The Rational Choice Theory is a concept in the field of sociology that describes how individuals make decisions based on their own interests, desires, and the costs and benefits of those decisions.
It is a theoretical framework for understanding how people make choices and how those choices are influenced by various factors such as social norms, economic factors, and personal beliefs. The Rational Choice Theory can be used to explain why some individuals choose to use drugs such as Cocaine, LSD, Opium, or Alcohol.
According to the Rational Choice Theory, individuals weigh the potential benefits and costs of drug use before deciding whether or not to use drugs. Some of the benefits of drug use may include increased feelings of pleasure, stress relief, and a sense of social connection. However, the costs of drug use can be high and include the risks of addiction, harm to physical and mental health, and legal consequences.
whether or not individuals who use illegal drugs are considered irrational or deviant depends on one's perspective. Some may view them as making a rational choice based on their own interests and values, while others may view them as making an irrational choice that goes against social norms and values. Ultimately, it is up to each individual to make their own choices based on their own interests and values.
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Under a budget constraint, financial managers are required to choose the group of projects that provide the highest overall net present value. This process is known as:
Select one:
a.
Certainty equivalents (CEs)
b.
Real option analysis
c.
Break-even analysis
d.
Scenario analysis
e.
Capital rationing
Under a budget constraint, financial managers are required to choose the group of projects that provide the highest overall net present value. This process is known as Capital rationing. The correct option is e. Capital rationing.
Capital rationing refers to the practice of putting restrictions on the amount of new investments that a firm can make. It is important for financial managers to choose the group of projects that will give the highest overall net present value when they are under a budget constraint. They will use capital rationing to do this.
Financial managers must make sound investment decisions to ensure that the company has a strong financial position. The net present value (NPV) is the difference between the cash inflows and cash outflows of a project, adjusted for the time value of money, and is a common financial metric for evaluating investments.
When choosing a group of projects, the financial manager will determine the NPV of each project and choose the group that will provide the highest overall NPV. Hence, the correct option is e. Capital rationing.
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Your uncle is very upset because after a recent snow storm he was charged $300 by a private snow- removal company to clear his driveway. He wants to petition the local village government to pass a law to put a cap on how much firms can charge for clearing driveways. As a student of economics, your uncle asks your advice on the wording of his petition. Provide a short response to your uncle in the form of a letter. Do you agree with him on the price ceiling, or disagree? How should this issue best be addressed?
Dear Uncle,
I hope this letter finds you well. I understand your frustration regarding the high cost of snow removal services after the recent snowstorm. As a student of economics, I would like to provide you with some insights to help you make an informed decision about your petition.
While I empathize with your concerns, I must express caution regarding the implementation of a price ceiling on snow removal services. Price ceilings, which set a maximum price that firms can charge, may seem like an appealing solution to protect consumers from high prices. However, they often have unintended consequences that can be detrimental to both consumers and suppliers.
Price ceilings can create shortages and reduce the incentive for suppliers to offer their services. If the price is capped below the equilibrium level, the demand for snow removal services may exceed the available supply. This can result in longer wait times, reduced quality of service, or even a lack of availability in extreme cases.
Furthermore, price ceilings can discourage new firms from entering the market. If the potential profit margins are limited by the price cap, entrepreneurs may find it less attractive to invest in snow removal services. This could further reduce competition and potentially limit the options available to consumers.
Instead of a price ceiling, I would suggest exploring alternative approaches to address your concerns. One option is to encourage transparency in pricing by requesting that snow removal companies provide clear and detailed cost estimates upfront. This way, consumers can make informed decisions and compare prices before hiring a service.
Another approach is to promote competition among snow removal companies. Encouraging a competitive market can lead to lower prices and better service quality. Consider contacting multiple snow removal companies to obtain quotes and choose the most reasonable and reliable option.
Additionally, it may be worth exploring community-based initiatives where neighbors can come together to share the costs of snow removal. This can help distribute the financial burden among residents while maintaining quality service.
Instead, consider promoting transparency, encouraging competition, and exploring community-based solutions to address the issue. These approaches may offer a more balanced and sustainable solution for both consumers and suppliers.
I hope you find this advice helpful, and I'm always here to discuss this further or answer any other questions you may have.
Best regards,
[Your Name]
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If you can earn 12 percent on your investments, and you would like to accumulate $100,000 for your newborn child’s education at the end of 18 years, how much must you invest annually to reach your goal?
To accumulate $100,000 for the newborn child’s education at the end of 18 years, you must invest $9,969.39 annually
Investing in the future education of a newborn is a great step to take, and being able to accumulate funds to the tune of $100,000 after 18 years is a great feat. One of the first things to consider when planning to save towards a target is to understand the investment options available. Since the question provided an interest rate of 12%, it is safe to say that it is the expected return on investment, hence, making use of the compound interest formula is vital.
Formula: Future value of an annuity FV = (PMT x (((1 + r)n - 1) / r)) x (1 + r)
FV: Future Value of Annuity PMT: Investment made at each interval r: Interest Rate per period n: Number of Periods Solution: Given that the expected return on investment is 12% per annum and the required amount is $100,000.
We can determine the annual investment required to reach the goal in 18 years.
The future value of an annuity is given by the formula
FV = (PMT x (((1 + r)n - 1) / r)) x (1 + r) = $100,000,
Where n = 18, and r = 12% converting the percentage into a decimal value (r = 0.12)
Hence, PMT = FV / ((1 + r)n - 1) / rPMT
= $100,000 / (((1 + 0.12)18 - 1) / 0.12)PMT
= $100,000 / 10.0346PMT
= $9,969.39 per year
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The supply curve of good A shifts to the right when the price of good 8 decreases, if A and B are complements in production. Select one: O True O False
False. The supply curve of good A shifts to the right when the price of good 8 decreases, if A and B are complements in production. The statement is incorrect.
If goods A and B are complements in production, it means that they are produced together, and a decrease in the price of good B would actually shift the supply curve of good A to the left, not to the right.
Complementary goods in production have a joint supply relationship, where the production of one good relies on the production of the other. When the price of a complementary good decreases, it reduces the production incentives for that good. As a result, the supply of the other complementary good will also decrease, leading to a leftward shift in its supply curve.
Therefore, a decrease in the price of good B, if A and B are complements in production, would cause the supply curve of good A to shift to the left, not to the right.
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Joyce Mining Ltd had only one area of interest and started production on 1 July 2020. During 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021, 200,000 tonnes of ore were mined, and 160,000 tonnes were sold. The total production costs during the year is $1,520,000. In the same period, administrative expense and selling expense are $380,000 and $280,000, respectively.
