (such as antigens, antibodies, proteins, hormones, peptides, etc.) from a complicated biological sample.Hence, a direct enzyme immunoassay (eia) uses immobilized pathogen-specific antibody and enzyme-labeled pathogen-specific antibody to detect pathogen antigen in patient samples such as blood.
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study the rna sequence below and determine where the boundaries of an intron could be. select the answer that includes the entire intron in red, bold, and underlined text. 5' ...ccgagguacgauuugagucggcuacaguauuga.... 3'
The boundaries of an intron could be:
5' CCGAGGUACGAUUUGAGUCGGCUACAGUAUUGA 3'
What is an intron?Any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is deleted during RNA processing to create the final RNA product is known as an intron. The name "intron" is derived from "intragenic region," which refers to a region within a gene. Both the DNA sequence found inside a gene and the equivalent RNA sequence found in RNA transcripts are referred to as introns. Exons are the non-intron sequences that are linked together during this RNA processing to create the mature RNA.
Most organisms' and many viruses' genes contain introns, which can be present in both protein-coding and RNA-making genes (noncoding genes). Spliceosomal introns, group I introns, group II introns, and tRNA introns are the four primary types of introns.
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the majority of exotoxins are a-b toxins, which are composed of two polypeptide subunits referred to as a and b. the b component functions to bind or attach to the host cell, whereas the a component exerts its toxic effects on the cell. this activity asks you to place the images in the correct order as they occur when an a-b toxin interacts with the host cell.
They can be categorized as Type III toxins because they disrupt cellular internal processes.
The "A" component is typically the "active" element, and the "B" component is typically the "binding" portion, which is why they are called AB toxins.
The toxic part of the organism is made up of an enzyme in the a section, and the B portion binds to host cell receptors.
A-b toxins, which are made up of the two polypeptide subunits known as a and b, make up the majority of exotoxins. While the a component has harmful effects on the cell, the b component works to bind or adhere to the host cell.
Because they consist of two parts, they are known as AB toxins. Enzymatic activity that affects intracellular targets is present in component A. The B component transports the A component through cell membranes into the cytoplasm by binding to extracellular receptors.
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Generally over 90% of all membrane phosphatidyl serine (PS) is found on the inner monolayers of the cell membrane. Which of the following explains this phenomenon ?
-the movement of phospholipids frol one monolayer to another is a very slow reaction despite the fact that it works with the concentration gradient
-under normal condotions within the cell, the activity of scramblase enzymes is relatively low and thus does not allow for movement between monolayers
Despite using concentration gradient, migration of phospholipids from one monolayer to another is relatively sluggish response. It is possible for phospholipids to migrate between bilayers without being catalyzed.
Monolayer movement is sluggish and cannot be depended upon to keep the asymmetry equilibrium. Instead, phospholipid transport across the bilayers is catalyzed by lipid translocator proteins. Phospholipids are transferred from the outside to the inner leaflet via flippases. Flippases primarily transport phosphatidylserine and to a lesser extent phosphatidylethanolamine to maintain the charge gradient across the membrane. Additionally, flippases facilitate the transfer of cholesterol from the intracellular to external monolayers.
Phospholipids, in particular the choline-derived phospholipids phospatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, are moved by flippases in the reverse direction. The majority of the time, ATP hydrolysis is required for these catalyzed motions. The scramblases are a third type of protein that interchange phospholipids between the two leaflets through a calcium-activated, ATP-independent mechanism.
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TRUE/FALSE if mitochondrial dna from a crime scene matches a suspect, that means the suspect committed the crime.
If mitochondrial DNA from a crime scene matches a suspect, that means the suspect committed the crime. the statement is true.
What is mitochondrial DNA?The circular chromosome known as mitochondrial DNA can be found inside the cellular organelles known as mitochondria. The mitochondria, which are found in the cytoplasm, are where the cell produces energy and performs other metabolic tasks. Children receive mitochondria from their mother, and as a result, mitochondrial DNA.
