A topographic map is a detailed and accurate representation of man-made and natural features on the Earth's surface.
There are various types of maps for various purposes. Topographic maps identify different ground features like Relief(mountain, slope), Hydrography(lakes, river), Vegetation, Boundaries, Transportation ways etc. The topographic map is a two-dimensional representation of the Earth's three-dimensional landscape. Therefore, a map will never be entirely up to date. Changes may take place in landscape features regularly resulting in maps becoming dated, although the rate of agedness varies depending upon location.
Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. They are used in geographic planning, mining and other earth based endeavors. Hikers use topographic maps to find trails and the steepness of slopes to plan their ascent.
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What would happen if Jupiter and Mercury switched places?
Not a lot. Without a telescope, the Jupiter transit, which is a much larger object, would be visible.
For the time being, Mercury's orbit would be very slow that far out, and Jupiter's would have to accelerate dramatically to avoid colliding with the sun.
How is Mercury affected by Jupiter?According to O'Toole, Jupiter can pull Mercury out of its orbit, particularly when the two planets are aligned on the same side of the Sun: It resembles a tug-of-war." According to him, Mercury could eventually cross Venus' orbit and come into contact with Venus or, even worse, the Sun.
What would transpire if Jupiter and Earth swapped places?The planet itself would change, with its magnetosphere coming into closer contact with the sun and its atmosphere heating up. However, the planet's major moons would likely experience the most change. The ice worlds of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, in particular, would begin to melt.
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Two landscaping companies made bids on the landscaping of a new apartment complex. Company A bid $596,000 for materials and plants and $169,000 for labor.
Company B bid $539,000 for materials and plants and $170,000 for labor. How much lower was the bid made by Company B?
The amount lower than the bid made by Company A, that was made by Company B is $ 56, 000
How to find the amount ?To find the amount made, you first need to find the amount that Company A made as a bid which is :
= Materials + Labor
= 596, 000 + 169, 000
= $ 765, 000
The amount made by Company B as a bid was :
= 539, 000 + 170, 000
= $ 709, 000
The difference is therefore :
= 765, 000 - 709, 000
= $ 56, 000
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Is this statement true or false?
Japan is located to the east of China.
It is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south.
Sandra received 15 $20 bills for her birthday. She spent 3/5and saved 2/5. How much did Sandra spend? How much did she save?
Answer:
She spent $180 and saved $120.
15 x 20 = 300
300/5 = 60
60 x 3 = 180
60 x 2 = 120
Earth Science
What does grain size in a sedimentary rock reveal about its history? Explain your answer. Give an example.
Rounded sediment tells you that the rocks traveled quite some distance, rolling around and bumping into each other. The larger the grain size the quicker the sediment was moving and depositing.
Explain the term grain size.
The diameter of a single grain of silt or the lithified particles in clastic rocks is known as grain size (or particle size). Other granular substances may also be covered by the phrase. The crystallite size, on the other hand, refers to the size of a single crystal inside a particle or grain. There are several crystals that can make up a single grain. From very tiny colloidal particles, to clay, silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles, to boulders, granular material can come in a variety of sizes.
In the American Wentworth scale (also known as the Udden-Wentworth scale), size ranges provide the upper and lower bounds of the classes that are assigned names. The Wentworth scale was modified by W. C. Krumbein to create the Krumbein phi () scale.
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Which claim about rocks on Venus do you think is best supported by the evidence?
Claim 1: Venus's rock transformation processes form mostly sedimentary rock.
Claim 2: Venus's rock transformation processes form mostly igneous rock
The claim about rocks on Venus you think is the best supported by the evidence is: Claim 2.
What is the claim about rocks on Venus?Claim 2: Venus's rock transformation processes form mostly igneous rock is best supported by the evidence.
The surface of Venus is covered in volcanic features, such as lava plains, shield volcanoes, and large volcanic mountains. This indicates that volcanic activity is a dominant geological process on Venus. Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava, and are the most common type of rock formed through volcanic processes.
On the other hand, sedimentary rocks are typically formed through the accumulation and cementation of sediment, which requires the presence of water or ice. There is currently no evidence to suggest that Venus has significant amounts of liquid water, so it is less likely that sedimentary rocks are a major product of geological processes on Venus.