What is the cost of goods sold for the year ended 30 June 2021?
The cost of goods sold for the year ended 30 June 2021 for Joyce Mining Ltd is $1,216,000.
The cost of goods sold (COGS) represents the expenses directly associated with the production of goods or services. In the case of Joyce Mining Ltd, the COGS for the year ended 30 June 2021 can be calculated by determining the cost of the ore that was sold during that period.
The total production costs incurred during the year were $1,520,000. This includes all costs related to mining, such as labor, equipment, and materials. Since 200,000 tonnes of ore were mined and 160,000 tonnes were sold, we can calculate the cost per tonne of ore as follows:
Cost per tonne = Total production costs / Tonnes of ore mined
Cost per tonne = $1,520,000 / 200,000 tonnes
Cost per tonne = $7.60
Therefore, the cost of goods sold for the year ended 30 June 2021 can be calculated by multiplying the cost per tonne by the number of tonnes sold:
COGS = Cost per tonne * Tonnes sold
COGS = $7.60 * 160,000 tonnes
COGS = $1,216,000
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If the insurance commissioner learns a person is transacting insurance without a license, what may the commissioner do?
A. issue a cease and desist order
B. fine the person $50,000 per offense
C. impose a jail sentence of up to 1 year
D. suspend the producer's driver's license
If the insurance commissioner learns that a person is transacting insurance without a license, the commissioner may **issue a cease and desist order**.
The role of an insurance commissioner is to regulate and oversee insurance activities within a jurisdiction to protect consumers and ensure compliance with insurance laws and regulations. If the commissioner discovers that an individual is engaging in insurance transactions without the required license, they have the authority to issue a cease and desist order. This order prohibits the person from continuing the unlicensed insurance activities.
While the commissioner may impose penalties or take legal action against the individual for the violation, such as imposing fines or pursuing legal remedies, the specific penalties may vary depending on the jurisdiction. However, options like imposing a fine of $50,000 per offense (Option B), imposing a jail sentence of up to 1 year (Option C), or suspending the producer's driver's license (Option D) may not be directly associated with unlicensed insurance transactions. Penalties for unlicensed insurance activities are typically focused on enforcement actions and regulatory measures.
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Moving to another question will save this response. Question 10. If demand hardly changes with a small change in price such as gas, electricity, water, drinks. This type of demand is called: O a. inelastic demand Ob, income demand O c. elastic demand O d. price demand A Moving to another question will save this response.
The type of demand described, where demand hardly changes with a small change in price, is called inelastic demand.
Inelastic demand refers to a situation where the quantity demanded of a product or service shows little responsiveness to changes in its price. When demand is inelastic, consumers are less sensitive to price fluctuations, and even if the price increases or decreases, the quantity demanded remains relatively stable. This typically occurs when the product or service is considered essential, has limited substitutes, or is habitually consumed.
For goods like gas, electricity, water, and drinks, which are often considered necessities or have limited substitutes, the demand tends to be inelastic. People still need these items regardless of price changes, and they may be less likely to significantly alter their consumption patterns based on small price variations. As a result, the quantity demanded remains relatively constant, even when prices fluctuate.
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According to the CAPM, how much of Microsoft's sample variance is due to market risk, and how much is due to unique/firm-specific risk?
a) Market risk: 100%, Unique/firm-specific risk: 0%
b) Market risk: 0%, Unique/firm-specific risk: 100%
c) Market risk: 50%, Unique/firm-specific risk: 50%
d) Market risk: 70%, Unique/firm-specific risk: 30%
50% of Microsoft's sample variance is due to market risk and 50% is due to unique/firm-specific risk
The capital asset pricing model - or CAPM - is a financial model that calculates the expected rate of return for an asset or investment. CAPM does this by using the expected return on both the market and a risk-free asset, and the asset's correlation or sensitivity to the market (beta).
According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the total risk of an investment can be divided into two components: market risk and unique/firm-specific risk. Market risk is the portion of the risk that cannot be diversified away by holding a well-diversified portfolio. It is associated with the overall market movements and factors that affect the entire market. Unique/firm-specific risk, on the other hand, is the risk that is specific to an individual company and can be diversified away by holding a diversified portfolio.
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The purchase of land by issuing a long-term note payable for the entre amount is reported on the investing activities section of the statement of cash flows O True O False
False.
The purchase of land by issuing a long-term note payable is not reported on the investing activities section of the statement of cash flows. Instead, it is reported in the financing activities section.
The investing activities section of the statement of cash flows typically includes cash flows related to the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets, such as property, plant, and equipment, investments in other companies, and loans made to other entities. Examples of cash flows in the investing activities section include the purchase or sale of property, plant, and equipment for cash, as well as the purchase or sale of marketable securities.
On the other hand, the issuance of long-term debt, such as a long-term note payable, is considered a financing activity because it involves obtaining financing from external sources. Financing activities in the statement of cash flows include cash flows related to long-term debt, equity transactions, and dividends. The issuance of long-term debt is reported as an inflow of cash in the financing activities section, while the repayment of long-term debt is reported as an outflow of cash.
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In a statistics class, 10 scores were randomly selected with the following results: 74, 73, 77, 77, 71, 68, 65, 77, 67, 66. What is the first quartile? 65.9 67.3 67.0 73.85 77.0
The first quartile of the given statistical data is computed as 67. Thus, the correct option is 67.
The given Statistical Data is:
{74, 73, 77, 77, 71, 68, 65, 77, 67, 66}
Minimum: 65
Quartile Q1: 67
Median: 72
Quartile Q3: 77
Maximum: 77
Thus, the first quartile is 67.
A quartile is a sort of quantile used in statistics that splits the total number of data points into four roughly equal portions, or quarters. To compute quartiles, the data must be arranged from smallest to biggest; hence, quartiles are a type of order statistic.
The lowest and median of the data set are the two smallest numbers, and the first quartile (Q1) is the midpoint between them. Since 25% of the data are below this point, it is often referred to as the lower or 25th empirical quartile.
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Here is some information about Stokenchurch Inc.: Beta of common stock = 1.9 Treasury bill rate = 4% Market risk premium = 7.2% Yield to maturity on long-term debt = 5% Book value of equity = $410 million Market value of equity = $820 million Long-term debt outstanding = $820 million Corporate tax rate = 35% What is the company’s WACC? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)
The company's Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is approximately 6.90%.
