The solution to the system of equations is x = 1, y = 10 and z = 4
How to solve the system of equations?The system of equations is given as:
3x +2y +4z = 11
2x -y +3z = 4
5x -3y +5z = -1
Multiply the second equation by 2
So, we have
4x - 2y + 6z = 8
Add this equation to the first equation
3x + 4x + 2y - 2y + 4z + 6z = 11 + 8
Evaluate the like terms
7x + 10z = 19
Multiply the second equation by 3
So, we have
6x - 3y + 9z = 12
Subtract this equation from the third equation
6x - 5x - 3y + 3y + 9z - 5z = 12 + 1
Evaluate the like terms
x + 4z = 13
Make x the subject
x = 13 - 4z
Substitute x = 13 - 4z in 7x + 10z = 19
7(13 - 4z) + 10z = 19
Expand
91 - 28z + 10z = 19
Evaluate the like terms
-18z = -72
Divide
z = 4
Substitute z = 4 in x = 13 - 4z
x = 13 - 4 * 4
Evaluate
x = 1
We have:
2x -y +3z = 4
This gives
2(1) - y + 3 * 4 = 4
Evaluate
2 - y + 12 = 4
This gives
y = 10
Hence, the solution to the system of equations is x = 1, y = 10 and z = 4
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ABCD is a rhombus. If AB = 2x + 12 , AC = 7x - 3, ∠=12°, and ∠ = (4y - 1)°.m ∠BAC = __ .
Answer: try 35
Step-by-step explanation:
What is 6x^2 + 4(x^2 - 1)? Like terms.
The value of x for the given equation is 0.632 and -0.632.
According to the statement
We have given that the equation and we have to a find the value of the x.
So, The given quadratic equation are:
Any equation containing one term in which the unknown is squared and no term in which it is raised to a higher power solve for x in the quadratic equation
The given terms are
[tex]6x^2 + 4(x^2 - 1) = 0[/tex]
Solving the equation the the outcome equation is
[tex]6x^2 + 4x^2 - 4 = 0\\10x^2 - 4 = 0\\10x^2 = 4\\x^2 = 4/10[/tex]
The value of x is 0.632 and -0.632.
So, The value of x for the given equation is 0.632 and -0.632.
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If segment fd = 45 units and segment de = 60 units, what is the value of a? round the solution to the nearest hundredth.
The value of 'a' closest to hundredths is 41.41
What is Triangle and its segment?A triangle could also be a polygon with three sides and three angles. The three sides for a triangle DEF shown above, written symbolically as △DEF, are line segments DE, EF, and DF
If three sides of a triangle are adequate to three sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. (2) If three angles of a triangle are respectively adequate to three angles of another triangle, then the 2 triangles are congruent.
According to the given data:Since this is often a right triangle, we'll use trig functions:
cos theta = adjacent / hypotenuse;
cos a=FD/DE;
cos a=45/60.
Taking the inverse of each side:
cos-1(cos a) =cos-1(3/4);
a=41.40962211.
After Rounding to the closest hundredth:
The value of a is 41.41.
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300 high school students were asked how many hours of TV they watch
per day. The mean was 2 hours, with a standard deviation of 0.5. Using a
90% confidence level, calculate the maximum error of estimate.
Using the z-distribution, it is found that the maximum error of the estimate is of 0.0475 hours.
What is a z-distribution confidence interval?The confidence interval is:
[tex]\overline{x} \pm z\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
In which:
[tex]\overline{x}[/tex] is the sample mean.z is the critical value.n is the sample size.[tex]\sigma[/tex] is the standard deviation for the population.The margin of error is given by:
[tex]M = z\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
For this problem, the values of the parameters are given as follows:
[tex]\sigma = 0.5, n = 300[/tex]
We have a 90% confidence level, hence[tex]\alpha = 0.9[/tex], z is the value of Z that has a p-value of [tex]\frac{1+0.9}{2} = 0.95[/tex], so the critical value is z = 1.645.
