Epinephrine activates the cyclic amp pathway. in this example, epinephrine is a(n) first messenger and camp is a(n) second messenger
Epinephrine belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetic agents). It acts by relaxing the airway muscles and constricting the blood vessels. Epinephrine injection is used to treat severe allergic responses (including anaphylaxis) to insect bites or stings, drugs, foods, or other substances in an emergency.
It is also used to treat anaphylaxis caused by unknown chemicals or exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Epinephrine acts swiftly to enhance breathing, accelerate the heart, boost blood pressure, reverse hives, and reduce swelling of the face, lips, and throat.
Increased vascular smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, and intestinal sphincter muscle contraction are all caused by epinephrine. Other noteworthy effects include increased heart rate, myocardial contractility, and beta-1 receptor-mediated renin release.
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About how many infective doses would it take to establish hiv infection in the human body?
An infectious dose is capable of establishing HIV infection in the human body. HIV-positive person who has acute HIV infection could carry a transmission risk of up to 2% (the equivalent of 1 transmission per 50 exposures) for receptive 20% (equivalent to 1 transmission per 5 exposures) for receptive.
How quickly can HIV be transmitted?It takes time for the body to develop HIV antibodies after infection. Almost all persons develop antibodies within 2 to 12 weeks, but it can take up to 6 months after infection. A positive result means antibodies to HIV were found in your body. This means you have HIV infection.
With this information, we can conclude that Through saliva, tears, or sweat. By hugging, shaking hands, sharing toilets, sharing dishes, or closed-mouth or “social” kissing with someone who has HIV. Through other activities that don't involve the exchange of body fluids (for example, touching). Through the air.
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Proteins may be classified according to their three-dimensional shapes. Determine whether the following examples and descriptions refer to fibrous proteins, globular proteins, or both fibrous and globular proteins. True or false?.
Answer:
Explanation:
Polymers of amino acids can be both fibrous as well as globular protein. Hemoglobin is a globular but the collagen is the fibrous protein both being the amino acids.
Blood passes through the left av valve as it moves from the _______ to the _______.
Answer:
left atrium; left ventricle
Blood passes through the left AV valve as it moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
The left AV valve is also known as the mitral valve or bicuspid valve. It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle in the heart and allows blood to flow from the left atrium, where it has been collected from the lungs, into the left ventricle, from where it is pumped out to the rest of the body during the contraction of the heart.
Blood is a vital bodily fluid that circulates through the circulatory system of animals, including humans. The blood's primary functions include transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells, removing waste products and carbon dioxide from cells, regulating body temperature, carrying hormones, and supporting the immune system.
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Which of the following statements best expresses the concept of punctuated equilibrium?
A. Small variations gradually accumulate in evolving lineages over periods of millions of years.
B. Stability is achieved when selection favors the heterozygote, while both types of homozygotes are at a relative disadvantage.
C. Random mating ensures that the proportions of genotypes in a population remain unchanged from generation to generation.
D. Evolutionary changes consist of rapid births of speciation alternating with long periods in which species remain essentially unmodified.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Dna profiling relies on an individual's ________, no two of which are the same between different people, except identical twins
DNA profiling relies on an individual's unique set of short tandem repeats within DNA. no two of which are the same between different people, except identical twins.
What is DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix and which contains the genetic material necessary for all known creatures, including many viruses, to develop, function, grow, and reproduce. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid.The molecule that carries the genetic information required for an organism to grow and function is called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.The structure of DNA is a double helix, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder.The instructions required for a creature to grow, endure, and reproduce are encoded in its DNA. DNA sequences must be transformed into messages that can be utilized to create proteins, which are the complex molecules that carry out the majority of the work in our bodies, in order to perform these activities.
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Students are having a group discussion and notice that maria has not had a chance to introduce her thoughts. which student response best draws maria into the discussion?
Aside from having potent anti-inflammatory effects, glucocorticoids also promote homeostasis of which system?