WACC is a measure of the average rate of return a company needs to generate in order to meet its financial obligations and satisfy its investors. It is calculated by taking a weighted average of the cost of different sources of financing (equity and debt) based on their respective proportions in the company's capital structure.
To calculate WACC, we need to determine the cost of equity and the cost of debt. The formula for WACC is:
[tex]\[ WACC = \frac{E}{V} \cdot Re + \frac{D}{V} \cdot Rd \cdot (1 - T) \][/tex]
Where:
- ( E ) represents the market value of equity
- ( V ) denotes the total market value of equity and debt
- ( Re ) is the cost of equity
- ( D ) represents the market value of debt
- ( Rd ) is the yield to maturity on long-term debt
- ( T ) denotes the corporate tax rate
Given the provided information, we have:
[tex]- \( E = \$820 \)[/tex] million
-[tex]\( V = \$820 \)[/tex] million (since the market value of equity and debt are the same)
[tex]- \( Re = \text{Beta} \times \text{Market Risk Premium} + \text{Treasury Bill Rate} \)- \( D = \$820 \) million- \( Rd = \text{Yield to Maturity on Long-term Debt} \)- \( T = \text{Corporate Tax Rate} \)[/tex]
Substituting the values into the formula, we can calculate WACC:
[tex]\[ WACC = \frac{\$820}{\$820} \cdot Re + \frac{\$820}{\$820} \cdot Rd \cdot (1 - 0.35) \][/tex]
Therefore, WACC is approximately 6.90%.
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Assets Cash Vaughn Manufacturing Comparative Balance Sheets December 31 Accounts receivable Inventory Prepaid expenses Long-term investments Plant assets Accumulated depreciation Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Accounts payable Accrued expenses payable Bonds payable Common stock Retained earnings 2017 $ 109,080 118,530 151,875 38,340 186,300 384,750 (67,500) $921,375 $137.700 22,275 148,500 297,000 315,900 2016 $65,340 51,300 138,848 35,100 147,150 327,375 (70,200) $694,913 $90,855 28,350 197,100 236,250 142,358 Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Accounts payable Accrued expenses payable Bonds payable Common stock Retained earnings Total Sales revenue Less: $137,700 22,275 Income tax expense Interest expense Loss on disposal of plant assets Net income 148,500 297,000 315,900 $921,375 Vaughn Manufacturing Income Statement Data For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Cost of goods sold Operating expenses, excluding depreciation Depreciation expense $182,871 16,754 62,775 36,828 6,386 10,125 $90.855 28,350 197,100 236.250 142,358 $694,913 $524,421 315,739 $208,682 Additional information: 1. 2. 3. 4. New plant assets costing $135,000 were purchased for cash during the year. Old plant assets having an original cost of $77,625 and accumulated depreciation of $65,475 were sold for $2,025 cash. Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash. A cash dividend of $35,140 was declared and paid during the year. Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a-sign e.g.-15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000)) Vaughn Manufacturing Statement of Cash Flows Adjustments to reconcile net income to > $ 101 ation wi Question 1 of 8 43333 W S Adantments to recomme Un E D PR 15 R O 6 T CULL LLL SY A Vaughn Manfacturing Statement of Cash Flows FG 400-0 YERLEBE LLE LLL VB THURS DELL NM 17:40 ucationally a W Question 1 of 8 PUR E CCUEL BED 4 D 5 R F O 0 T G Y EU HJ B K IN LLLL M LLLL DOLL
Vaughn Manufacturing Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
Operating Activities:
Net income $208,682
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense $36,828
Loss on disposal of plant assets $6,386
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in accounts receivable $(19,830)
Increase in inventory $(67,230)
Increase in prepaid expenses $(13,575)
Increase in accounts payable $47,845
Increase in accrued expenses payable $6,975
Net cash provided by operating activities $206,081
Investing Activities:
Purchase of new plant assets $(135,000)
Cash received from the sale of old plant assets $2,025
Net cash used in investing activities $(132,975)
Financing Activities:
Payment of bonds payable $(197,100)
Payment of cash dividend $(35,140)
Net cash used in financing activities $(232,240)
Net increase in cash $5,866
Cash at beginning of year $65,340
Cash at end of year $71,206
The statement of cash flows shows the sources and uses of cash for Vaughn Manufacturing during the year. It includes cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The net increase in cash for the year is $5,866, resulting in a cash balance of $71,206 at the end of the year.
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Quicksilver Delivery Service contracts to deliver Pete's Pizza Parlor's products to its customers for $5,000, payable in advance. Pete's pays the money, but Quicksilver fails to perform. Can Pete's rescind the contract? Can Pete's also obtain restitution? What does it mean to "rescind" a contract? How is a contract rescinded? What is restitution? How is restitution accomplished? Explain. Eda
Rescinding a contract means to cancel or void it as if it never existed. Restitution refers to the return or repayment of the money or property that was given under the contract. Rescission and restitution can be sought through legal proceedings, typically by filing a lawsuit against the non-performing party.
1. In this scenario, since Quicksilver Delivery Service failed to perform its obligation of delivering the pizza products despite receiving payment in advance, Pete's Pizza Parlor may have grounds to rescind the contract. Rescission essentially means canceling the contract as if it never took place. It allows the injured party, Pete's Pizza Parlor in this case, to be released from their obligations under the contract and reclaim any benefits they provided.
2. In addition to rescission, Pete's Pizza Parlor may also seek restitution. Restitution refers to the act of returning or compensating for something that was lost or taken. In this situation, it would involve Pete's Pizza Parlor seeking the return of the $5,000 they paid to Quicksilver Delivery Service. Restitution aims to restore the injured party to the position they would have been in had the contract not been entered into or breached.
3. To pursue rescission and restitution, Pete's Pizza Parlor would typically need to take legal action against Quicksilver Delivery Service. They would file a lawsuit seeking the cancellation of the contract (rescission) and the return of the payment (restitution). The exact process and requirements for rescission and restitution can vary depending on the jurisdiction and applicable laws. It is advisable for Pete's Pizza Parlor to consult with a legal professional familiar with contract law to understand their specific rights and options in this situation.
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Mr. Bud Green, a maintenance manager of a local plant in reviewing the maintenance records of production equipment, has compiled the following maintenance cost data: 5 years ago, $500; 4 years ago, $600; 3 years ago, $700; 2 years ago, $800; and Last year, $900. After consulting with an equipment specialist, he has compiled the maintenance cost data for the current year and the next four years. He figures that the maintenance cost this year will be $1,150 and will increase at the rate of $250 each year. Assuming an interest rate of 9 %, compute the equivalent uniform annual cost.