Thus the maximum error of the estimate in hours is found as follows:
[tex]M = z\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]
[tex]M = 1.645\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{300}}[/tex]
M = 0.0475 hours
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Answer:
4.75%
Step-by-step explanation:
Given: μ=z σ=0.5 ∩=300 CL=90%
Maximum error [tex]=Za/2*\frac{6}{\sqrt{n} } \\[/tex]
[tex]=1.645*\frac{0.5}{\sqrt{300} } \\=0.0475\\[/tex]
= 4.75%
A rotating sprinkler head sprays water as far as 20 feet. the head is set to cover a central angle of . what area of grass will be watered?
The area of the grass that will be watered is given by 800/9 pi ft^2.
What is the area of a circle?
Area of a circle is the region occupied by the circle in a two-dimensional plane. It can be determined easily using a formula, A = πr2, (Pi r-squared) where r is the radius of the circle. The unit of area is the square unit, such as m2, cm2, etc. Area of Circle = πr2 or πd2/4, square units. where π = 22/7 or 3.14.The area of a circle of radius r is given by:
A = πr²
In this problem, a rotating sprinkler head sprays water as far as 20 feet, hence the radius is of r = 20 ft.
It covers a central angle of 80º, while an entire circle has 360º, hence the area of grass that will be watered corresponds to 80/360 = 2/9 of the area of the circle.
Hence the watered area in ft² is given by-
A = 2/9 π × (20)²
= 800π/ 9
Therefore, the area of the grass that will be watered is given by 800/9 pi ft^2.
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A radio transmission tower is 210 feet tall. How long should a guy wire be if it is to
be attached 6 feet from the top and is to make an angle of 23° with the ground?
Give your answer to the nearest tenth of a foot.
Answer:
522.1
Step-by-step explanation:
Calculated based on 2 given angles and 1 given side.
Side b = 204
Angle ∠A = 90°
Angle ∠B = 23°
Angle ∠C = 180-90-23 = 67°
a = b·sin(A)/sin(B) = 522.09815
PLS HELP ME WITH THIS
Using it's concept, the experimental probability of getting an odd number and a number greater than 6 is given by:
1/5.
What is a probability?A probability is given by the number of desired outcomes divided by the number of total outcomes. An experimental probability is calculated considering the results of previous trials.
In this problem, there are 10 trials, and of those, 2 of them, trial 8 and trial 10, resulted in an odd number and a number greater than 6, hence the probability is:
p = 2/10 = 1/5.
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A free kick is given in a soccer game where the player taking the kick is 14 yards from the left post. the goalie is standing on the goal line at a point where he is 3 yards from the left post and 5 yards from the right post, to be sure that the angle that the kicker can kick and score is bisected. how far is the kicker from the right post, to the nearest yard?
IfIf a free kick is given in a soccer game where the player taking the kick is 14 yards from the left post. How far is the kicker from the right post, to the nearest yard is: A. 23 yards.
Distance of the kicker from the right postUsing sine theorem
Let Left triangle=3/sinx=14/sin∝
Let Right triangle=5/sinx=y/sin(180°-∝°)
Let Sin∝°=sin(180°-∝°) sinx=sinx
Let y represent how far is the kicker
Hence:
3/5=14/y
y=5×14/3
y=70/3
y=23.3333
y=23 yards (Approximately)
Therefore If a free kick is given in a soccer game where the player taking the kick is 14 yards from the left post. How far is the kicker from the right post, to the nearest yard is: A. 23 yards.
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Which value of y completes the proportion?
18/27 = 2/y
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 9
I picked c.) 3 am I right?
Answer:
c. 3
yes you are right, good job!!
Step-by-step explanation:
18 divided by what equals 2?
18 / 2 = 9 so 18 / 9 = 2
so 27 / 9 = y which y = 3
check: 9 x 3 = 27
Answer:
Yes, C
Step-by-step explanation:
18/2 = 9 so you need to divide 27 by 9 to get 3
Lines de and ab intersect at point c. lines d e and a b intersect at point c. angle a c e is (2 x 2) degrees. angle e c b is (5 x 3) degrees. what is the value of x? 12 25 38 52
The correct option is B.
The value will be = 25
What is the Angles of the triangle?
The sum of the two interior angles that are not adjacent to it equals the exterior angles of a triangle, but the interior angles of a triangle always add up to 180°. Subtracting the angle of the desired vertex from 180° is another method for determining a triangle's exterior angle.
