The Evolution of Endosymbionts bacteria's mitochondrial DNA is measured to be 70S in size and mitochondria are observed to be 70S in size, this is the sole significant proof.
This indicates that the co-evolution of these two organisms was not only a result of happenstance, but rather that there existed some sort of endosymbiont interaction in the distant past or at the time of the genesis of complex multicellular animals. The organization of DNA in viruses and bacteria differs significantly from that of eukaryotes in terms of quantity, information content, packing, and chromosome replication. Bacteria and viruses have less DNA than eukaryotic do. While DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, it is organized into a single circular chromosome in viruses and bacteria.
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what is behavioral geneticists are primarily interested in
One goal of behavioural geneticist research is to determine how much hereditary and environmental factors contribute to behavioural variation in the group under study.
What is behavioral genetics?A field of science called behavioural genetics, often known as behaviour genetics, uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and root causes of behavioural variances among people. Even though the term "behavioural genetics" implies a focus on genetic influences, the field more broadly investigates how much genetic and environmental factors influence individual variations and the development of research techniques that can eliminate the confounding effects of genes and environment. In the late 19th century, Francis Galton founded the scientific area of behavioural genetics; however, due of its associations with eugenics organisations before and during World War II, it has since lost credibility.
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broo pls help , and this problem is science math
Answer:
it's 11.667 celsuis
Explanation:
Formula:[°C] = ([53] - 32) × 5/9
why is proline often found at places in proteins that are not alpha-helical?
Proline, unlike the other amino acids, has a constant angles around its C(alpha)-N bond, proline is frequently found at locations in proteins that are neither alpha-helical. Beta-turns work nicely with proline.
Which four kinds of proteins are there?Protein structure is divided into four levels: primary, middle, tertiary, and quaternary. Understanding the nature and function of each degree of something like a protein's structure is important for fully understanding how a protein works. Through Tracy Kovach.
What foods have a lot of protein?Plant-based foods (fruits, vegetable, grains, nuts, and seeds) frequently lack one or more necessary amino acids, but animal-based foods (meat, chicken, fish, eggs, and dairy products) are frequently good sources of complete protein.
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which of the following is true of a codon? which of the following is true of a codon? it never codes for the same amino acid as another codon. it can code for more than one amino acid. it is the basic unit of protein structure. it can be either in dna or in rna .
The correct answer is (C) It can be either in DNA or in RNA. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides (either A, U, C, or G) that codes for a specific amino acid during translation.
Codons can be found in both DNA and RNA, with DNA serving as the template for the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription. During translation, the mRNA codons are read by the ribosome, which pairs them with the appropriate amino acid. It is possible for different codons to code for the same amino acid due to the redundancy of the genetic code, but each codon codes for only one amino acid. The basic unit of protein structure translation is an amino acid, not a codon.
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The complete Question is:
Which of the following is true of a codon? (A) It never codes for the same amino acid as another codon. (B) It can code for more than one amino acid. (C) It can be either in DNA or in RNA (D) It is the basic unit of protein structure
which of the following best explains how some cells of an individual produce and secrete a specific enzyme, but other cells of the same individual do not? responses the cells contain different genes and therefore do not make the same proteins. the cells contain different genes and therefore do not make the same proteins. the cells have evolved under different selective pressures, resulting in some cells making proteins that others cannot. the cells have evolved under different selective pressures, resulting in some cells making proteins that others cannot. the cells transcribe and translate different combinations of genes, leading to the production of different sets of proteins. the cells transcribe and translate different combinations of genes, leading to the production of different sets of proteins. the cells produce different types of ribosomes that enable the translation of different genes.
Different gene combinations are translated and transcribed by the cells, resulting in the synthesis of various protein sets.
Proteins are created by genes, and proteins control how cells function. Therefore, a cell's capabilities are determined by the hundreds of genes that are expressed in that cell. Additionally, the cell can potentially regulate each stage of the informational chain from DNA to RNA to protein by altering the quantity and kind of proteins it produces. This allows the cell to self-regulate its operations. A protein's concentration in a cell at any one time reflects the equilibrium between its metabolic pathways for synthesis and degradation. Recall that protein creation begins with transcription (DNA to RNA) and continues with translation on the synthetic side of this balance (RNA to protein).
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according to walter b. cannon, homeostasis is a stable internal environment achieved through a system of:
According to Walter B. Cannon, homeostasis is a stable internal environment achieved through a system of physiological regulatory mechanisms.