Along with anti-inflammatory effects, glucocorticoids also promote homeostasis in T lymphocytes.
what are the role of glucocorticoid?
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones have anti-inflammatory effects. as well as glucose homeostasis activity.
The hormones secreted from the cortex regulate glucose metabolism, synthesis in the adrenal cortex.
It promote gluconeogenesis in liver, but in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue decrease glucose uptake, modulate the function of pancreatic α and β cells and help in to regulation of glucagon and insulin.
It also affect on glucose homeostasis to preserve plasma glucose for brain during stress.
Hence, glucocorticoids also promote homeostasis in T lymphocytes.
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Which are examples of how the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?
Two hormones are produced and kept in the posterior pituitary gland. generating control chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland. encourages the release of essential hormones from the adrenal cortex.
By releasing particular regulatory hormones, the hypothalamus regulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland's ability to produce hormones. Hypothalamic neurons produce regulatory substances into the interstitial fluids around the median eminence, swelling close to the infundibulum's connection. The pituitary gland, which produces and distributes additional critical hormones throughout the body, collaborates with the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland jointly regulate a large number of the body's hormone-producing glands, collectively known as the endocrine system. The thyroid, gonads, and adrenal cortex.
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Doctors are investigating the possible inheritability of a disease with no current known cause. What tool might be useful to help track the disease’s prevalence?
Pedigrees tool might be useful to help track the disease’s prevalence.
A pedigree chart, which is most frequently used to represent people, show dogs, and race horses, depicts the incidence and manifestation of phenotypes of a specific gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next. A pedigree reveals the connections between family members and identifies the members of a family who have particular genetic pathogenic variations, features, and diseases as well as their current health. A family's pedigree might reveal how diseases are passed down through the generations.
Pedigree analysis is used to identify the mode of inheritance, which may be autosomal, mitochondrial, dominant, partial dominant, or sex-linked. Additionally, it calculates the likelihood that a person or their progeny will be impacted by the particular cross.
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How are the reproductive cycles of a fungus and a pteridophyte similar?
Fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota form mycorrhizal associations with orchids, a type of flowering plant. How do these associations benefit both the fungi and the orchids?
Fungus and a pteridophyte organisms produce haploid spores and exhibit diploid and haploid stages.
What is haploid stages?After mitosis, diploid cells are created that have the same genetic makeup as their parent cell. After meiosis, due to genetic cross-over, the haploid cells are not genetically identical to their parents. The sporophytic stage of the lifecycle is the diploid stage. The gametophytic stage of the lifecycle is the haploid stage.A diploid zygote is created when gametes produced by the multicellular haploid stage (the gametophyte) join together during mitosis. The zygote grows into a multicellular, mature diploid organism called a sporophyte, which uses meiosis to produce haploid spores.Any member of the eukaryotic group of organisms, which also includes the more well-known mushrooms and microbes like yeast and mold, is referred to as a fungus.Learn more about haploid stage here:
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With your own words about the dangerous diseases in Honduras
for today please.
Chikungunya ( virus gotten thru mosquitoes )
Dengue Fever ( virus gotten thru mosquitoes )
Malaria ( parasite gotten thru mosquitoes ) treatment : quinine
Hepatitis B ( contagious ... like food eaten which was cooked from unclean hands) treatment : vaccine , antiviral medicine
Rabies ( bite of an rabid animal like dog or bat) treatment: needs shots right away, antiviral medicine, blood transfusion
Tetanus (cut from rusted metal) treatment : vaccine ,
Travellers' Diarrhoea
cdc
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Loss of fluid from the plasma will in part be replaced by fluid moving ______ cells.
Fluid migrating skeletal muscle cells will partially replace the fluid lost from the plasma.
What major force propels liquid out of the plasma chamber?