Therefore, based on the available evidence, Claim 2 is better supported than Claim 1.
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The most likely answer is Claim 2: Venus's rock transformation processes form mostly igneous rock is best supported by the evidence.
Why is this so?This is because the surface of Venus is dominated by volcanic features, such as lava flows and volcanic plains, which suggest a history of extensive igneous activity.
Additionally, the composition of Venus's atmosphere and surface rocks, as measured by various spacecraft, also indicate a predominantly igneous origin.
While some sedimentary rocks may exist on Venus, they are likely a minor component compared to igneous rocks.
P.S: Your question is incomplete and this is the best fit given the sparse question.
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lesson plan for geography grade 10 term one
INFORMATION GENERAL;
Content GENERAL;
Teaching methods,
Teaching methods,
ASSUMED PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
The diversity of natural and cultural landscape aspects will be emphasised as students obtain factual information about the world and its areas. They will also be familiar with some fundamental principles, definitions, and topics in the
Students will have a greater sense of global awareness and geographic literacy. They will succeed in achieving one of the objectives of a liberal arts education, which is to create informed citizens capable of understanding the unique contribution that geography makes to the political, economic, and social life of other nations. They will be able to apply spatial analysis to assist explain some of the major regional problems of the present, especially geopolitical, economic, social .
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What quality doe all functional GIS data have?
what is Fairtrade Canada's goal?
A planet whose distance from the Sun is 3 A.U. would have an orbital period of how many Earth-years?
a) 81
b) √27
c) 3
d) √3
e) 9
.
Select all the correct answers.
What are three environmental hazards associated with the process of extracting fossil fuels?
heavy storms
oil spills
climate change
water pollution
oxygen emission
Answer:
oil spillsclimate changewater pollutionExplanation:
answer the following questions
1. What is the purpose of photogrammetry?
2. Why are UAV stereo images taken with very high degree of overlap?
3. Identify four differences between vertical and oblique photos
4. Explain the purpose of fiducial marks on an aerial photo
5. What causes stereoscopic parallax?
6. Explain the difference between absolute stereoscopic parallax and differential parallax
7. Explain the following equation
a. h = (H’) * dP / (P + dP)
b. h = (H’) * d / (r)
c. H’ = (h * r )/ d
8. What is the importance of stereoscopic vision in remote sensing?
9. State two ways by which stereo viewing can be done
10. Explain the following equation δr= ∗ℎ
11. What is the purpose of orthorectification?
12. What is the acceptable difference between initial and the computed camera position and how can the difference be minimized?
13. Which data in the pix4d quality report indicates that there are significant overlaps between the images?
14. Which data in the pix4d quality report indicates that there are significant matches between the tie points?
15. Which section of the pix4d quality report indicates the positional deviations associated with your data?
16. Provide an explanation of what occurs during Stage one processing of UAV images.
17. What is the purpose of Stage two processing of UAV images in Pix4D?
18. Identify five different products that can be generated from Pix4D and explain what they are and how they can be used by geographers.
19. Explain two ways by which the accuracy of the 3D models generated by Pix4d can be improved.
20. Explain why it is important to accurately reclassify a point cloud.
1. The purpose of photogrammetry is to measure and create accurate 3D models and maps using photographs.
2. UAV stereo images are taken with a very high degree of overlap to provide a sufficient number of tie points for accurate 3D modeling.
What are the responses to other questions?3. Four differences between vertical and oblique photos are:
vertical photos are taken from directly above the target area while oblique photos are taken at an angle, vertical photos have a constant scale while oblique photos do not, vertical photos provide more information on the height of objects while oblique photos provide more information on the shape of objects, and vertical photos are typically used for mapping while oblique photos are used for visual inspection and interpretation.4. Fiducial marks on an aerial photo serve as reference points for photogrammetric measurements, providing a means of scaling and orienting the photograph.
5. Stereoscopic parallax is caused by the displacement of an object's position between two images taken from different angles.
6. Absolute stereoscopic parallax refers to the displacement of an object relative to the ground, while differential parallax refers to the displacement of an object relative to other objects in the scene.