What is Crime scene?Crime scene refers to the place where crime is committed and it contains the physical evidences which is important and helpful to the investigation.
Forensic team collects DNA sample from crime scene from various materials like, hair from comb, bone, teeth, etc.
hence, if mitochondrial DNA from a crime scene matches a suspect, that means the suspect committed the crime.
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The division of the autonomic nervous system that is short‐lived and very localized is.
The division of the autonomic nervous that is short-lived and very localized is parasympathetic system.
What is nervous system?
The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves. This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body. The brain is what controls all the body's functions. The spinal cord runs from the brain down through the back. The parasympathetic nervous system predominates in quiet “rest and digest” conditions while the sympathetic nervous system drives the “fight or flight” response in stressful situations.
The main purpose of the PNS is to conserve energy to be used later and to regulate bodily functions like digestion and urination.
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what type of axoplasmic transport is associated with the virus that causes rabies. what is the outcome of rabies?
Treatment with antiviral has no effect on the retrograde axonal transport of the infectious agent, while emetine blocks it regionally in axons.
It is generally agreed that retrograde neuronal transport is the only method of infectious agent (RABV) transmission. However, instances of RABV resulting in a high spread in periphery neurons, including DRG neurons, suggested a potential for bidirectional transport through an unidentified mechanism.
Rabies virus, Lagos bat, Mokola, Duvenhage, European bat virus 1 and also 2, as well as Australian bat virus are all species of the genus Lyssavirus.
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Microorganisms were probably restricted to the oceans and subsurface environments until.
Up before the creation of the ozone layer, microorganisms were presumably limited to the seas and ocean's ecosystems.
Because the hydrothermal vent stopped functioning, Microorganisms were only found in the ocean and subsurface habitat. Both chemical and light energy are needed for the life of this particular species of bacterium. Microorganisms were not limited to the ocean's surface when these hydrothermal vents were dormant.
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Would a family tree be considered a phylogenetic tree?
Answer:
no
Explanation:
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
which process occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on earth and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult? view available hint(s)
Horizontal gene transfer occurred frequently in the early history of the three domains on earth and makes determining phylogenetic relationships of that time difficult.
The spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria (aside from those that are passed from parent to offspring) is a result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which also promotes the evolution of pathogens.
Many resistance genes have been around for a very long time, evolving in untainted natural settings without human interference, but they are now quickly spreading to and among human pathogens. Three recognized genetic mechanisms cause HGT.
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Inspired by Gregor Mendel, you visit a local greenhouse to see what a pea plant looks like in person. You spot a lone plant in the corner and immediately notice that it exhibits the green trait of the pod colour character. This character is controlled by one gene with two alleles, the dominant green G allele and the recessive yellow g allele.
Identify what you know for certain based on your observation. Check all that apply.
- You know the phenotype of the plant.
- This plant must be heterozygous with respect to the pod colour gene.
- You know the genotype of the plant.
- This plant has at least one copy of the G allele.
In another corner of the greenhouse, you find another pea plant. This plant, however, exhibits the yellow trait of the pod colour character. The greenhouse plant breeder approaches you and mentions that he has recently cross-fertilized the two plants. The seeds contained in the pods of both plants are the products of this cross-fertilization. The breeder then offers to let you know how the seeds turn out.
Without realizing it, the breeder is actually conducting a for you.
If you were able to examine hundreds of offspring from this cross, what ratio of green pods to yellow pods would you observe:
• If the green parent is Gg?
• If the green parent is GG?
Inspired by Gregor Mendel, you visit a local greenhouse to see what a pea plant looks like in person.
You spot a lone plant in the corner and immediately notice that it exhibits the green trait of the pod colour character. This character is controlled by one gene with two alleles, the dominant green G allele and the recessive yellow g allele.