Suppose point C is where lines DE and AB converge.∠ACE = (2x+2)°
∠ECB = (5x+ 3)°
Angles ACE and ECB are additional angles according to the linear postulate, as seen in the attached diagram.
Therefore:
∠ACE+∠ECB = 180°
(2x+2)+(5x+3) = 180
2x+ 5x+ 2+ 3 = 180
7x + 5 = 180
7x = 175
x= 175/7
x = 25
Thus the value will be = 25
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I understand that the question you are lookin for is :
Lines de and ab intersect at point c. lines d e and a b intersect at point c. angle a c e is (2 x 2) degrees. angle e c b is (5 x 3) degrees. what is the value of x?
A.12
B. 25
C. 38
D. 52
X
-3
-1
1
3
f(x) = -x + 7
f(x)
8
2323
20
6
Determine the input that would give an output value of
W/N!
2
X=
=-3x+7
Answer: 19
Step-by-step explanation:
Multiplying both sides of the equation by [tex]-3[/tex] gives that [tex]x=19[/tex].
Three friends decide to go out to eat, and then go shopping. if there are 5 local restaurants and 4 good stores for shopping, how many possibilities are there for their big night out
Using the Fundamental Counting Theorem, there are 20 possibilities for their big night out.
What is the Fundamental Counting Theorem?It is a theorem that states that if there are n things, each with [tex]n_1, n_2, \cdots, n_n[/tex] ways to be done, each thing independent of the other, the number of ways they can be done is:
[tex]N = n_1 \times n_2 \times \cdots \times n_n[/tex]
For this problem, we have that:
There are 5 restaurants, hence [tex]n_1 = 5[/tex].There are 4 stores, hence [tex]n_2 = 4[/tex].The number of possibilities is given by:
N = 5 x 4 = 20.
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Solve x in the equation 3x=2
❄ Hi there,
let us first figure out what we need to do to find x in this equation.
Since x is
multiplied by 3we will
divide by 3In other words we'll do just the opposite.
[tex]\sf{3x=2}\\\sf{x=\dfrac{2}{3}}[/tex]
That's it!
❄
Select the correct answer.
A survey was given to randomly selected employees who drive to work. Each employee was asked to report if they had received a speeding ticket on their morning commute to work any time in the last year. The results are in the table. Which conclusion can be made from the data?
The conclusion that can be made from the data is that the probability illustrates that the employees who regularly leave for work late as less likely to receive a speeding ticket than employees who regularly leave for work early or on time.
What is probability?It should be noted that probability simply means the likelihood of the occurence of an event.
In this case, the survey was given to randomly selected employees who drive to work and eagh employee was asked to report if they had received a speeding ticket on their morning commute to work any time in the last year.
Therefore, the conclusion is that the the employees who regularly leave for work late as less likely to receive a speeding ticket than employees who regularly leave for work early or on time.
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Answer: B: The probability of an employee receiving a speeding ticket given that they regularly leave for work early or on time is less than the probability of an employee not receiving a speeding ticket given that they regularly leave for work late.
Step-by-step explanation:
trust me :)
Given the angles inscribed in the circle, find m ∠ DBC.
Answer:
m∠DBC = 51°
Step-by-step explanation:
Circle Theorem vocabulary
Chord: A straight line joining two points on the circle.Inscribed angle: The angle formed when two chords meet at one point on a circle.Intercepted arc: The arc that is between the endpoints of the chords that form the inscribed angle.Inscribed Angle Theorem
The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.