Cannon defined homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the face of external perturbations, such as changes in temperature, hydration, or nutrient availability.
The physiological regulatory mechanisms involved in achieving homeostasis include a wide range of processes such as hormonal regulation, nervous system regulation, and cellular metabolic processes. These mechanisms work together to maintain the internal environment of the body within a narrow range of parameters that are necessary for optimal function.
Examples of homeostasis in action include the regulation of body temperature, blood glucose levels, and fluid balance. The body's ability to maintain homeostasis is essential for survival, and disruptions to these regulatory mechanisms can lead to disease and dysfunction.
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Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.
A) The menstrual phase of the cycle is from day 1 to day 8.
B) During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.
C) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone.
D) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
C) During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone is correct statement for uterine cycle.
The menstrual phase, follicular phase (also known as the proliferative phase), and luteal phase are three of the phases that make up the menstrual cycle (or secretory phase). The uterus sheds its lining during the menstrual phase, which typically lasts from day 1 to day 5 of the cycle. The proliferative phase, which normally lasts from day 6 to day 14, is when the follicle matures and starts to release more hormone. During this time, estrogen levels increase. The endometrial lining is growing during this period, and the follicle is being stimulated. Finally, progesterone levels increase as the follicle starts to generate more hormone during the secretory phase, which normally lasts from day 15 to day 28. If fertilization does place, a hormone released by the egg helps to keep the corpus luteum healthy. These are the phases of uterine cycle.
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Which is not a characteristic of life?
1) grow and develop
2) homeostasis
3) ability to reproduce
4) Consisting of more than one cell
Answer:
4. Consisting of more than one cell
Explanation:
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells, which are considered the fundamental units of life. Even unicellular organisms are complex! Inside each cell, atoms make up molecules, which make up cell organelles and structures. In multicellular organisms, similar cells form tissues.
living things have certain traits in common: Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt.
Which of the following is found both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?A.LysosomesB.MicrobodiesC.VacuolesD.Ribosomes
Ribosomes is the proper response.The ribosomes are totally made up of RNA as well as proteins.
In a ribosome, an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, the process of making proteins occurs in a cell. The messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is decoded by the ribosome, which translates the genetic code into a particular string of amino acids that form extended chains and fold to form proteins.Prokaryotic cells lack true nuclei and organelles that are connected to membranes. Only eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies, and vacuoles are only a few of the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. The Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles which are mostly are found as in both the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.True nuclei are absent in prokaryotic cells.
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the system of membranous saccules that is studded with ribosomes and capable of producing proteins is the
The system of membranous saccules that is studded with ribosomes and capable of producing proteins is termed as rough endoplasmic reticulum, or rough ER .
Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum :-
The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins.
Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -
The structure of the rough ER is also intimately involved with the presence of cytoskeletal elements – especially microtubules. When microtubule structure is temporarily disrupted, the ER network collapses and reforms only after the cytoskeleton is reestablished. Changes to the pattern of microtubule polymerization are also reflected in changes to ER morphology.
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10 different terminologies used in biology
abdomenabdomenabiogenesisabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportalleleabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsanabolismabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsanabolismGenegenitic
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explain the windmill controversy from snowball’s point of view.
A significant dispute in George Orwell's "Animal Farm" is the debate over windmills.
In the narrative, Snowball is one of the animal revolution's leaders and a supporter of constructing a windmill to produce electricity and improve the daily lives of the animals.
Snowball’s point of view.Snowball thinks the windmill will assist boost output and improve conditions for the farm's animals.Napoleon, who competes with Snowball, dislikes the windmill and starts a crusade against it. He contends that the resources could be better utilized for other things because constructing the windmill will be too costly and time-consuming.In addition, Snowball is expelled from the farm after Napoleon accuses him of being a traitor and a spy.From Snowball's perspective, the windmill stands for development and an improvement in the lives of the animals. He is dedicated to enhancing the farm, and he sees the windmill as a means of doing so. He is dissatisfied by Napoleon's opposition to the idea despite his willingness to work hard and make sacrifices to build the windmill.learn more about windmill controversy here
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the sodium/potassium pump contributes to: group of answer choices the energy conversation of the cell maintaining concentrations gradients through life the readiness to respond of the membrane
The sodium/potassium pump contributes to Option D is correct All the above option.
The sodium/potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell in the opposite direction of their concentration gradients. This process necessitates the use of energy, which is obtained through the hydrolysis of ATP. As a result, the sodium/potassium pump contributes to the cell's energy conversion.