7. a. h = height of object, H’ = height of object in the photo, dP = parallax, P = principal distance
b. h = height of object, H’ = height of object in the photo, d = distance between photos, r = parallax
c. H’ = height of object in the photo, h = height of object, r = parallax, d = distance between photos
8. Stereoscopic vision in remote sensing is important because it allows for the creation of accurate 3D models and measurements of the Earth's surface.
9. Two ways to view stereo images are through the use of a stereoscope or by using anaglyph images.
10. The equation δr = h*f / B relates the shift in apparent position of an object in two images to the object's height above the ground, the focal length of the camera, and the distance between the two images.
11. The purpose of orthorectification is to remove distortions caused by terrain relief and camera tilt in aerial imagery, resulting in a more accurate and consistent representation of the Earth's surface.
12. The acceptable difference between initial and computed camera positions depends on the accuracy requirements of the project, but in general, a difference of less than one pixel is considered acceptable. The difference can be minimized by using high-quality ground control points and accurate camera calibration.
13. The data in the pix4d quality report that indicates significant overlaps between images is the "Image Properties" section, which shows the number and percentage of overlapping images.
14. The data in the pix4d quality report that indicates significant matches between tie points is the "Tie Points" section, which shows the number and distribution of tie points across the project area.
15. The section of the pix4d quality report that indicates the positional deviations associated with data is the "Quality Check" section, which shows the accuracy of the camera positions and the level of geometric distortion in the data.
16. During Stage one processing of UAV images, the images are calibrated, matched, and a sparse point cloud is generated.
17. The purpose of Stage two processing of UAV images in Pix4D is to generate a dense point cloud, 3D mesh, and orthomosaic using the sparse point cloud and images.
18. Five different products that can be generated from Pix4D are:
Orthomosaic: A high-resolution orthorectified image of the survey area, which can be used for mapping, land-use planning, and visual analysis.Digital Elevation Model (DEM): A 3D representation of the survey area, which can be used for terrain analysis, hydrology, and volumetric calculations.Point Cloud: A collection of 3D points that represent the surface of the survey area, which can be used for modeling, measurement, and visualization.Contour Lines: A vector representation of the elevation data in the survey area, which can be used for mapping and visualization.3D Mesh: A 3D surface model of the survey area, which can be used for visualization and analysis.19. Two ways by which the accuracy of the 3D models generated by Pix4D can be improved are:
Increasing the Ground Control Point (GCP) density: GCPs are surveyed points with known coordinates used to improve the accuracy of the 3D model. Increasing the GCP density can improve the accuracy of the 3D model.
Using high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers and inertial measurement units (IMUs) to georeference the images: High-precision GNSS receivers and IMUs can provide more accurate information about the camera's position and orientation, which can lead to a more accurate 3D model.
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Use evidence from the graph to support the statement that 81% of the energy used in the United States in 2014 was fossil fuel energy
Wrong
Answer:
Explanation:
after the ice melted how was the sand in the first tray
When the ice melted and slid across the sand, it moved the sand in several spots, which the water carried, causing erosion.
When the ice melts, what happens next?Never will the entire planet be submerged. But they would be extremely different from our shores. Sea level would increase by around 70 metres if all the ice on Antarctica, Greenland, and in mountain glaciers across the world melted (230 feet). All the coastal cities would be covered by the ocean.
What is the temperature doing now that the ice has melted?Ice melting is a phase change process. Hence, all of the thermal energy provided to the ice during this process is utilised to change its phase from solid to liquid.
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what style of greek pottery is characterized by its use of black figures on a red background
Answer: Red-figure Pottery
Explanation: Red-figure Pottery is a style of Greek vase painting invented in Athens c. 530 BCE. The style has drawn red figures and a painted black background. Red-Figure Pottery grew in popularity, and by the early 5th century BCE it had all but replaced black-figure pottery as the predominant pottery type in Athens. The last recorded examples are from c. 320 BCE.
Where does nuclear fusion occur in the Sun?