Who was Gregor Mendel?Gregor Johann Mendel, OSA, was an Augustinian friar and the abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brünn, Margraviate of Moravia. He was also a biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, and Augustinian.
What is allele?Leading textbooks on genetics and evolution define an allele as a different variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same location on a long DNA molecule. "The chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element is called a convergence point and alternative DNA sequences at a locus are called alleles.
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can you identify the animal phylum to which each example or characteristic belongs?drag the example or characteristic to the appropriate bin.
Sponges lack body symmetry and belong to the animal phylum.
What are the two characteristics that distinguish the various animal phyla?
The shape of the coelom, symmetry, body plan, and existence of segmentation are some of the characteristics used to classify animal phyla into phases. Sponges (Porifera) lack tissues and exhibit a primitive level of company mobility.
1. Sponges have an unsymmetrical body with a central hollow.
2. Cnidarians have gastrovascular cavities, radial symmetry, and jellyfish.
3. Mollusks: huge clam
4- Echinoderms - water circulatory system, internal skeleton, and spiky body surface of the sea star (starfish).
5- Tapeworms and five flatworms
6- Arthropods: The fruit fly's body is made up of hard exoskeleton segments.
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(fill in the blank) is the rubbing together of body parts to form sounds, and is especially common in orthoptera.
Orthopteran species are particularly prone to stridulation, which is the rubbing together of body components to produce sounds.
In which of the following insects does stridulation take place to create sound?The order of insects known as Orthoptera is made up of katydids, crickets, locusts, grasshoppers, and their cousins. This order's members utilize a mechanism called stridulation to make noises.
Why does stridulation occur?Stridulation, which includes rubbing one modified part of the body against another, is the primary method of sound creation in Orthoptera. Contrary to popular misconception, orthopterans do not make sound by rubbing their hind legs together (or any insect for that matter).
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New individuals of a species are created by mixing genetic material from two parents in a process called.
The process of creating new individuals of a species through the combination of the genetic material of two parents is known as sexual reproduction.
What to know about the reproduction?Sexual reproduction, the process of creating new organisms by the fusion of the genetic material from two individuals of different sexes. The genetic material is typically stored on chromosomes in the nuclei of reproductive cells called gametes, which mate to create a diploid zygote. A new person emerges from the zygote. The primary method of reproduction in living things is sexual.
The offspring will have characteristics of both parents but won't be completely like either parent because each parent contributes half of the new organism's genetic makeup. It is necessary for organisms to have a mechanism to make haploid gametes when they sexually reproduce by combining gametes, a process is termed as fertilization.
Meiosis, a sort of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in half, is the mechanism behind this process. To create gametes with one chromosome from each pair, the pairs of chromosomes randomly split and segregate during meiosis.
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atp is formed by exergonic reactions and then used to drive endergonic reactions creating the cell's energy cycle. classify the labels below to demonstrate understanding of the cell's energy cycle.
ATP is produced via prototrophy, fermentation, and aerobic respiration, and it is used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work.
Which of the following types of work is powered by the energy produced when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi?A nucleotide, a sugar with five carbons, and three phosphate groups make up ATP. Phosphoanhydride bonds, which link the phosphates, contain a considerable amount of energy. Cellular work is accomplished using the energy generated by the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi.
What are the two mechanisms that, when combined, form oxidative phosphorylation and are connected throughout the ETC?The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are two parts of oxidative phosphorylation that are interdependent. When electrons are transferred from one molecule to another in the electron transport chain, energy is released.
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What are minerals List 3 examples?.
Minerals are those factors in the world and in ingredients that our bodies need to broaden and characteristic typically. those essential for health include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, copper, fluoride, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium.
A mineral is obviously going on an inorganic element or compound having an orderly inner structure and function chemical composition, crystal shape, and physical houses. commonplace minerals encompass quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, olivine, and calcite.
Minerals are materials naturally fashioned inside the Earth. Minerals are commonly solid, and inorganic, have a crystal structure, and are fashioned by geological methods certainly. A mineral may additionally consist of an unmarried chemical element or a compound greater commonly.