The pump also helps to maintain concentration gradients across the cell membrane, which are necessary for many cellular processes such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and nutrient uptake.
Furthermore, the sodium/potassium pump influences the membrane's readiness to respond to stimuli. The pump aids in the establishment and maintenance of the resting membrane potential, which is required for the initiation of action potentials, which are electrical signals used for communication in the nervous system.
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Correct form of question is :
1. The sodium/potassium pump contributes to:
a.The energy conversation of the cell
b.Maintaining concentrations gradients through life
c.The readiness to respond of the membrane
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
18. In pea plants, round peas are dominant to wrinkled peas. Complete the cross Rrx
Rr. What percentage of the offspring would you expect be round?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%
Round peas outnumber wrinkled peas in pea plants. 50% of the offspring following the cross Rrx completion should be spherical.
option B
50% of the F1 generation's progeny had wrinkled seeds. Heterozygous (Rr) round seeds plants will result from a cross between homozygous round seeds plants (RR) and homozygous wrinkled seeds plants (RR) as F1 generation. Round seeds are a dominant characteristic in pea plants, whereas wrinkled seeds are a recessive trait. For the pea plant's seed form in this instance, "R" is the dominant allele and "r" is the recessive allele. The seed bearing plant would have genotype RR. The plant with genotype rr would thus produce seeds that were wrinkled.
As a result, if the outcome is entirely tall plants, the parent's genotype will be homozygous dominant (TT), and if it is 50% tall and 50% dwarf, the parent's genotype will be heterozygous.
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white blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are group of answer choices monocytes. basophils. eosinophils. neutrophils. lymphocytes.
The white blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are basophils. Option B is correct.
Basophils are a type of white blood cell that are involved in the immune response to allergies and parasitic infections. They are a type of granulocyte, which means they have granules in their cytoplasm that contain chemicals involved in the immune response.
Basophils release histamine and other chemical mediators in response to an allergen or parasite, which can cause symptoms such as itching, redness, and swelling. They also play a role in recruiting other immune cells to the site of an injury or infection.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are group of answer choices A) monocytes. B) basophils. C) eosinophils. D) neutrophils. E) lymphocytes."--
which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte?
The sporophyte stage, which is where the gametophyte is carried, dominates the life cycle most higher plants. The gametophyte in ferns is free-living and structurally significantly different from of the diploid sporophyte.
A haploid gametophyte is much more advanced than the sporophyte in bryophytes like mosses.The sporophyte stage, which is where the gametophyte is carried, dominates the life cycle most higher plants. The gametophyte in ferns is free-living and structurally significantly different from of the diploid sporophyte.
That is, within a structure known as the sporangium, the sporophyte exclusively produces one kind of spore.
The stage of a plant's life cycle that starts with the union of two solitary haploid gametes is known as the sporophyte generation. A single-celled haploid (2n) zygote is created as a result of this fusion of haploid (n) gametes. Through a sequence of mitotic divisions, the zygote develops and begins to germinate.
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every biomolecule featured in this video contains what element?
All biological molecules were organic molecules, which means they all include carbon atoms. Include polysaccharides, nucleic, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids.
What exactly are biomolecules and what do they do?Biomolecules are organic molecules that are made up of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. For live cells to survive, they are crucial. There is a high demand for several biological macromolecules that cannot be satisfied by their renewable supplies.
What is a brief explanation of a biomolecule?A chemical substance that is present in living things is called a biomolecule. These consist mostly of substances with the chemical elements carbon, gas, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. The foundation of life, biomolecules serve crucial roles in all living things.
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in the germline cell below there are two pairs of chromosomes on which are shown the locations of two different genes. f and f represent two different alleles of one gene, and q and q represent two different alleles of another gene. if this cell divides normally to produce sperm, what are the possible sperm genotypes? g
The possible genotypes for sperm are FQ, Fq, fQ, fq.
As per the question, the germline cell contain two pair of chromosomes on which two different genes are located. F and f are two alleles of the same gene, while Q and q are the alleles of another gene. The cell divides to form sperm, this means that the cell would undergo recombination and create pairs of the alternating genes in the sperm. Thus, the genotypes would be FQ, Fq, fQ, and fq.
Recombination is a process in cell division where the cell divides in order to break the pieces of DNA and recombine them so as to produce new combination of alleles. This is the process responsible for diversity among organisms. Offsprings do resemble their parents, but not are exact copies of their parents thanks to the process.
