Course: Critical Thinking.
Each of the following passages provided from your text suggests an error in thinking. Decide what error each suggests and explain your answer.
Textbook: Beyond Feelings, A Guide to Critical Thinking, Ninth Edition. CHAPTER 13
a. In 1876, after learning of Alexander Graham Bell’s patent for the telephone, a Western Union telegraph executive sent the following in-house memo: "The ‘telephone’ has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us."
b. Many years ago Dr. Wellington Koo, a respected Asian diplomat, attended a formal dinner and happened to be seated next to an American man who did not know him. When soup was served, the stranger said to Dr. Koo in a friendly voice, "Likee soupee?" Dr. Koo nodded in reply. Later, when the meal was finished, Dr. Koo was introduced, walked to the podium, and gave an eloquent presentation in perfect English. When he returned to his seat, he turned to the stranger and said, with a twinkle in his eye, "Likee speechee?"
c. Psychological research reveals that human beings have a tendency "to attribute the behavior of others to personality factors and that of ourselves to situational factors." In other words, if someone else acts offensively, we believe that is the way he or she is, whereas when we act offensively, we say we had no choice under the circumstances.

False. The difference between an anxiety attack and a panic attack lies in their underlying causes and intensity.

Contrary to the statement, anxiety attacks and panic attacks are not distinguished by their suddenness or acuteness. Both types of attacks can occur suddenly and with intensity. The key distinction between them lies in their underlying causes and the specific symptoms experienced during an episode.

Anxiety attacks, also known as anxiety or panic disorder, are characterized by excessive worry, fear, and apprehension. They often arise from a general sense of unease or stress and can manifest as physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and sweating. These attacks typically develop gradually and are triggered by specific stressors or triggers.

On the other hand, panic attacks are sudden and intense episodes of fear or discomfort that reach their peak within minutes. They are often accompanied by physical symptoms such as a racing heart, chest pain, dizziness, trembling, and a sense of impending doom. Panic attacks are often unexpected and can occur even without an obvious trigger. They may be associated with panic disorder or other anxiety disorders.

In summary, the primary distinction between anxiety attacks and panic attacks lies in their underlying causes and the specific symptoms experienced during an episode. While anxiety attacks may develop gradually and be triggered by specific stressors, panic attacks are sudden, intense, and often occur without a clear trigger.

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Social and political development can sometimes be abused, neglected, or ignored in favor of economic development when a narrow focus is placed on economic growth at the expense of broader societal well-being and inclusive governance. One example of this can be seen in the exploitation of natural resources in certain countries.

For instance, imagine a fictional country called "Aurora" that is rich in valuable natural resources such as oil, minerals, or timber. The government of Aurora, driven by the desire for economic development and revenue generation, enters into contracts with multinational corporations for resource extraction without adequately considering the social and political implications.

In this scenario, the government neglects to prioritize environmental protection, human rights, and local community engagement. Environmental regulations are weak or poorly enforced, leading to pollution, habitat destruction, and adverse health effects for local populations. The indigenous communities residing in the resource-rich areas are marginalized, their rights disregarded, and their lands encroached upon without meaningful consultation or compensation. The government fails to establish transparent governance mechanisms and accountability frameworks, allowing corruption and rent-seeking to thrive.

In this pursuit of economic development, the social and political aspects of development, such as environmental sustainability, human rights, and inclusive governance, are undermined or ignored. The focus solely on economic gains perpetuates inequality, exacerbates social tensions, and hampers long-term sustainable development.

It is crucial to recognize that sustainable and inclusive economic development should be pursued hand-in-hand with social and political development.

A holistic approach that considers the broader well-being of communities, respects human rights, and promotes participatory governance is essential to ensure that economic growth benefits all members of society and safeguards the environment for future generations.

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Sexual development appeared to be a natural progression for individuals. It is a biological and physiological process that occurs in all people, regardless of sexual orientation or gender.

Furthermore, sexual orientation and gender are not the same thing; gender is a person's biological and physiological identity, whereas sexual orientation is a person's attraction to other people. The media has a complicated relationship with sex, in that it uses sex to sell products but then condemns sexual behavior in public. The labeling of deviant behavior is challenging, particularly when it pertains to culture.
Sigmund Freud called the situation where a person is not able to develop successfully through phases a fixation. Fixation happens when a person is unable to move on from a stage of development. For example, an oral fixation can lead to excessive eating or smoking.

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The first thing Emma must do to Get into the exit lane.

The first thing Emma must do to get off the highway is to identify the upcoming exit and then transition into the appropriate exit lane. The exit lane is a designated lane on the right side of the highway specifically intended for vehicles exiting the roadway.

By getting into the exit lane, Emma ensures that she is in the correct position to safely and smoothly exit the highway. It allows her to separate from the main flow of traffic and prepares her for the upcoming exit ramp. Before changing lanes, Emma should use her vehicle's turn signal to indicate her intention to exit.

This signals to other drivers that she intends to move into the exit lane and helps maintain safety on the road. Once in the exit lane, Emma should maintain a safe speed and be attentive to any signage or markings that provide further guidance on the exit procedure. She should also be mindful of other vehicles around her and yield to any merging or exiting traffic as necessary.

It is important for Emma to plan her exit in advance, stay focused, and make the necessary lane change into the exit lane safely and smoothly. This initial step sets the foundation for a successful and controlled exit from the highway.

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