A) on the surface
B) anywhere below the surface
C) in its core
D) just above the visible surface
E) all of the above
The energy released through nuclear fusion in the Sun's core
Nuclear fusion is the process by which atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy in the process. In the Sun, nuclear fusion occurs in its core, which is the central region where the temperature and pressure are extremely high. Specifically, the Sun's core is hot and dense enough to allow hydrogen nuclei (protons) to undergo a series of fusion reactions, ultimately leading to the formation of helium nuclei. This process is known as the proton-proton chain reaction, and it releases an enormous amount of energy in the form of light and heat.
The energy released through nuclear fusion in the Sun's core is what powers the Sun and allows it to emit light and heat that sustain life on Earth. The energy produced in the Sun's core is transported to the surface through a process called radiation, which involves the movement of energy in the form of photons. The photons that are generated in the core travel through the Sun's layers, gradually losing energy until they are finally emitted as visible light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
Overall, nuclear fusion in the Sun's core is a complex and fascinating process that is essential for life on Earth.
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How does global warming connect to human geography?
Global warming has a significant impact on human geography, as it affects many aspects of human life, including population distribution, urbanization, migration, and economic activity.
How global warming connects to human geographyPopulation Distribution: Changes in temperature and weather patterns as a result of global warming can cause population shifts, as people move away from areas affected by natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, to safer regions.
Urbanization: The effects of global warming can lead to an increase in urbanization, as people flock to cities for greater access to resources and services, as well as to escape the impacts of global warming in rural areas.
Migration: Climate change is causing people to migrate, both within their own countries and across borders, as they seek to escape the effects of natural disasters, rising sea levels, and changing weather patterns.
Economic Activity: Global warming can disrupt economic activities, such as agriculture, fishing, and forestry, which rely on stable climates and predictable weather patterns. As a result, communities that depend on these industries may face economic hardship, leading to further migration.
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Position (m)
B
1 2 3
5
Time (s)
The graph describes the motion of an object.
The object moves with
from C to D.
4
6 7 8 9
from A to B. It
10
Reset
C
11 12 x
Next
from B to C. It moves with
It should be noted that the correct options to fill will be:
First blank - Constant velocity
Second blank - remains stationary
Third blank - constant velocity.
How to convey the informationFor the segments A to B and C to D, the slope will be calculated as - ∆y/∆x. Since ∆y represents a change in position and ∆x represents a change in time, the resultant will be velocity. As the graph increases linearly, it shows constant velocity.
From segment B to C, the value of x-axis increases while that of y-axis remains constant. Thus, the object becomes stationary.
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what is the time in Calcutta longitude 96 degree east when it is 9am in Munich longitude 11 degree east
Time in Calcutta (longitude 96 degrees east, when it is 9 am in Munich(longitude 11 degrees east) will be 2.40 pm
For solving these types of questions, first, we have to calculate differences in longitude
Then we have to convert this to a time difference and finally, we have to adjust the time according to the direction of the movement
Longitude Difference of Calcutta and Munich ⇒ 96 - 11 = 85 degrees
For time difference, 85/15 = 5 hours 40 minutes
Now, we know that Calcutta is east of Munich so we have to add that time difference
So, 9 AM + 5 hrs 40 mins = 2:40 PM
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According to astronomers, which of the following places in the outer parts of our solar system might be a reasonable place for life to exist?a.in the core of the planet Saturn
b.in the rings of Neptune
c.in the mountains of Pluto
d.on the surface of some of the smaller members of the Kuiper Belt
Based on current scientific understanding, option d. on the surface of some of the smaller members of the Kuiper Belt might be a reasonable place for life to exist in the outer parts of our solar system.
According to current scientific understanding, the Kuiper Belt is a possible location in the outer parts of our solar system where life might exist. This region, which lies beyond the orbit of Neptune, is home to a vast array of small, icy objects, including dwarf planets like Pluto. Recent observations and research have suggested that some of these icy worlds may have conditions that could support life, such as subsurface oceans, liquid water, and organic compounds.
The Kuiper Belt is a prime target for future exploration and study, with missions like New Horizons providing valuable insights into the nature of these small, icy worlds. While the prospect of life in the Kuiper Belt is still speculative and requires further investigation, the potential for habitable environments on some of these icy objects is an exciting area of research.