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What layer of skin has the fastest rate of mitosis?
Stratum Basale layer has the fastest rate of mitosis.
The Mitotic activity in the epidermis is usually high in the layer of stratum Basale layer. Also stratum Basale is considered as the deepest and innermost layer present in the epidermis that contain actively growing and dividing epithelial cells termed keratinocytes.
Hence, stratum Basale usually went through constant mitosis and keeps on replacing the cells that gets exfoliated from the skin's surface. In this layer the cells primarily composed of keratin and lipids sheds, other layers of the epidermis then replace that layer.
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which organelle receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and glycosylates them before sorting the proteins to other organelles?
Golgi Apparatus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum supplies the Golgi apparatus with proteins and lipids (fats). The vesicles are transported from the Golgi apparatus into the cis Golgi network's "unloading bay."
In order to create enclosed droplets known as vesicles, it changes some of them, sorts, concentrates and packs them.
Here, the "goods received" are examined. Any misdelivered items including compounds that ought to have remained in the RER are returned, packaged in vesicles, to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Once the proteins and lipids have been properly transported, they are next sent into the cisternae of the Golgi stack where they are processed and arranged in a systematic manner in accordance with any "labels" they may contain.
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term definition 4. natural system a. a branch of science focused on the relationships between humans and the natural world, and how to maintain and preserve our environment 5. environmental science b. an organism that isn't native to a place and can outcompete native species, as it's free from its natural enemies 6. ecology c. a group of natural objects or forces that work together as a whole 7. biosecurity d. a philosophy that studies the moral relationship between humans and the environment and between humans and all other living things 8. invasive species e. procedures put in place to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents 9. environmental ethics f. the study of interactions among plants and animals in a particular system brainly
The answers to the above from 4 to 9 are as follows:
4 - c
5 - a
6 - f
7 - e
8 - b
9 - d
4. Natural system - c. a group of natural objects or forces that work together as a whole
5. Environmental science - a. a branch of science focused on the relationships between humans and the natural world, and how to maintain and preserve our environment
6. Ecology - f. the study of interactions among plants and animals in a particular system of the brain
7. Biosecurity - e. procedures put in place to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents
8. Invasive species - b. an organism that isn't native to a place and can outcompete native species, as it's free from its natural enemies
9. Environmental ethics - d. a philosophy that studies the moral relationship between humans and the environment and between humans and all other living things.
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A DNA molecule with 24%24% guanine would have how much adenine?
In DNA, the percentages of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases are always equal, and similarly, the percentages of adenine (A) and thymine (T) bases are also always equal. This is due to the complementary base pairing rules in DNA, where G always pairs with C, and A always pairs with T.
Therefore, if a DNA molecule has 24% guanine (G), it must also have 24% cytosine (C), making the total percentage of guanine and cytosine 48% (24% + 24%). Since the percentages of A and T bases are also always equal, the total percentage of adenine and thymine must also be 48%. Therefore, the percentage of adenine (A) in the DNA molecule is also 24% (48% / 2). To calculate the actual number of adenine bases in the DNA molecule, we would need to know the total number of bases in the molecule. We can use the percentage values to estimate the relative proportions of the different bases, but the actual numbers will depend on the size of the DNA molecule.
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recall that your chambers had a set amount of co2 entering each chamber and then you measured how much co2 was exiting the chamber. suppose you conducted your experiment and discovered one of your chambers had a lower in-flow of air relative to the other chambers. what would this do to your data in that chamber?It would not change the results. It would bias the results toward more respiration. It would bias the results toward less photosynthesis. It would bias the results toward more photosynthesis.
On the off chance that one chamber had a lower in-progression of air than different chambers, how much CO2 entering the chamber would be lower, which would prompt lower CO2 leave levels in that chamber.
This would slant the information gathered from that chamber and could prompt incorrect estimations and ends. To guarantee precise readings, it is essential to guarantee all chambers have equivalent air in-stream.
To keep away from such blunders, it is essential to guarantee that all chambers have equivalent air in-stream. This can be accomplished by utilizing a predictable stream rate for all chambers, or by utilizing stream meters to quantify and control the in-progression of air into each chamber. By having predictable and controlled conditions, specialists can acquire precise and dependable information, which is fundamental for substantial logical ends.
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in the diagrammed dna molecule, assume the promoter for this gene is located to the right. which strand is the template strand for mrna synthesis?