The equivalent uniform annual cost is $8,958.24.
To compute the equivalent uniform annual cost, we need to calculate the present worth of the maintenance costs over the given time period. The present worth represents the total cost that, if invested at the interest rate, would yield the same amount of money as the future costs.
First, let's calculate the present worth of the historical maintenance costs. We'll use the formula for the present worth of a uniform series:
PW = C * (1 - (1 + i)^(-n)) / i,
where:
PW is the present worth,
C is the cash flow in each year,
i is the interest rate, and
n is the number of years.
Using the given data, we have:
PW_historical = (500 * (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-5)) / 0.09) + (600 * (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-4)) / 0.09) + (700 * (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-3)) / 0.09) + (800 * (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-2)) / 0.09) + (900 * (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-1)) / 0.09)
= 2283.08 + 2114.20 + 1914.53 + 1704.97 + 1500
= 9516.78.
Now let's calculate the present worth of the future maintenance costs. Since the maintenance cost increases by $250 each year, we can use the formula for the present worth of an increasing series:
PW_future = (C * (1 - (1 + i)^(-n)) / i) - (D * (1 - (1 + i)^(-n)) / (i * (1 + i)^n)),
where:
PW_future is the present worth,
C is the initial cash flow,
D is the incremental cash flow per year,
i is the interest rate, and
n is the number of years.
Using the given data, we have:
PW_future = (1150 * (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-4)) / 0.09) - (250 * (1 - (1 + 0.09)^(-4)) / (0.09 * (1 + 0.09)^4))
= 3973.64 - 847.44
= 3126.20.
Finally, we can calculate the equivalent uniform annual cost by summing the present worth of the historical costs and the present worth of the future costs:
EAC = (PW_historical + PW_future) / (1 + i)^n
= (9516.78 + 3126.20) / (1 + 0.09)^4
= 12642.98 / 1.4116
= 8958.24.
Therefore, the equivalent uniform annual cost is $8,958.24.
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Montclair Manufacturing is considering leasing some equipment. The annual lease payment would be $345,000 per year for seven years. The appropriate interest rate is 6 percent and the company is in the 21 percent tax bracket. What reduction in debt capacity would occur if the company signs the lease? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
o calculate the reduction in debt capacity due to signing the lease, we need to determine the after-tax cost of the lease payment and then calculate the present value of the lease payments.
Step 1: Calculate the after-tax cost of the lease payment
Lease payment = $345,000 per year
Tax rate = 21%
After-tax cost of lease payment = Lease payment × (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of lease payment = $345,000 × (1 - 0.21)
After-tax cost of lease payment = $345,000 × 0.79
After-tax cost of lease payment = $272,550
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the lease payments
Interest rate = 6%
Number of years = 7
Present value factor = 1 - (1 / (1 + Interest rate))^Number of years
Present value factor = 1 - (1 / (1 + 0.06))^7
Present value factor ≈ 1 - (1 / 1.41851)
Present value factor ≈ 1 - 0.70506
Present value factor ≈ 0.29494
Present value of lease payments = After-tax cost of lease payment × Present value factor
Present value of lease payments = $272,550 × 0.29494
Present value of lease payments ≈ $80,341.02
Step 3: Calculate the reduction in debt capacity
Reduction in debt capacity = Present value of lease payments
The reduction in debt capacity if the company signs the lease is approximately
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Common stock value-Variable growth Lawrence Industries' most recent annual dividend was $1.01 per share (Do = $1.01), and the firm's required return is 12%. Find the market value of Lawrence's shares when dividends are expected to grow at 10% annually for 3 years, followed by a 4% constant annual growth rate in years 4 to infinity. ***** The market value of Lawrence's shares is $ (Round to the nearest cent.)
To calculate the market value of Lawrence Industries' shares, we need to determine the present value of future dividends using the variable growth dividend discount model.
The market value of Lawrence Industries' shares can be calculated using the variable growth dividend discount model. The formula for this model is as follows:
P0 = D1 / (1 + r) + D2 / (1 + r)^2 + ... + Dn / (1 + r)^n
Where:
P0 is the market value of the stock (current price)
D1, D2, ..., Dn are the expected dividends for each period
r is the required return rate
n is the number of periods
In this case, the dividends are expected to grow at 10% annually for the first three years and then grow at a constant rate of 4% per year indefinitely. The required return rate is 12%.
Let's calculate the market value of Lawrence Industries' shares:
First, we calculate the dividends for the first three years:
D1 = Do * (1 + g1) = $1.01 * (1 + 0.10) = $1.11
D2 = D1 * (1 + g1) = $1.11 * (1 + 0.10) = $1.22
D3 = D2 * (1 + g1) = $1.22 * (1 + 0.10) = $1.34
Next, we calculate the present value of these dividends:
PV1 = D1 / (1 + r) = $1.11 / (1 + 0.12) = $0.99
PV2 = D2 / (1 + r)^2 = $1.22 / (1 + 0.12)^2 = $0.97
PV3 = D3 / (1 + r)^3 = $1.34 / (1 + 0.12)^3 = $0.96
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A corporation has been steadily losing money on one of its product lines, Wally's Widgets. The firm produces Wally's Widgets in a factory that cost $20 million to build 10 years ago. The form is now considering an offer to buy that factory for $15 million. Which of the following statements about the decision to sell or not to sell is correct?
a. The $20 million spent on the factory is an implicit cost, which should be included in the decision.
b. The firm should sell the factory only if it can reduce its costs elsewhere by $5 million.
c. The firm should turn down the purchase offer because the factory cost more than $15 million to build.
d. The $20 million spent on the factory is a sunk cost; that cost should not affect the decision.
The correct statement about the decision to sell or not to sell the factory is option D: "The $20 million spent on the factory is a sunk cost; that cost should not affect the decision."
Sunk costs are costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. In this case, the $20 million spent on building the factory is a sunk cost because it is a past cost that cannot be changed or recovered. When making a decision about whether to sell the factory or not, sunk costs should not be considered.
The decision should be based on the current and future costs and benefits associated with the factory. If the firm believes that selling the factory for $15 million will lead to a more favorable financial outcome compared to keeping and operating the factory, then the decision to sell would be appropriate.
The decision should be based on the potential gains or losses from the sale and the firm's ability to generate profit in other areas, rather than focusing on the sunk cost of building the factory.