However, it's important to note that the idea of life in the Kuiper Belt is still a topic of debate among scientists, and further observations and data are needed to confirm the possibility of habitable environments on these distant worlds. Nevertheless, the Kuiper Belt remains a fascinating and promising area for exploration and research as we continue to expand our understanding of our solar system and the potential for life beyond Earth.
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10"
Find the lateral area of the figure shown.
607 square inches
O 907 square inches
O 1207 square inches
The lateral area of the rectangular prism will be 5,442 square inches.
What is the surface area of the rectangular prism?Let the prism with a length of L, a width of W, and a height of H. Then the surface area of the prism is given as
SA = 2(LW + WH + HL)
The area of the faces is given below.
LW = 607 square inches
WH = 907 square inches
HL = 1207 square inches
Then the lateral area of the rectangular prism is given as,
SA = 2(607 + 907 + 1207)
SA = 2 x 2721
SA = 5,442 square inches
The lateral area of the rectangular prism will be 5,442 square inches.
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The complete question is given below.
The area of the faces is LW = 607 square inches, WH = 907 square inches, and HL = 1207 square inches. Find the lateral area of the figure shown.
Part A Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before su your answer. ► View Available Hint(s) Reset Help clockwise In the Northern Hemisphere, surface air moves a high-pressure system and counterclockwise a low-pressure system. Surface air motion is in a high- into pressure system and in a low-pressure system. out of Submit de Feedback
In the Northern Hemisphere, surface air moves clockwise in a high-pressure system and counterclockwise in a low-pressure system. Surface air motion is out of a high-pressure system and into a low-pressure system.
The movement of air in the atmosphere is affected by differences in air pressure. High-pressure systems are areas where the air pressure is higher than the surrounding areas, while low-pressure systems are areas where the air pressure is lower than the surrounding areas.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes the surface air to move clockwise around a high-pressure system and counterclockwise around a low-pressure system. This means that in a high-pressure system, the surface air is moving outwards away from the center of the system, while in a low-pressure system, the surface air is moving inwards towards the center of the system.
As the air moves from high-pressure to low-pressure areas, it creates winds. The stronger the pressure gradient (difference in pressure between two points), the stronger the winds will be. Understanding the direction of surface air movement is important for predicting weather patterns, as different air masses with different pressures can create various weather conditions, such as thunderstorms, hurricanes, or clear skies.
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How is the motion and interaction of plates classified at plate boundaries?
Answer:
There are a few handfuls of major plates and dozens of smaller, or minor, plates. Six of the majors are named for the continents embedded within them, such as the North American, African, and Antarctic plates. Though smaller in size, the minors are no less important when it comes to shaping the Earth. The tiny Juan de Fuca plate is largely responsible for the volcanoes that dot the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
The plates make up Earth's outer shell, called the lithosphere. (This includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle.) Churning currents in the molten rocks below propel them along like a jumble of conveyor belts in disrepair. Most geologic activity stems from the interplay where the plates meet or divide.
The movement of the plates creates three types of tectonic boundaries: convergent, where plates move into one another; divergent, where plates move apart; and transform, where plates move sideways in relation to each other.
What Russian leader secured Russian frontage on the Black Sea, in what is today Ukraine?
A) Peter the Great (1682-1725)
B) Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
C) Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584)
D) Ivan the Great (reigned 1462-1505)
Catherine the great Russian leader secured Russian frontage on the Black Sea, in what is today Ukraine.
What era in Russian history did Catherine the great rule?
The longest reign of a Russian empress was that of Catherine II, sometimes referred to as Catherine the Great, who ruled from 1762 to 1796. She greatly grew her country's dominion while being known more for her personal than her official concerns. After her husband, Peter III, was overthrown, she ascended to power. The Enlightenment-inspired cultural and scientific revival that Russia underwent throughout her lengthy rule resulted in the founding of numerous new cities, universities, and theatres, as well as widespread immigration from the rest of Europe and the acknowledgment of Russia as one of Europe's great powers.
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What is the difference between topographic and satellite maps? What are 2 pro and 2 cons for both?
A form of map called a topographical map is characterized by high scale details and representations of relief, among other things.
A satellite is a man-made satellite that a nation's government uses to gather images of the earth or any other planet.