The pressure that a liquid applies against a wall, hydrostatic pressure is what moves fluid across sections. The force that blood applies to the vascular endothelium as a result of the cardiovascular motion is known as the hydrostatic tension of blood. Due to the constant interchange of water, ions, and tiny solutes throughout the walls of the capillaries via pores, and capillary clefts, plasma, and interstitial fluid are remarkably similar to one another.Large skeletal muscles' movements assist in pumping blood and lymph liquid all across the system. Our body's vessels are pushed aside as we exercise and contract both major and tiny muscular, acting as a compressor to circulate fluids throughout our system.Learn more about fluid here:
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Population projections estimate that by 2050 we will reach a world population of 11 billion. the world already faces issues feeding the 7 billion people that currently live here. should genetically modified organisms be used to help meet the world’s food needs?
Yes, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) should be used to help meet the world’s food needs but with taking care of all the ethical concerns.
What are genetically modified organismsOrganisms whose genetic material i.e. genes are being modified by certain molecular biology techniques are known as genetically modified organisms. The genes which are manipulated or modified are known as transgenes therefore these organisms are also known as transgenic organisms.
Why should they be used to help meet the world’s food needs?As the world’s population is rapidly increasing, there is a need for new technologies which can help meet this challenge. Currently, the agriculture which is practiced today is not sustainable, a lot of herbicides and pesticides are being used which has led to massive destruction of the lands.
So, genetically modified organisms become a solution to it.
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As the body prepares to deal with a stressful threat, the adrenal glands release which stress hormone?
Biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called _____ and are regulated by a cluster of neurons called the _____.
Biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called circadian rhythms and are regulated by a cluster of neurons called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
What is the circadian rhythm?The circadian rhythm refers to the biological process regulated by the duration of a calendar day, which is common for many organisms ranging from animals to plants.
The circadian rhythms enable the maintenance of homeostatic control of physiological functions and thus perform metabolic activities.
In conclusion, biological processes that systematically vary over a 24-hour cycle are called circadian rhythms and are regulated by a cluster of neurons called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
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Many bacteria facilitate the uptake of iron by secreting low molecular weight molecules, called ___________, to form complexes with the iron that can then be readily transported into the cell.
Many bacteria facilitate the uptake of iron by secreting low molecular weight molecules, called siderophores, to form complexes with the iron that can then be readily transported into the cell.
What are siderophores?Siderophores are natural or synthetic, low molecular weight molecules which have a high binding affinity to iron.Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi secrete these molecules to enhance iron uptake through the cell.Iron is abundant in the earth’s crust but it is not readily available in soluble form.Siderophores can chelate iron (form water soluble complexes). This complex is then taken up by the cell through membrane receptors.These are the strongest and largest class of iron chelators known thus providing the much needed iron to the microorganisms.Siderophores can also form complexes with aluminium, copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium, lead, etc.Learn more about Siderophores here:
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Suppose a country’s population is aging and the size of the workforce is declining. in the long run, output will ________ and the price level will ________.
In the long run, the output will reduce and the price level will increase because there is a low size of the workforce.
How are output and price levels affected?We know that production or output is dependent on the workforce. If a country has large workforce, then the production of the country is higher which make the economy better which results in the lower price of products while on the other hand, if a country has low workforce, then the output of the country is also lower that make the economy worse which results in the higher price of products and inflation.
So we can conclude that in the long run, the output will reduce and the price level will increase because there is a low size of the workforce.
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Students are measuring the rate of enzyme activity. The graph below shows the rate of enzyme action as they increase the temperature
The subtrate will no longer fit within the enzyme because the heat will cause the enzyme to denature (deform).
EnzymeProteins called enzymes serve as biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Chemical reactions are sped up by catalysts. Substrates are the molecules that enzymes can interact with, and the enzyme changes the substrates into new molecules known as products. Almost all cellular metabolic activities require enzyme catalysis in order to proceed at speeds quick enough to maintain life. Enzymes are necessary to catalyze specific steps in metabolic pathways. Enzymology, the study of enzymes, and the pseudoenzyme analysis area acknowledge that some enzymes have lost the capacity to perform biological catalysis during evolution, which is frequently reflected in their amino acid sequences and peculiar "pseudocatalytic" capabilities.