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Suppose that Kesha deposits $7,000 into her savings account at First Bank. The reserve requirement facing First Bank is 9%. Instructions: Enter your answer as a whole number. If you are entering a negative number include a minus sign. a. Use this information to show how First Bank's assets and liabilities initially change when Kesha deposits the $7,000 in the bank. A Simple Bank Balance Sheet Assets Change in Reserves: $ Liabilities Change in Deposits: $ b. How much money can First Bank lend out to other people? $[ c. Now suppose that First Bank holds no excess reserves and lends out all of the excess reserves resulting from Kesha's deposit. How do First Bank's assets and liabilities change?
a. First Bank's assets and liabilities initially change when Kesha deposits the $7,000 in the bank are as follows:Assets Change in Reserves: +$6,300Liabilities Change in Deposits: +$7,000The reason for this is that when Kesha deposits $7,000 into her savings account at First Bank, First Bank is required to hold 9% of that deposit as reserves.
As a result, First Bank has to keep $630 in reserves (9% of $7,000), while the remaining $6,370 becomes an increase in First Bank's assets, specifically in its deposits.b. The amount of money that First Bank can lend out to other people is equal to its excess reserves. Excess reserves refer to the amount of reserves that a bank holds above the minimum reserve requirement. In this case, First Bank's reserve requirement is 9%, and it has $6,300 in reserves after Kesha's deposit. Therefore, its excess reserves are $5700 ($6300-$630), which is the amount of money that First Bank can lend out to other people.c.
If First Bank holds no excess reserves and lends out all of the excess reserves resulting from Kesha's deposit, its assets and liabilities change as follows:Assets Change in Loans: +$5,700Liabilities Change in Deposits: +$7,000As a result, First Bank's assets increase by $5,700 due to the loans it has given out, while its liabilities (deposits) increase by $7,000 due to Kesha's deposit.
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Evaluate and assess a Human Resource Management’s position in a contract negotiation focus; i.e. David Tepper & the Panthers; Washington State Nurses Association ; Kevin Durant & Steph Curry; or an other recent/current negotiations. Also, evaluate and assess the impact on ALL stakeholders. Keep in mind that a stakeholder is anyone, any group, or any location that has a vested interest in a contract situation.
Your quest is to develop an I Win - You Win Environment by making adjustments in the Negotiations Process - but how? Remember all stakeholders have a position in the contract negotiation situation.
In any contract negotiation situation, the Human Resource Management position is vital. Contract negotiation is an art, and HRM plays a crucial role in ensuring that all stakeholders are considered and satisfied.
They need to strike a balance between player demands and organizational goals. Washington State Nurses Association: In this case, the Human Resource Management position would be to ensure that the organization maintains proper staffing levels and retains quality nurses. They need to ensure that the nurses are satisfied with their salaries and working conditions while also taking into account the budget constraints of the organization. Kevin Durant & Steph Curry: In this case, the HRM position would be to ensure that the organization retains top talent and remains competitive. They need to strike a balance between player demands and organizational goals, taking into account the team's long-term success.
They need to ensure that the players are satisfied with their salaries and working conditions while also taking into account the budget constraints of the organization. Evaluating and assessing the impact on all stakeholders is essential in any contract negotiation situation. Stakeholders may include employees, management, investors, customers, and the general public.
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You work for Capital Bank as an Analyst and you were approached by your private banker Mr. Radinamone to assist establish the value of his business. He expects his company to generate net cash flows of $5, 000,000 in the first year and $2, 000,000 for each of the next five years. The company can be sold for $10, 000,000 seven years from now. Comparable investments in the market earn 10 percent compounded annually. i) Determine how much Mr. Radinamone’s company is worth. (10 marks) ii) Mr. Radinamone offers to sell the company for P12 000 000. Determine whether the offer should be accepted or rejected based on the NPV rule.
i) Determining how much Mr. Radinamone’s company is worth is as follows:
Step 1: To determine the worth of Mr. Radinamone’s company, we first calculate the present value of all the net cash flows expected to be earned by the company throughout its existence.S
tep 2: The net cash flows that the company expects to generate for each of the next five years are $2,000,000 and these are the cash flows that are going to be received in the future. We need to determine the present value of these future cash flows. Future cash flows should be discounted by the present value of the investment. The formula for calculating the present value is given below:
PV = FV / (1 + r) n
PV = $2,000,000 / (1 + 0.10)1 + $2,000,000 / (1 + 0.10)2 + $2,000,000 / (1 + 0.10)3 + $2,000,000 / (1 + 0.10)4 + $2,000,000 / (1 + 0.10)5
PV = $7,120,990.96
The present value of the net cash flows is $7,120,990.96
Step 3: Now we need to add the present value of the cash flow expected in the first year to the present value of the future cash flows.
PV of net cash flows = $5,000,000 + $7,120,990.96 = $12,120,990.96
Therefore, Mr. Radinamone's company is worth $12,120,990.96.
ii) We can determine whether the offer should be accepted or rejected based on the NPV rule. In other words, if the NPV of an investment is positive, it is profitable and worth pursuing. If the NPV is negative, the investment should be avoided. On the other hand, if the NPV is zero, the investment will yield a return exactly equal to the cost of capital and the investment should be pursued if the investor has other reasons for doing so.Using the NPV formula, we can calculate the NPV as follows:
NPV = ∑ (Cash flows ÷ (1 + i)t) - Initial Investment
NPV = -$12,000,000 ÷ (1 + 0.10)0 + $5,000,000 ÷ (1 + 0.10)1 + $2,000,000 ÷ (1 + 0.10)2 + $2,000,000 ÷ (1 + 0.10)3 + $2,000,000 ÷ (1 + 0.10)4 + $2,000,000 ÷ (1 + 0.10)5 + $10,000,000 ÷ (1 + 0.10)7NPV = $410,055.43
Since the NPV is positive, the company is worth more than $12,000,000, and it is profitable and worth pursuing. Therefore, the offer should be accepted.
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Assume Bruno is a landowner and Angela is the farmer working on his land.
(a) UsingAngelaandBruno’sfeasiblefrontierandAngela’sbiologicalconstraint,illustrateandclearlylabelthe technically feasible set. What allocation point is likely to be chosen by Bruno under coercion and why?
(b) OnanewdiagramillustratetheallocationchosenifthereisbargainingbetweenAngelaandBruno.Explain whether Angela receives a larger share of economic rent as a result of bargaining?
(c) Onyourdiagramfrompart(b)clearlyindicatetheallocationthatAngelawouldreceiveifshewastheowner working on her own land. Is there any difference in Angela’s working hours and economic rent that she would receive if she was the owner, as compared to bargaining?
Angela's biological constraint is depicted in the graph as the curved line, and Angela's feasible frontier is shown as line AC.