What are some of the benefits and uses of topographic maps?There are several restrictions on what a topographic map's lines and symbols can convey the reader. Too Static - Possibly the biggest drawback, topographical maps' features can become out-of-date over time. Map readers should be aware that the terrain and locations depicted on a map are subject to change throughout time.
A map is a flat representation of all or a portion of the surface of the Earth that has been scaled. Maps are more useful as a representation of the real world the better they convey information. Landform elevations are depicted on topographic maps relative to sea level.
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According to the pie chart, which function consumed the largest portion of government expenditures in 2003?
A.
providing retirement income for older citizens
B.
improving roads, bridges, and other infrastructure
C.
providing health care for older and poor citizens
D.
paying the interest on the national debt
E.
improving education and training for poor citizens
The providing retirement income for older citizens function consumed the largest portion of government expenditures in 2003. The correct option is (A).
What do you mean by government expenditures?The government spends money on the provision of goods and services that are not offered by the private sector but are crucial for the wellbeing of the country.
Pension transfer payments are a fixed part of fiscal policy, but unemployment benefits fluctuate with the state of the economy, depending on whether it is in a recession or an expansion.
Public consumption, public investment, and transfer payments made up of capital transfers and income transfers (pensions, social benefits), collectively referred to as government expenditures, are all included in the definition of goods and services.
Therefore, In 2003, the function of providing retirement income for senior adults accounted for the majority of government spending.
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Answer: A
Explanation:
Theory that upholds the big bang Theory but suggests there was an extremely rapid expansion or inflation milliseconds after the big bang.
Theory of an oscillating world. According to this hypothesis, there is a big crunch for every big bang. Theory of an oscillating world.
What are some examples of oscillate?
The movement of a simple pendulum in a clock and the tides in the sea are the two most typical instances of oscillation. The oscillation of springs is another illustration. Oscillations can also be seen in the vibration of guitar strings and other stringed instruments. Synonyms for oscillate include fluctuate, sway, swing, undulate, vibrate, and waver. While all of these phrases refer to "moving from one way to its opposite," oscillation emphasises a typically predictable change in direction. a rotating fan.
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The date Pollux rises at 1 a.m.
Pollux, which is one of the brightest stars in the constellation Gemini, rises at 1 AM on April 1st. The Option C is correct.
What should we know about Pollux?Pollux, also known as Beta Geminorum, is the brightest star in the constellation Gemini. It is a reddish giant star with a visual magnitude of 1.15. The mythological twins Castor and Pollux inspired the names of the stars Castor and Pollux.
Pollux is located 33.7 light-years away from Earth. Pollux b, a planet, was discovered in 2006. Pollux b has nearly three times the mass of Jupiter, orbits Pollux every 590 days, and is 253 million kilometers away (157 million miles).
Pollux is slightly brighter than Castor, also known as Beta Geminorum. It has a golden glow to it, whereas Castor appears whiter. Pollux is the 18th brightest star in the night sky of Earth. Pollux and Castor stand out due to their brightness and close proximity.
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Geologic time begins with a very long span called precambrian time. Precambrian time ended about 544 million years ago. Scientists have organized geologic time into spans. These spans are times of different lengths. Using the model, organize the basic units of geologic time in order from shortest to longest.
Precambrian time covers most of Earth's history,beginning with the planet's creation about 4.5 billion years ago and ending with the emergence of complex,multicellular life forms nearly four billion years later.
During the Paleozoic Era, which lasted 289 million years, plants and reptiles began to move from the sea to the land. With a duration of 79 million years,it represents more time than has elapsed since the extinction of the dinosaurs,which occurred at the end of the period. Geological time began to run when the Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago.The Precambrian spans the Archean and Proterozoic eons,which are formal geologic intervals that lasted from 4 billion to about 541 million years ago,and the Hadean Eon,which is an informal interval that extends from 4.6 billion to 4 billion years ago.Stratigraphy,also called chronostratigraphy,is the arrangement and analysis of the Earth's layers,also called chronological dating techniques based on strata and the positions of the layers relative to each other.
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4*5 equals what? please please please
Answer:
4*5=20
Explanation:
We can write it as addition instead of multiplication by adding 4 five times.
4+4+4+4+4
now add them up
4+4=8
8+4=12
12+4=16
16+4=20