Students are measuring the rate of enzyme activity. The graph below shows the rate of enzyme action as they increase the temperature
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Between 1994 and 1997, 70 Addax were released into fenced sections of protected areas in Tunisia and Morocco. By
2003, their numbers had increased to about 200. This is an example of
OA. Ex situ conservation
OB. Coppicing
OC. Habitat management
D. In situ conservation
It is an example of Ex situ conservation. The correct option is A.
What is ex-situ conservation?It is a method of conserving biodiversities outside their natural habitats.
Ex situ conservation is in direct contrast to in situ conservation. This means that in in-situ conservation, biodiversities are conserved in their natural habitats.
In the illustration, the Addax were released into fenced sections of protected areas in two countries.
The fenced section means that the Addax were not allowed to roam freely as they would in their natural habitats. The fenced section means that their movement is limited as compared to natural habitats.
Thus, the Addax were being conserved ex-situ.
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A scientist is researching Cystic Fibrosis. He is
studying what type of disease?
A. Somatic disease
B. Chromosomal disease
C. Single-Gene disease
D. Multifactorial disease
he is studying Somatic disease.
In the theory of plate tectonics, how should you picture the earth?
A. The plastic atmosphere floats on the lithosphere.
B. The continents are held in place by the solid core below and never move.
C. The lithosphere (crust) is like pieces of a puzzle, slowly moving causing the continents
to move.
D. The mantle is like pieces of a puzzle, slowly moving.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
As shown in the picture I attached to my answer, we can see all of the tectonic plates, which make up the lithosphere. The pieces do move very slightly every year.
In the theory of plate tectonics, the lithosphere is like pieces of a puzzle, slowly moving causing the continents to move.
What is tectonic plate ?A tectonic plate can be defined as a massive, irregular slab like structure composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.
The size of tectonic plates can vary that ranges from few hundred to thousands, for example the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest.
The thickness of tectonic plates are varies , ranging from 15 km for young oceanic lithosphere to about 200 km and it is more ancient continental lithosphere.
The Continental crust is made up of granitic rocks relatively lightweight minerals such as quartz and feldspar, the oceanic crust is composed of basaltic rocks which are denser and heavier.
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If plaque ruptures and weakens the artery walls, a(n) _______________ may form leading to ischemia
Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ______ before entering the bloodstream.
Fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within chylomicrons before entering the bloodstream.
What is the function of chylomicrons?Chylomicrons are produced in order to transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol that are absorbed by intestinal epithelia. Chylomicron produce in the intestinal mucosa and excretion into the plasma is facilitated through the lymphatic system.
After absorption into enterocytes, fat-soluble vitamins become packaged into chylomicrons and then secreted into the lymphatic system before entering the bloodstream.
So we can conclude that Fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within chylomicrons before entering the bloodstream.
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A cluster of cells in the ovule of a fertilized flowering plant that has not yet formed into an embryo? fertilization pro-embryo suspensor double fertilization
The cluster of cells in the ovule of a fertilized flowering plant that has not yet formed into an embryo is called a proembryo.
What is a proembryo?It is a structure that is developed after the egg is segmented and the formation of the true embryo is yet to take place.
After the egg and the sperm nuclei are fertilized, the apical and basal cells are formed after cell division. The cell division is asymmetrical in the case of monocot and transverse in the case of divots.
Apical cells turn into the proembryo and eventually the embryo. This development is supported by the suspensor cells from the basal cells.
Therefore, the cluster of cells in the ovule of a fertilized flowering plant that has not yet formed into an embryo is called a proembryo.
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Smaller neurons require more current to change their membrane potential.
a) true
b) false
This is false that Smaller neurons require more current to change their membrane potential.