(a) Using Angela and Bruno's feasible frontier and Angela's biological constraint, the technically feasible set can be illustrated as shown in the figure below. Angela's biological constraint is the curved line in the graph, and the feasible frontier for both Angela and Bruno is the line AB.
To allocate Bruno's feasible frontier when he is under coercion, it is likely that he will choose point B on the graph, which is the allocation point that benefits him the most. He is likely to choose point B because it provides him with more resources to utilize than any other point on the feasible frontier.
(b) If there is bargaining between Angela and Bruno, the allocation chosen can be illustrated by the figure below. Angela receives a larger share of economic rent as a result of bargaining. The bargaining curve is represented by the curved line that passes through points A and B.
(c) The allocation that Angela would receive if she were the owner working on her land is indicated in the figure below. The point at which Angela's biological constraint intersects her feasible frontier, which is point C, represents the allocation that Angela would choose if she were the owner working on her land. As compared to bargaining, there is no difference in Angela's working hours and economic rent that she would receive if she were the owner.
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Assume the Chinese Yuan ***increases*** in value against the U.S. dollar. In such case, we should expect the Chinese computer manufacturer ZhongGuo-Tech to either on its U.S. sales.
If the Chinese Yuan increases in value against the U.S. dollar, we should expect the Chinese computer manufacturer ZhongGuo-Tech to either reduce its prices on its U.S. sales or earn higher profits on those sales.
When the Chinese Yuan increases in value against the U.S. dollar, it means that each Yuan can buy more U.S. dollars. In this scenario, ZhongGuo-Tech, a Chinese company, will have two main options to consider. Firstly, they can choose to reduce their prices on their U.S. sales. By doing so, they can make their products more affordable for U.S. consumers and potentially increase their market share. The reduced prices would offset the increased value of the Yuan, allowing them to maintain competitiveness in the U.S. market. Alternatively, ZhongGuo-Tech could decide to maintain their prices and benefit from higher profits on their U.S. sales. Since the increased value of the Yuan means they receive more U.S. dollars for each sale, they would earn higher revenues in their home currency. This could lead to increased profitability for the company. The actual choice between reducing prices or earning higher profits would depend on various factors, including market conditions, competition, and the company's strategic goals.
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The federal government structure created by the Constitution Act 1867 means there are two levels of government , the federal level and the provincial level ?
True or False
True, the federal government structure created by the Constitution Act 1867 means there are two levels of government, the federal level and the provincial level.
The federal government structure created by the Constitution Act of 1867 outlines the division of powers between the federal level and the provincial level in Canada. This means that the Canadian government has two levels of governance: the federal and provincial. The federal level is responsible for matters that affect the entire country, such as international trade, national defense, and foreign policy.
The provincial level, on the other hand, is responsible for matters that are specific to the province, such as healthcare, education, and natural resources. The division of powers is designed to ensure that the federal and provincial governments can work together to provide services and protect the interests of Canadians while respecting each other's authority and autonomy.
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constraint analysis is good or bad? write
paragraph
Constraint analysis can be both good and bad, depending on how it is used. On one hand, constraint analysis is beneficial as it helps identify limitations and bottlenecks,
enabling organizations to optimize their processes and make informed decisions. It allows for a thorough understanding of resource allocation and helps prioritize tasks based on available constraints. However, if not used correctly, constraint analysis can be limiting. Relying solely on constraints may stifle innovation and hinder the exploration of new opportunities. It is important to strike a balance, using constraint analysis as a tool to improve efficiency while also encouraging creativity and adaptability.
In more detail, constraint analysis can be valuable in several ways. By identifying constraints, whether they are related to time, budget, resources, or capabilities, organizations can assess the feasibility and impact of different options. It helps in setting realistic goals and managing expectations, preventing overcommitment and avoiding unnecessary risks. Furthermore, constraint analysis facilitates effective resource allocation, ensuring that the limited resources are allocated in the most efficient and effective manner.
However, relying solely on constraint analysis can have downsides. It can lead to a narrow focus on existing limitations, hindering the exploration of new possibilities and innovative solutions. Creativity and adaptability may suffer if organizations become overly fixated on constraints and fail to embrace opportunities for growth. It is important to view constraint analysis as a complementary tool rather than a rigid framework, balancing the need for optimization with the need for flexibility and innovation. By striking this balance, organizations can make the most of constraint analysis while fostering a culture of continuous improvement and adaptability.
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Suppose that you are an entrepreneur who is starting a new business that will be launching a new app that is meant to help travelers meet other people simultaneously traveling in the same areas. Assume that your endeavor will implicate the three major branches of IP: Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks. Please propose a plan for how you would minimize the risk of infringing the IP (Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks) of others. Though there is often some overlap between protecting one’s own IP and avoiding infringing the IP of others, these are two distinct realms. Indeed, one may avoid infringing the IP of others without qualifying for one’s own IP protection. An example of this would be practicing a technology that is already in the public domain (for example, if a relevant patent covering this tech has expired). In any event, for this essay, do not discuss steps that you would take to protect your own IP. Rather, focus on steps to avoid infringing on the IP of others. Please outline and delve into the specific logical steps you would take.
As an entrepreneur starting a new business based on a travel app, it is essential to take the necessary measures to minimize the risk of infringing the three major branches of intellectual property:
Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks. In this essay, we will discuss how to avoid infringing on the IP of others.
To minimize the risk of infringing IP, the primary step is to conduct research and identify the existing patents, copyrights, and trademarks that are relevant to the app's industry.
Once we have identified the existing IPs, we can avoid infringing them by making some changes or modifications in our app's features to differentiate it from the existing ones.
The next step is to hire a lawyer and get legal advice to ensure that the app does not infringe any existing IP rights. Additionally, we can also take the help of patent search tools to conduct a thorough search for all existing patents related to the app's features.
Another important step is to conduct regular audits of the app's features to ensure that it does not infringe any IP rights that may arise in the future.
Finally, we can make use of non-disclosure agreements with employees, contractors, and others who may have access to our trade secrets and ensure that our app's source code is secure and confidential.
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Subject-food and beverages operations management
1.Menu planning is an important task for a Food and Beverage manager in large organisations,
List and explain five factors,the managers should take into consideration to ensure that the menu meets customers demand.(PLEASE LIST AND WRITE SMALL SENTENCES FOR EACH OF THEM IN AN EASY ENGLISH)
Menu planning is an essential task for a Food and Beverage manager in large organizations.