Therefore:
[tex]\sf \implies \angle DBC=\dfrac{1}{2}\:\overset{\frown}{BC}[/tex]
[tex]\sf \implies \angle DBC=\dfrac{1}{2}\:(102^{\circ})[/tex]
[tex]\sf \implies \angle DBC=51^{\circ}[/tex]
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[tex]\huge\underline{\underline{\boxed{\mathbb {SOLUTION:}}}}[/tex]
To determine ∠DBC, we will apply the theorem relating the inscribed angle to the intercepted arc:
[tex]\longrightarrow \sf{Intercepted \: arc= (inscribe \: angle)}[/tex]
[tex]\longrightarrow \sf{Intercept \: arc= 102^\circ}[/tex]
[tex]\longrightarrow \sf{Inscribed \: angle= \angle DBC }[/tex]
[tex]\longrightarrow \sf{102=2( \angle DBC)}[/tex]
[tex]\longrightarrow \sf{\angle DBC= \dfrac{102}{2} }[/tex]
▪ [tex]\longrightarrow \sf{\angle DBC = 51^\circ}[/tex]
[tex]\huge\underline{\underline{\boxed{\mathbb {ANSWER:}}}}[/tex]
[tex]\boxed{\bf{\large m \: \angle DBC= 51^\circ}}[/tex]
help i dont remember dis stuff from last year
See below for the solution to the systems of equations
How to solve the systems of equations?System of equations 1
Here, we have
3x - 4y = -16
3x + 4y = 8
We start by plotting the graph of both equations
Next, we write out the point of intersection of the equations
See attachment for the equation of the system
From the attached graph, the point of intersection of the equations is (-4/3, 3)
Hence, the solution to the system is (-4/3, 3)
System of equations 2
Here, we have
-x = - 6 + 2y
-18 + 6y = -3x
We start by plotting the graph of both equations
Next, we write out the point of intersection of the equations
See attachment for the equation of the system
From the attached graph, both lines are on each other
This means that the system of equations have infinite many solutions
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A whole number is 6 more than 2 times another number. The sum of the two numbers is less than 50. This can be written in an inequality as x + 2x + 6 < 50, where x represents the smaller number.
The solution to the system of equation is x < 44/3
Expansion of inequality expressionsInequality expressions are expressions not separated by an equal sign. An example of an inequality is a < b
Given the inequality expression below;
x + 2x + 6 < 50
Simplify to have:
3x + 6 < 50
Subtract 6 from both sides
3x + 6 - 6 < 50 - 6
3x < 50 - 6
3x < 44
Divide both sides by 3
3x/3 < 44/3
x < 44/3
Hence the solution to the system of equation is x < 44/3
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When conducting a hypothesis test for a given sample size, if the probability of a type i error decreases, then the __________.
Based on the type I error, if a hypothesis test leads to the probability of a type I error decreasing, then the a. probability of incorrectly accepting the null hypothesis decreases.
What is a type I error?A type I error refers to when we are are engaged in a hypothesis test and end up rejecting the Null hypothesis even though it is true.
If we are in hypothesis tests and the probability of a type 1 error decreases, then it means that the probability of us correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false increases.
It also means that the probability of us correctly accepting the null hypothesis when it is true increases as well.
This can further be said as the probability of us accepting the null hypothsis when it is false, decreases. There are therefore less chances of us incorrectly accepting the null hypothesis.
Options for this question include:
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PLEASE HELP ME SOLVE THE QUESTION BELOW
Ann and Tom want to establish a fund for their grandson's college education. What lump sum must they deposit at 12 % annual interest rate, compounded quarterly , in order to have 20,000$ in the fund at the end of 10 years?
For Ann and Tom to have $20,000 at the end of 10 years, they must deposit a sum of $6,131.14.
What is the principal?
To calculate the sum of money they must deposit, use the compound interest formula.
From the compound interest formula;
P = A / ( 1 + r/n )^(nt)
Given that;
Final amount A = 20,000Interest rate r = 12% = 12/100 = 0.12Compound n = quarterly = 4Time t = 10 yearsPrincipal P = ?P = A / ( 1 + r/n )^(nt)
P = 20,000 / ( 1 + 0.12/4 )^(4×10)
P = 20,000 / ( 1.03)^40
P = 20,000 / 3.26203779
P = $6,131.14
Therefore, for Ann and Tom to have $20,000 at the end of 10 years, they must deposit a sum of $6,131.14.
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Indicate the equation of the line meeting the given conditions. Put the equation in standard form.
Containing E(4, 3) and A(6, 1)
Answer:
x + y = 7
Step-by-step explanation:
the equation of a line in slope- intercept form is
y = mx + c ( m is the slope and c the y- intercept )
calculate m using the slope formula
m = [tex]\frac{y_{2}-y_{1} }{x_{2}-x_{1} }[/tex]
with (x₁, y₁ ) = E (4, 3 ) and (x₂, y₂ ) = A (6, 1 )
m = [tex]\frac{1-3}{6-4}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{-2}{2}[/tex] = - 1 , then
y = - x + c ← is the partial equation
to find c substitute either of the 2 points into the partial equation
using (4, 3 )
3 = - 4 + c ⇒ c = 3 + 4 = 7
y = - x + 7 ← equation in slope- intercept form ( add x to both sides )
x + y = 7 ← equation in standard form
Create a visual plot of the data in the table by constructing a bar graph.