A potential gradient known as membrane potential causes ions to passively migrate in one direction: positive ions are drawn to the "negative" side of the membrane, while negative ions are drawn to the "positive" side. Human life is impossible without membrane potentials. Over their membrane, every living cell maintains a potential difference. Simply said, differences in the concentration and permeability of significant ions across a membrane are what cause membrane potential.
A change in membrane potential results from a change in ion permeability. The membrane potential moves closer to the ion's Nernst equilibrium potential as permeability to that ion increases. The membrane potential is shifted away from the ion's Nernst equilibrium potential as permeability to that ion decreases.
The less probable it is that the arriving ions will collide with something that might cause them to bounce back, the bigger the axon's diameter of a neuron. Positive ions must continuously move away from the cell body in order for the action potential to exist, and this is made much simpler in a bigger axon.
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The middle ear communicates with the:_______
a) nasopharynx through the auditory meatus.
b) pharyngotympanic tube auricle.
c) bony labyrinth.
d) membranous labyrinth
The middle ear communicates with the: nasopharynx through the auditory meatus.
Since it creates the most pronounced anatomic opening between the two compartments in both animals and humans, it has long been considered that the round window membrane serves as the main pathway of communication between the middle ear and perilymph.The middle ear interacts with the pharynx, adjusts to changes in pressure outside, and transfers vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.The small passageway, also known as the auditory tube or eustachian tube, that runs from the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Pressure is equalized on both sides of the tympanic membrane via the tube (eardrum). The inner ear membrane in the fenestra ovalis receives sound waves from the incus through the stapes.learn more about middle ear here: https://brainly.com/question/2861613
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The neuroleptic side effect marked by muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction is called?
What will happen if an animal raised in an axenic environment is exposed to a pathogenic microbe later in life?
If an animal raised in an axenic environment is exposed to a pathogenic microbe later in life, it will exhibit a very poor immune response to the pathogen.
What is an axenic environment?Axenic environment is that which is free from any contaminating organism like microbes. When any animal is raised in an axenic environment, it has a very poor immune system because it does not have to defend itself against any pathogen.If such an animal is exposed to pathogen later in their life they may not be able to respond because they have never experienced such situations and will get infected.In laboratories, animals are initially grown in axenic places but they are later on slowly exposed to external environment so that they can acclimatize/ adapt to the environment and live normally.Learn more about axenic environment here:
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An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that?
Vasa recta are a unique kind of peritubular capillary that feeds the kidney's medulla with oxygen and nutrients, whereas peritubular capillaries are capillaries that emerge from the efferent arteriole. This is the main distinction between the two types of capillaries.
Vasa Recta: What are they?
The unique peritubular capillaries known as vasa recta supply oxygen and nutrients to the kidney's medulla. They especially come from juxtamedullary nephrons' efferent arterioles and wind around those organelles' Henle loops. They also create a parallel series of hairpin loops inside the kidney's medulla. Vasa recta have high water and solute permeability.Peritubular Capillaries: What Are They?
The efferent arteriole that emerges from the glomerulus gives rise to the capillary network known as peritubular capillaries. The renal cortex receives nutrients and oxygen via peritubular capillaries. As a result, the renal cortex contains a greater percentage of peritubular capillaries. They encircle the distal and proximal tubules.Learn more about peritubular capillary here:
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action occurs when the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream. a. Local b. Remote c. Systemic d. Antagonist
Answer:
absorption
Explanation:
drug absorption
The action that occurs when the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream is Antagonist. The correct option is d.
What is Antagonist action?A substance or chemical known as an antagonist lessens the effects of an agonist. Competitive antagonists prevent the effects of agonists by attaching to the same location on a receptor as the agonist but without activating it.
A drug used in medicine that blocks the effects or actions of another medication. For instance, an oestrogen receptor antagonist is a medication that prevents oestrogen from activating tumour cells.
A chemical that can attach to and functionally activate a target is called an agonist. Usually, a metabotropic and/or ionotropic receptor is the target.
A chemical known as an antagonist binds to a target and blocks the binding of other compounds. The action of receptors is unaffected by antagonists.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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