Here are five factors that managers should consider to ensure that the menu meets customer demand:
1. Consumer preferences - Managers should consider customers' tastes and preferences when planning a menu. It is critical to have a clear understanding of customers' dietary needs, preferred cuisines, and flavor preferences.
2. Budget constraints - Managers should consider the cost of ingredients and labor when planning a menu. By examining food and labor costs, menu items can be created that meet customers' demands while remaining within the budget.
3. Ingredients availability - Managers should take note of the seasonal availability of ingredients when planning a menu. Seasonal ingredients may be cost-effective, and customers will appreciate fresh, seasonal food items.
4. Nutritional balance - It's crucial to keep the menu balanced nutritionally. This ensures that customers have a variety of choices while still maintaining a healthy diet.
5. Staffing capability - The manager should consider the level of experience and expertise of the kitchen staff. It's critical to have a skilled team to ensure that menu items are prepared to the highest quality.
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suppose that the market for sports watches is a competitive market. the following graph shows the daily cost curves of a firm operating in this market.
The graph represents the daily cost curves of a firm in a competitive sports watch market. The firm's marginal cost (MC) curve intersects with its average variable cost (AVC) and average total cost (ATC) curves at certain points.
In the graph, the marginal cost (MC) curve starts at a relatively low point and gradually increases as the firm produces more sports watches. This indicates that as the firm increases its production output, the cost of producing each additional watch also increases. The average variable cost (AVC) curve starts at a low point and initially decreases as production increases, indicating economies of scale. However, it eventually starts to increase, suggesting that the firm is experiencing diminishing returns to scale.
The average total cost (ATC) curve, which is the sum of the average variable cost (AVC) and the average fixed cost (AFC), follows a similar pattern as the AVC curve. It decreases initially due to economies of scale but eventually starts to rise as the firm encounters diminishing returns to scale. The intersection of the MC curve with the AVC and ATC curves occurs at their respective minimum points. This implies that the firm is producing at an efficient scale, where the cost of producing each additional watch is minimized. In a competitive market, firms aim to produce at the minimum point of their cost curves to remain competitive and maximize their profits.
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PART A: If the price of chocolate-covered peanuts decreases from $1.05 to $0.95 and the quantity demanded increases from 180 bags to 220 bags, this indicates that, if other things are unchanged, the price elasticity of demand is:
PART B:
If the price of chocolate-covered peanuts decreases from $1.10 to $0.90 and the quantity demanded increases from 180 bags to 220 bags, this indicates that, if other things are unchanged, the price elasticity of demand is:
Part A:If the price of chocolate-covered peanuts decreases from $1.05 to $0.95 and the quantity demanded increases from 180 bags to 220 bags, this indicates that, if other things are unchanged, the price elasticity of demand is 1.33.
PART B:If the price of chocolate-covered peanuts decreases from $1.10 to $0.90 and the quantity demanded increases from 180 bags to 220 bags, this indicates that, if other things are unchanged, the price elasticity of demand is 2.25.Explanation:Given thatThe initial price of chocolate-covered peanuts = $1.05The final price of chocolate-covered peanuts = $0.95The initial quantity demanded = 180 bagsThe final quantity demanded = 220 bagsPart A:Price elasticity of demand (PED) = percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in priceGiven that there is a decrease in the price of chocolate-covered peanuts, and the quantity demanded increases. The price elasticity of demand (PED) will be calculated as follows:percentage change in quantity demanded = (change in quantity demanded/average quantity demanded) × 100percentage change in quantity demanded = ((220 − 180)/200) × 100percentage change in quantity demanded = (40/200) × 100percentage change in quantity demanded = 20percentage change in price = (change in price/average price) × 100percentage change in price = ((0.95 − 1.05)/1.00) × 100percentage change in price = (−0.10/1.00) × 100percentage change in price = −10Price elasticity of demand (PED) = percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in pricePED = 20/−10PED = −2Therefore, the price elasticity of demand (PED) is 2.Part B:Price elasticity of demand (PED) = percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in priceGiven that there is a decrease in the price of chocolate-covered peanuts, and the quantity demanded increases. The price elasticity of demand (PED) will be calculated as follows:percentage change in quantity demanded = (change in quantity demanded/average quantity demanded) × 100percentage change in quantity demanded = ((220 − 180)/200) × 100percentage change in quantity demanded = (40/200) × 100percentage change in quantity demanded = 20percentage change in price = (change in price/average price) × 100percentage change in price = ((0.90 − 1.10)/1.00) × 100percentage change in price = (−0.20/1.00) × 100percentage change in price = −20Price elasticity of demand (PED) = percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in pricePED = 20/−20PED = −1Therefore, the price elasticity of demand (PED) is 1.
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PART A: If the price of chocolate-covered peanuts decreases from $1.05 to $0.95 and the quantity demanded increases from 180 bags to 220 bags, this indicates that, if other things are unchanged, the price elasticity of demand is elastic.
Part B: If the price of chocolate-covered peanuts decreases from $1.10 to $0.90 and the quantity demanded increases from 180 bags to 220 bags, this indicates that, if other things are unchanged, the price elasticity of demand is elastic. When the price elasticity of demand is elastic, the percentage change in quantity demanded is more than the percentage change in the price. Elasticity of demand is a measure of the degree of change in the quantity demanded when the price of a good or service changes. It determines the degree of sensitivity of demand for a good or service with respect to changes in its price.
The elasticity of demand is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded of a good or service is to changes in its price. It quantifies the percentage change in quantity demanded resulting from a 1% change in price.
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1. For the following transactions, analyze the accounting transactions using the accounting equation framework (10 Marks) Course: Financial Accounting & Analysis Internal Assignment Applicable for June 2022 Examination 1. Introduced Rs500000 through a cheque by the Owner as the Initial capital in the business 2. Purchased goods on credit from Ms. Ritu at Rs 40000 3. Paid Rs 10000 as salary to the employees 4. Invested Rs200000 in a fixed deposit account 5. Paid school fees of the kid Rs 25000, from the business's bank account. Note: (2*5 = 10 marks) 1 marks for analyzing each transaction and 1 mark for correct journal entry 2. You started learning the course of financial accounting and analysis in the MBA Program. You learned about commonly used accounting terms. Discuss about any five terms which are commonly used by the different users of accounting information for the sake of understanding the financial statements Student may define and describe about any five terms (10 Marks) (10 Marks) 3. From the given information Amount in Lakhs cost of goods sold 580 opening stock 40 closing stock 70 creditors at the beginning of the year 60 creditors at the end of the year 100 cash purchases 45 Original cost of equipment sold 400 Gain on the equipment sold 50 Accumulated depreciation on the equipment 80 Course: Financial Accounting & Analysis Internal Assignment Applicable for June 2022 Examination Calculate: a. Total purchases, credit purchases and payment to creditors (5 Marks) b. Define the term Net book value, Accumulated depreciation calculate the net book value and cash proceeds from sale of investment (5 Marks)
Analyzing the accounting transactions using the accounting equation framework: This transaction increases the owner's equity (capital) and also increases the assets of the business.