3. What is the average view of the dress code? How did you come to this
conclusion?
4. The dress code will be changed if more than 60% of the school feels like a
change is needed. If 40% of this majority agrees on the same change, that will
be what is done with the dress code. Will the dress code change? Do we know
which option will occur? Be sure to explain your reasoning.
The average view of the dress code is that this dress is not good
Explain how Rashad could collect data to ensure that it is a random sample of the population.For Rashad's sample to be a random sample gotten from the population, the following must be considered.
First, he must have a defined population. In this case, his population is all the students in his high school (non students are not to be considered)Next, he must have a defined sample size (say 10% or 20% of the total number of students in the school)Next, he must select students at random (a perfect example of this is one of every five or ten students that enters the school gate.Lastly, he must collect data for his sampleCreate a visual plot of the data in the table by constructing a bar graph.To do this, we simply create a bar graph.
The response would go into the x-axis, while the number of people would go into the y-axis
See attachment for bar graph
What is the average view of the dress code? How did you come to this conclusion?The average view of the dress code is that this dress is not good
It is considered the average view of the dress code because it is the opinion with the most frequency
Will the dress change?The number of students that do not like the dress as:
210 + 206 + 770 = 1186
Their percentage is
Percentage = 1186/(210 + 206 + 770 + 358)
Percentage = 77%
This means that
Yes, the dress will change
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4. The figure shows a rectangular tank.
(a) The capacity of the tank is ___ L.
(b) After pouring 10L of water into the tank, the depth of water will be __ cm.
Answer:
20 L volume and 12.5 cm depth.
Step-by-step explanation:
See attached image.
The equation represents a hyperbola centered at the origin with a directrix of . what is the value of b? 10 16 20 26
the value of b is = 10.
The equation of a hyperbola is x^2/24^2 - y^2/ (10)^2= 1.
What is hyperbola?The geometric characteristics of a hyperbola or the equations for which it is the solution set characterize it as a particular kind of smooth curve that lies in a plane. Mirror reflections of each other that resemble two infinite bows make up a hyperbola's two connected components or branches.
What is the general formula for hyperbola?The general formula for hyperbola = (x - h)²/a²- (y - k)²/(b)² = 1
According to the given information:x²/24 - y²/(b)² = 1
(x - 0)²/24 - (y -0)²/(b)² = 1
a=24,h=0 and k=0
Now equation of the directrix
x=a²/c...(1)
and we know x=576/26...(2)
Therefore from 1 and 2 we get
24²/c=576/26.
isolate the c so we get,
C=26
C= center of focii
c = √(a² + b³)
c² = a² + b²
b = c² - a²
b = 10
So we get the value of b is 10.
Therefore the equation of a hyperbola is x²/24² - y²/ (10)² = 1.
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You are on a jungle expedition and come to a raging river. You need to build a bridge across the river. You spot a tall tree directly across from you on the opposite bank (point ). You place a pole in the ground to mark the position directly across from the tree. From the spot you are standing, you walk directly downstream 16 feet and place another pole (point ). You keep walking down stream and mark a third spot with a pole that is 7 feet from your last pole (point ). Turning perpendicular from the last pole, you walk away from the river 9 feet to another position and place a fourth pole (point ).
a. Determine if the two triangles are similar. Explain which similarity theorem you used and why.
b. Use proportions to calculate the distance across the river.
A large tree is close to point and we could chop it down at an angle to reach point and safely cross the river.
c. How tall does the tree need to be to span the river from point to ?
There was an earthquake in San Francisco April 18, 1906. More recently there was another earthquake in Columbia June 27, 2014. Earthquakes are measured using the associated amplitude on the Richter scale. Let a1 be the amplitude for the San Francisco earthquake and a2 be the amplitude for the Columbian earthquake.