To differenciate between the template and the coding strand, you need to identify the promoter. This segment is always located at the extreme of the template strand.
What are the DNA template and the coding strands?
During the transcription process, the DNI molecule separates into two strands to form the transcription bubble. Two strands are identified
The coding strand goes in directions 5' to 3',
The complementary strand -template strand- grows in directions 3' to 5'.
The template strand is the one that is going to be complemented by the mRNA. RNA polymerase is in charge of reading the original DNI strand for mRNA synthesis.
mRNA molecule grows complementing DNA base sequences beginning from the promoter position. Let us remember that the promoter is the DNA sequence to which proteins bind to initiate transcription.
The coding strand is not involved in transcription, and its nucleotidic sequence is the same as the mRNA sequence.
I could not find the diagrammed DNA molecule, but to identify the template strand, you need to look for the promoter position. The promoter is always located at the extreme of the template strand.
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Are the alleles on a recombinant chromatid the same as the original chromatid?
No. A change in a section of the chromosomes could influence the information in that chromatid since each gene can have various alleles here on genetic material in the homologous pair.
Since sister chromatids are descended from a single initial chromosome, they are essentially identical (carrying a same alleles, also known as variations or versions of genes).
The genes on identical chromosomes are ordered in the very same order, but their DNA sequences are somewhat different. Alleles are distinct variants of the same gene; they are frequently found on homologous chromosomes. Since sister chromatids are descended from a single initial chromosome, they are essentially identical (carrying a same alleles, also known as variations or versions of genes).They may be the same, yet they also frequently have minute distinctions. Alleles consequently comprise all the different gene variants.
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why would a scientist want to know the sequence of a dna molecule?
A scientist would want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule because it will help screen for different diseases, help treat those who have genetic disorders, and create treatments for new illnesses.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that carries the genetic material required for an organism's growth and operation. DNA has a double helix structure, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to form a twisted ladder.
Each strand's backbone is made up of deoxyribose and phosphate groups that alternate. Each sugar is linked to one of the four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). To connect the two strands, adenine forms chemical bonds with thymine and cytosine forms chemical bonds with guanine. The instructions for building a protein or RNA molecule are among the biological information encoded by the nucleotide sequence along the DNA backbone.
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why would the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe be in communication with the the speech center located in the frontal lobe?
To speak clearly, you must move the muscles of your mouth, tongue, and throat. This is where the motor cortex comes into play. Located in the frontal lobe, the motor cortex takes information from Broca's area and tells the muscles of your face, mouth, tongue, lips, and throat how to move to form speech.
What is motor cortex ?The main job of the motor cortex is to provide signals that control how the body moves. It is located in front of the central sulcus and belongs to the frontal lobe. It is made up of the supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex.
The area of the cerebral cortex known as the motor cortex is thought to be responsible for the organisation, management, and execution of voluntary motions. The frontal lobe's motor cortex is a region situated directly in front of the central sulcus in the posterior precentral gyrus.
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structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue are called
Homologous structures are ones that grow from the same embryonic tissues but have different mature forms.
What develops from the same embryonic tissue are structures?In male and female foetuses, undifferentiated embryonic tissues grow into various structures. Homologous structures are those that develop from the same tissues in males and females.
What are structures that might serve the same purpose yet come from various embryonic origins?Analogous structures in evolutionary biology are those that have corresponding or similar functions but do not share the same evolutionary ancestry. In other words, despite deriving from various branches of evolution, species use these biological traits for the same purpose.
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under the Linnaeus system of classification, organisms are grouped based on ____ and _____.
Under the Linnaeus system of classification, organisms are grouped based on -Name for all species.
-Grouping species into categories.
The Linnaean system is significant because it encouraged the use of binomial nomenclature to distinguish between species. Once the approach was accepted, scientists could communicate without using deceptive common names.
A person was considered a member of the Homo sapiens species regardless of the language they spoke. Living things are classified into groups based on their structure and characteristics. This system was developed in the seventeenth century by Carl Linnaeus. The classification of species allows living things to be divided into more specialised and smaller groups.
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What is the meaning of prometaphase?
Prometaphase is the second stage in the cell cycle during the process of mitosis.
Mitosis is the process by which a single cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Prometaphase is a step within mitosis. It occurs after prophase and before metaphase. During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to the chromosomes at their kinetochores. This allows for the proper alignment and separation of the chromosomes during metaphase and anaphase. Prometaphase is an important step in ensuring that each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.
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