Introduced Rs500,000 through a cheque by the Owner as the Initial capital in the business:
This transaction increases the owner's equity (capital) and also increases the assets of the business. The accounting equation can be represented as:
Assets (+) Owner's Equity
500,000 + 500,000
Journal Entry:
Debit: Cash (Assets) - Rs 500,000
Credit: Owner's Capital (Equity) - Rs 500,000
b. Purchased goods on credit from Ms. Ritu at Rs 40,000:
This transaction increases the assets (inventory) and also increases the liabilities (creditors). The accounting equation can be represented as:
Assets (+) Liabilities
40,000 + 40,000
Journal Entry:
Debit: Purchases (Expenses/Assets) - Rs 40,000
Credit: Accounts Payable (Liabilities) - Rs 40,000
c. Paid Rs 10,000 as salary to the employees:
This transaction decreases the assets (cash) and decreases the owner's equity (expenses). The accounting equation can be represented as:
Assets (-) Owner's Equity
10,000 - 10,000
Journal Entry:
Debit: Salary Expense (Expenses) - Rs 10,000
Credit: Cash (Assets) - Rs 10,000
d. Invested Rs 200,000 in a fixed deposit account:
This transaction increases the assets (fixed deposit) and does not affect the owner's equity since it is a transfer of funds within the business. The accounting equation remains the same:
Assets (+) Owner's Equity
200,000, Journal Entry:
Debit: Fixed Deposit (Assets) - Rs 200,000
Credit: Cash (Assets) - Rs 200,000
Paid school fees of the kid Rs 25,000 from the business's bank account:
This transaction decreases the assets (cash) and does not affect the owner's equity since it is a personal expense. The accounting equation remains the same: Assets (-) Owner's Equity
25,000, Journal Entry:
Debit: Personal Expense (Expenses) - Rs 25,000
Credit: Cash (Assets) - Rs 25,000
Commonly used accounting terms by different users of accounting information:
a. Assets: These are economic resources owned by a business that are expected to provide future benefits.
b. Liabilities: These are obligations or debts owed by a business to external parties.
c. Equity: Also known as owner's equity or shareholders' equity, it represents the residual interest in the assets of a business after deducting liabilities.
d. Revenue: This represents the inflow of economic benefits resulting from the ordinary activities of a business, such as sales of goods or services.
e. Expenses: These are the costs incurred by a business in order to generate revenue. Expenses reduce the owner's equity.
Calculation:
Total purchases, credit purchases, and payment to creditors:
Total purchases = Opening stock + Purchases + Cash purchases
Total purchases = 40 + Credit purchases + 45
To calculate credit purchases, we need to subtract cash purchases from total purchases:
Credit purchases = Total purchases - Cash purchases
Credit purchases = Total purchases - 45
Payment to creditors = Credit purchases + Increase in creditors
Payment to creditors = Credit purchases + (Creditors at the end of the year - Creditors at the beginning of the year)
b. Net book value, accumulated depreciation, and cash proceeds from the sale of investment:
Net book value = Original cost of equipment sold - Accumulated depreciation on the equipment
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Oregon legislative committee passes cap-and-trade bill Lawmakers are moving Oregon a step closer to adopting what would be the nation's second economywide carbon pricing scheme, after California. Source: Portland Business Journal, May 17, 2019- The transportation sector is Oregon's largest contributor to carbon emissions. Under what conditions would Oregon's carbon pricing scheme reduce carbon emissions to the efficient quantity? Use a graph to illustrate your explanation. Show the effects of setting the price of carbon too low and too high. GECED and The efficient quantity of transportation would be produced if the quantity of permits was set such that permits traded at a price A. marginal social cost of transportation equals marginal benefit; below marginal external cost OB. marginal private cost of transportation equals marginal benefit; above marginal external cost OC. carbon emissions were eliminated; equal to marginal benefit D. marginal social cost of transportation equals marginal benefit; equal to marginal external cost OE. marginal private cost of transportation equals marginal benefit; equal marginal external cost The graph shows the market for transportation in Oregon with no cap-and-trade system. On the graph, draw the marginal social cost curve of transportation. Label it. Draw a point to show the outcome of a cap-and-trade system that results in an efficient amount of emissions. Label it 1. Draw a point to show the outcome when the price of a permit is too low. Label it 2. Draw a point to show the outcome when the price of a permit is too high. Label it 3. Price and cost (cents per mile) 40- 35- 30- 25- 20- 15- 104 54 100 500 600 400 Quantity (thousands of miles) 200 300 S=MC D = MB 700 800 Q
Oregon's carbon pricing scheme can reduce carbon emissions to the efficient quantity under the conditions of marginal social cost of transportation equals marginal benefit; below marginal external cost. Let's see the graph to understand the concept well. **Graph** The graph shows the market for transportation in Oregon with no cap-and-trade system.
Drawing the marginal social cost curve of transportation, and labelling it: [tex]MSC = S[/tex]. Now, when the price of carbon permit is too low, it can lead to market failure. Drawing a point to show the outcome when the price of a permit is too low, and labelling it: [tex]2[/tex]. In this case, the quantity of carbon emission is higher than the efficient quantity. It happens because the marginal private cost is lesser than the marginal external cost of carbon emissions. So, the market fails to account for the harmful effects of carbon emissions. On the other hand, when the price of carbon permit is too high, it can also lead to market failure. Drawing a point to show the outcome when the price of a permit is too high, and labelling it: [tex]3[/tex]. In this case, the quantity of carbon emission is lesser than the efficient quantity.
It happens because the marginal private cost is greater than the marginal external cost of carbon emissions. So, the market overcompensates for the harmful effects of carbon emissions. Hence, the market fails to maximize economic efficiency. Therefore, the efficient quantity of transportation would be produced if the quantity of permits was set such that permits traded at a price equal to marginal social cost of transportation equals marginal benefit; below marginal external cost. In that case, the point where the [tex]MSC[/tex] curve intersects with the demand curve would represent the efficient quantity of emissions, and it is labelled [tex]1[/tex].
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