San Francisco earthquake equations is below:
R1=log(a1/T)+B=7.8
Columbia earthquake equations is below:
R2=log(a2/T)+B=5.6
a. Use the properties of logs to determine how many more times severe was the San Francisco earthquake? The severity is equal to the ratio below: a1/a2
Solving a logarithmic equation, it is found that the San Francisco earthquake was 24.71 times more intense than the Columbian earthquake.
How to find the ratios of the intensity of earthquakes?As given in the problem, the intensities of the earthquakes are given by logarithms of base 10. Then, supposing that the intensities are R1 and R2, with R1 greater than R2, the ratio of the intensities, that is, how much intense R1 is than R2, is given as follows:
[tex]r = 10^{\frac{R_1}{R_2}}[/tex]
For this problem, the intensities are given as follows:
San Francisco: R1 = 7.8.Columbia: R2 = 5.6.Then, the ratio of the intensities is given as follows:
[tex]r = 10^{\frac{7.8}{5.6}} = 24.71[/tex]
The San Francisco earthquake was 24.71 times more intense than the Columbian earthquake.
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The use of cellular phones in automobiles has increased dramatically in the last few years. Of concern to traffic experts, as well as to manufacturers of cellular phones, is the effect on accident rates. Is someone who is using a cellular phone more likely to be involved in a traffic accident? What is your conclusion from the following sample information? Use the 0.05 significance level.
The conclusion based on the hypothesis is that do not reject the null hypothesis as the row an column factors are independent.
How to make the conclusion?From the information given, the null hypothesis is that the row and the column factors are independent. The alternative hypothesis is that they're dependent.
This was run by using the Chi square test and the following information was gotten:
Test statistic = 2.5234
P- value = 0.1122
Degree of freedom = (2-1)(2-1) = 1
Since the p value is equal to 1%, do not reject the null hypothesis as the row an column factors are independent.
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Answer and explanation in the attached file.
Gareth pays $ 60 for 9 m of climbing rope. how much will sophie pay for 15 m at the same store? $
Sophie will pay money equivalent to $ 100 for 15 m at the same store.
The term "money" in mathematics refers to a form of payment, such as bills, coins, and demand deposits, that is used to purchase goods and services. Money is used to pay for the worth or price of an item or service.
A country's monetary system is referred to as its currency.
In the case of Gareth,
Money paid for 9 m of climbing = $ 60
Money paid per m of climbing = $ 60/9
Thus, money paid by Sophie for 15 m of climbing = 15 * 60/9
= $ 100
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3-12x4-6x²
Expression in standard form:
Leading Coefficient:
Answer:
Below in bold.
Step-by-step explanation:
Standard form:
-12x⁴ - 6x² + 3.
Leading Coefficient:
-12.
Given: f(x) = 2x + 5 and g(x) = x² and h(x) = -2x
h(g(f(x))) =
RETRY
X² +
X +
Answer: [tex]-8x^2 -40x-50[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
[tex]h(g(f(x))\\\\=h(g(2x+5))\\\\=h((2x+5)^2)\\\\=h(4x^2 +20x+25)\\\\=-2(4x^2 +20x+25)\\\\=-8x^2 -40x-50[/tex]
The value of the composite function h(g(f(x))) = -8x² - 40x - 50.
We have,
To find the composition h(g(f(x))), we need to substitute the function g(f(x)) into h(x) and simplify.
Given:
f(x) = 2x + 5
g(x) = x²
h(x) = -2x
First, we find g(f(x)) by substituting f(x) into g(x):
g(f(x)) = g(2x + 5) = (2x + 5)² = (2x + 5)(2x + 5) = 4x² + 20x + 25
Now, we substitute g(f(x)) into h(x):
h(g(f(x))) = h(4x² + 20x + 25) = -2(4x² + 20x + 25) = -8x² - 40x - 50
Therefore,
The value of the composite function h(g(f(x))) = -8x² - 40x - 50.
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Marcia made 10 bracelets for 5 friends. Jen made 12 bracelets for 4 friends. Are these ratios/rates equivalent?
Answer:
These ratios are not equivalent as Marcia is 2 per friend while Jen is 3 per friend
Step-by-step explanation:
Marcia made 10 bracelets for 5 friends where each friend will be getting 2 bracelets with a 1:2 ratio
Jen made 12 bracelets for 4 friends where each friend will be getting 3 bracelets with a 1:3 ratio