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Use the DNA sequence below, which encodes a eukaryotic gene to answer the following questions.
1 11 21 31 41
GGCGTATAAA GCGACGACTG TAGACTGATG AGCCTATCCA TGGACGCGCC
51 61 71 81 91
ATGGCCCTGT AAGCGGTGCG ATGCAATAAA ACGCGTATCA GTCATTCAGC
101 111 121
GTAGTCTGAT GCCAGTCGAC TGC
a) Write down the corresponding sequences, find them in the sequence above and label them: TATA box sequence: _________________ (label as TATA)
Polyadenylation signal in corresponding mRNA: ____________ (label as Poly-A) Kozak’s sequence in corresponding mRNA:________________ (labelasKozak)
Start (initiation) codon in corresponding mRNA: _______ (label as start) Stop(termination) codon in corresponding mRNA:_______ (labelasstop)
The poly A signal sequence will participate in reverse transcriptase.
"Reverse Transcriptase"
The reverse transcriptase or RT reaction can be defined as the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
It is the enzyme DNA polymerase that converts single-stranded RNA into DNA.
The Rho terminator causes a pause in the sequence involved in the termination of transcription in bacteria.
The poly A signal sequence causes polyadenylation of a polyadenine (A) tail to a messenger RNA.
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cannot be used to begin a cell or range name. 2. invoked by clicking the error checking button.: invoked by clicking the error checking button. 3. can be applied to only one formula.: can be applied to only one formula. 4. can be used to determine the monthly payment for a loan.: can be used to determine the monthly payment for a loan. 5. showing only the parts of a worksheet that the user needs to see.: showing only the parts of a worksheet that the user needs to see. 6. returns the present value of an investment or annuity.: returns the present value of an investment or annuity.
Once you've chosen your tables and columns, press the "Invoke" button. To see if the word is present in the event's text, use the Find function.
Which Excel function or formula enables you to do a search of your spreadsheet's data to locate a particular number in one column and return it in a different column?When data is listed in columns, the VLOOKUP or Vertical Lookup function is utilised. Using information from a specified column in the same row, this method looks for a value in the left-most column and compares it to information there. A sorted or unsorted table's data can be found using VLOOKUP.
What does Power Query's invoke function do?Whenever a function with at least one parameter is generated,It can be used as a custom function to add a fresh column and new value to each table row. Locate a previously loaded query from the Power Query Editor, choose a cell in the data, and then choose Query > Edit to launch the query.
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The restriction enzyme SacI has a recognition sequence of GAGCT^C, where the caret (^) indicates the cut site. Examine the DNA molecule below: AGAGCTCAGTCGAGAGCTCAGATCGATAGGAGCTCAGATCTCGATCACCTCT CTCGAGTCAGCTCTCGAGTCTAGCTATCCTCGAGTCTAGAGCTAGTGGAG
How many separate molecules of DNA would you end up with if you treated the above DNA molecule with SacI? a. two b. three c. four d. five
If the given molecule is treated with Sac I restriction enzyme we will obtain 3 fragments of this DNA molecule. The correct option is b.
What are restriction enzymes?A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase, is an enzyme that cuts DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites in molecules known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes are a class of the broader endonuclease group of enzymes. In the laboratory, restriction enzymes (or restriction endonucleases) are used to cut DNA into smaller pieces. Cleavage only occurs at a specific nucleotide sequence. Different restriction enzymes recognize and cleave different DNA sequences.
Restriction enzymes are proteins produced by bacteria that cut DNA at specific points. This site is known as a restricted site. Restriction enzymes protect living bacteria from bacteriophages. They recognize and cleave restriction sites on bacteriophages, destroying their DNA.
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determine if the following statement is true or false. a man with blood type a and a woman with blood type b can have a baby with blood type o.
A baby with blood type O can be born to a blood type A male and a blood type B woman. - True, as both people may have a type O allele even if A and B are the predominant blood types.
What are the 7 blood types?The eight most frequent blood types are A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-. In addition to the A and B antigens, the Rh factor is a protein that can either be present (+) or lacking (-). (-).The least common blood types are B negative (B -ve), which make up just 1.5% of the population. AB negative, or AB -ve, which makes up 0.6% of the population. AB positive (AB +ve), which affects 3.4% of the population as a whole.
What blood type is O negative and what is the golden blood type?Blood type O negative is the most common. Only O negative blood can be received by O negative blood types. Because it is the most safest blood for transfusions for newborns with immunological deficiencies, O negative donors who are also CMV negative are referred to as Heroes for Babies at the Red Cross.
Rh-null is one of the rarest blood types in the world. Due to the absence of any Rh antigens, this blood type can't be Rh negative. Less than 50 individuals have this blood type. It is also known as "golden blood" at times.
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Which bond of the ATP molecule is broken in order to release energy?.
In order to release energy, the cell needs to be able to break down or split the ATP molecule. This is done by breaking the pyrophosphate bond present in ATP.
ATP, Adenosine triphosphate is made up of three phosphates, which are held together by the pyrophosphate bond present between the phosphate molecules. In order to consume energy, the cell needs to break the pyrophosphate bond present between two phosphates to release a single phosphate molecule. The remaining residue is called ADP, Adenosine diphosphate.
The energy which is released due to the breaking of this bond is used by the body cells to perform their daily functions. This process is called cell respiration.
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Which method helps prevent communicable diseases vaccination education?.
An easy, secure, and reliable method of preventing hazardous infections before you are exposed to them is vaccination.
What practise prevents the spread of infectious diseases?Wash your hands with soap and water frequently. When you're sick, you stay at home. Do not touch your mouth, nose, or eyes, especially if you are unwell. In order to prevent spreading germs to others, cover your coughs and sneezes.
What are the top 3 methods for stopping non-communicable diseases?Reduce the main risk factors that can be changed, like smoking, drinking too much alcohol, eating poorly, and not exercising. Create and put into effect efficient legal structures. Health systems should be oriented toward providing universal health coverage and patient-centered care. Encourage top-notch research and development.
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When did Mendel crossed a homozygous tall plant?.
Homozygous tall plants (TT) and homozygous short plants were crossed by Gregor Mendel (tt). The children that were produced were all tall. Height is a strong characteristic.
Mendel started his research by crossing two homozygous parental organisms with two different characteristics. When two alleles at a certain genetic location are identical, an organism is homozygous for that characteristic.
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which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution? group of answer choices a sewage treatment plant
An operating or dormant coal mine, a factory, a sewage treatment facility, and an electric generating stations are the non-point source of water pollution.
Nonpoint source pollution happens when contaminants are carried into waterways including such river, stream, lake, wetland, and even groundwater by washout from rain and snowmelt. An insufficient amount of fertilizers, herbicide, and insecticide are a few more non-point pollutants. toxic substances found in urban runoff. sediments from diverse farming, forestry, and building areas. Surface runoff from farms and gardens carrying fertilizer and pesticide waste into nearby rivers is regarded as a non-point pollution source. Instead of being specific sites, non - point sources of contamination are large, dispersed regions from which contaminants reach water bodies. For instance, crops, animal feedlots, clear-cut woods, city roadways, parking lots, lawn, and golf courses all cause runoff of chemical agents and sediments.
(Which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution?
a. an electric power plant
b. a sewage treatment plant
c. a factory
d. an active or inactive coal mine
e. a logged forest)
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What best describes the relationship between Ain't IA Woman and the women's suffrage movement?.
The relationship between "Ain't I a Woman?" and the women's suffrage movement can be best portrayed by fact that they both promote equal rights for women.
She made a speech titled "Ain't I A Woman?" in 1851 at the Akron, Ohio, Women's Convention. The female attendees at the convention were asked to demand a right and to convince others that giving women's right to vote was indeed a sensible and thoughtful idea and needed to be considered. The women's suffrage movement was fought to gain voting rights for women. To obtain that privilege, reformers and activists had to fight for nearly a century, and the battle was not simple.
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Explain what fermentation is and compare the type of fermentation used by humans to obtain energy with the type used by some kinds of bacteria.
I need answer asap it is about due
The fermentation process in humans refers to the lactic acid pathway, while in bacteria this metabolic process may also be due to alcoholic fermentation.
What is the fermentation anaerobic process?The fermentation anaerobic process is a metabolic pathway used by animals, bacteria and fungi to produce energy in the form of ATP in absence of oxygen (anoxia conditions)
This process (the fermentation anaerobic process) may lead to the generation of lactic acid when transforming simple carbs or sugars in humans, while alcoholic fermentation is a pathway used by bacteria, yeast and some fungi species in order to produce energy, which involves the generation of pyruvic acid or pyruvate.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the fermentation anaerobic process is different in the sense that it may generate lactic acid in humans or alcoholic fermentation in bacteria, which leads to the generation of pyruvate.
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Which of the following is a representative component of biohazard risk management?
a. Environmental stability
b. Work practices
c. Route of exposure
d. Immunization
The representative component of biohazard risk management is work practices.
Therefore, option B is correct.
What are work practices?Work practices is referred to as the execution of specific duties and tasks related to a job description, leveling potential hazards or risk factors that can compromise health and safety standards.
The way humans or other living organisms come into contact with a hazardous substance is known as route of exposure . Three routes of exposure are mainly known and they include
breathing [inhalation], eating or drinking [ingestion], or contact with the skin [dermal contact]Route of exposure is not a representative component of biohazard risk management.
Immunization is then described as the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent known as the immunogen. Immunization is not a representative component of biohazard risk management.
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In the body cells of most organisms, oxygen is used to release ________ for use by the cells.
In the body cells of most organisms, oxygen is used to release (C) energy for use by the cells.
The majority of living creatures use cellular respiration to synthesize ATP for energy requirements of the body cells. In this process, glycid or fatty acid molecules (particularly glucose) are broken down, producing water, carbon dioxide, and energy. This energy will be then utilized to create ATP.
Comparing the reagents and products of glucose respiration with those of their combustion reveals that the processes are comparable. One glucose molecule combines with O₂ in each scenario, resulting in the production of six CO₂ and six H₂O molecules.
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using your knowledge of dna repair pathways, choose the pathway that would be used to repair the following types of dna damage. drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
Direct reversal of the damage, excision repair, & postreplication repair are the three different categories of healing mechanisms.
What DNA means?A polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix is called deoxyribonucleic acid. Genetic material included in all recognized creatures, including many viruses, is essential to their growth, development, function, and reproduction. Nucleic acids include things like DNA and ribonucleic acid. DNA is a molecule that contains the biological characteristics that give each species its individuality. DNA and the information it contains are passed from adult tissues to their offspring during reproduction.
What is DNA made of?The four different types of smaller chemical molecules collectively known as nucleotide bases make up the linear molecule DNA. They are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine (A, C, G, and T).
Genes, the fundamental units of all creatures, are found in DNA. The ability of DNA to repeatedly replicate itself is its most crucial property. When creating new cells, passing genetic information from parents to children, and coding for RNA (ribonucleic acid) to create proteins, DNA must be copied.
Briefing:The damage requires direct reversal correction. For instance, in a procedure known as photoreactivation, DNA photolyase separates pyrimidine bases that UV radiation fused (a light-driven enzyme).
There are at least five major DNA repair pathways that are active at different times during the cell cycle and allow cells to repair DNA damage: base excision repair (BER), Mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining, and nucleotide excision repair (NER) (NHEJ).
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