Answer:The particles move faster, and their average kinetic energy decreases.
Explanation:
What are the two most common unwanted side reactions which can occur when monosaccharides are treated with base?
Epimerization and Enediol rearrangement are the two most common unwanted side reactions which can occur when monosaccharides are treated with base.
Epimerization is a process in stereochemistry in which there is a change in the configuration of only one chiral centre. As a result, a diastereomer is formed. The classical example of this in medicine is tetracycline. In acidic conditions around pH 4, tetracycline readily undergoes epimerization at position 4, and an inactive 4-epitetracycline is produced, which on dehydration forms 4-epianhydrotetracycyline, a highly toxic product. This toxic compound can also be formed from acid catalysed (at lower pH) dehydration of tetracycline via anhydrotetracycline.
Enediol rearrangement is a transformation which occurs at basic medium and allows the conversion of epimers, defined as isomeric forms that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at C-2. In this way it is possible to transform through the enediol intermediate glucose to mannose and vice versa.
Another important isomerization process through the enediol rearrangement is the interconversion of glucose and fructose. Thus, the enolization proceeds by migration of proton at position 2, to carbon at 1.
Monosaccharides contain both alcohol and carbonyl functional groups. This allows monosaccharides to undergo many of the reactions typical for these functional groups. In particular, alcohols can be converted to esters, converted to ethers, converted to acetals, or oxidized. Carbonyls can be reacted with nucleophiles, be reduced to form alcohols, or be oxidized to form carboxylic acids.
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A gas at constant volume has a pressure of 4. 50 atm at 200k. What will be the pressure of the gas at 250k?
There will be 5.625 atm pressure of the gas at 250 K when a gas at constant volume has a pressure of 4. 50 atm at 200 K
According to gas law at constant volume the pressure of a given gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature .
[tex]P_{1} =T_{1}[/tex] (i)
[tex]P_{2} = T_{2}[/tex] (ii)
Where P and T is the pressure and temperature
Divide equation ( i ) by equation ( ii ) we get
[tex]P_{1}/P_{2}[/tex] = [tex]T_{1}/T_{2}[/tex]
Now putting the value of all given data in above final equation then we get.
4. 50 atm/[tex]P_{2}[/tex] = 200K/250K
[tex]P_{2}[/tex] = 4. 50 atm × 250K/ 200K = 5.625 atm
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What are Catalyst? What is the definition of Catalyst
Answer:
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
a catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of reaction by lowering the activation energy or providing an alternative pathway of a lower activation energy(more likely for enzymes in bio).
it also doesnt take part in the reaction but in chemistry, there are homologous and homogenous catalysts where some may take part in the rxn BUT they are regenerated and are not used up
chem: more particles will have the energy to overcome the activation energy, resulting in a higher frequency of effective collision, so the rate of rxn ↑. (usually catalyst is transition metal)
bio: enzyme-substrate complex, where it is essentially what happens in the chemistry part above but the conclusion is that it takes lesser time for nutrients to be broken down and therefore digested.
Which atom absorbs more energy- one in which an electron moves from the the second shell to the third shell, or an atom which an electron moves from the first to the third shell?
An atom which an electron moves from the first to the third shell atom absorbs more energy.
An atoms may occupy different energy states . The energy states are discrete , that means they occur at specific values only. Therefore an atom can only move to a new energy level if it absorbs or emits an amount of energy that exactly corresponds to the difference between two energy levels.
The lowest possible energy levels that the atom can occupy is called ground state.The energy levels which is higher to the ground state is called excited state.
The more energy absorb when electron move from first to third because in this second energy level have to pass to reach at third energy level.
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A welding torch requires 602.1 L of ethylene gas at 2.77 atm. What will be the pressure of the gas if ethylene is supplied by a 110.6 L tank?
When a 0. 1 m aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid, hcn, reaches equilibrium, the ph is measured to be 5. 20. using this information, calculate ka for hydrocyanic acid
When a 0. 1 m aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid, HCN, reaches equilibrium, the ka for hydrocyanic acid is 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰.
What is ka value?It's the value of equilibrium constant for the dissociation of ions into a solution. The more the Ka value the more will be dissociation.
Ka = [H₃O⁺]² / [HCN] [H₃O⁺]
The pH is 5.20
-log [H₃O⁺] = 5.20
Putting antitlog both side.
The value will be 6.30 x 10⁻⁶
Ka = (6.30 x 10⁻⁶)² / 0.1 - 6.30 x 10⁻⁶
0.1 - 6.30 x 10⁻⁶ = 0.1
Ka = 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰
Thus, the Ka value for hydrocyanic acid is 3.969 x 10⁻¹⁰.
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What is the general term for the process in which a chemical species gains electrons?
Reduction is the general term for the process in which a chemical species gains electrons
The number of electrons attached to an atom or group of atoms increases during a reduction, a type of chemical reaction. One material is provided with electrons by another, which is oxidized as a result of the reduction.
One of the atoms participating in the chemical interaction between two chemicals gains electrons during reduction, which is a type of chemical reaction. The term refers to the element that receives electrons since the element that gains electrons have a lower oxidation state. A chemical species lowers its oxidation number during a half-reaction known as reduction, typically by acquiring electrons.
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A 2. 00 g sample of cocl2. x h2o is dried in an oven. when the anhydrous salt is removed from the oven, its mass is 1. 565 g. what is the value of x?
It is Cobalt(II)chloride dihydrate. The value of x is 2.
First, we have to determine the mass of H₂O that was evaporated upon heating which will be = 2.00g - 1.56 g
= 0.435 g
So,
CoCl₂ + x.H₂O → CoCl₂.xH₂O
Molecular mass of CoCl₂ = 129.839 g/mol
Molecular mass of H₂O = 18 g/mol
Weight of sample after heating = 1.565 g
Weight of H₂O evaporated = 0.435 g
Hence,
[tex]18x = \frac{129.839X0.435}{1.565} \\x = \frac{55.48}{28.17} \\x = 1.9[/tex]
x ≈ 2
So, it is Cobalt(II)chloride dihydrate.
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Metal nitrates other than the alkali elements on heating decompose into the corresponding metal __ along with the evolution of nitrogen peroxide and oxygen.
The correct answer is nitrates.
NitratesThe chemical formula for nitrate is [tex]NO_{3}[/tex]. Nitrate is a polyatomic ion. Nitrates are the name for salts that contain this ion. Common nitrate ingredients in explosives and fertilizers. Water is a solvent for almost all inorganic nitrates. Bismuth oxynitrate is one type of insoluble nitrate. Tests of endurance exercise performance show that dietary nitrate supplementation is effective. When young, healthy people consume significant amounts of nitrate, whether in the form of pure sodium nitrate or beet juice, their plasma nitrate concentration is quickly increased by a factor of 2 to 3, and this elevated nitrate concentration can be sustained for at least two weeks. Nitric oxide, or NO, is produced in response to elevated plasma nitrate.
Metal nitrates other than the alkali elements on heating decompose into the corresponding metal __ along with the evolution of nitrogen peroxide and oxygen.
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Natalie observes these characteristics in the model of an atom. (i) includes positive charge (ii) contains electrons (iii) explains the photoelectric effect (iv) suggests the probable location of electrons
Natalie is observing electron cloud model of an atom.
What is electron cloud model?The electron cloud model is a representation of an atom that has a small, massive nucleus that is encircled by a cloud of electrons that are traveling quickly. According to the electron cloud model, although we can never be certain of an electron's precise location, it is more likely that they are in certain regions.It is created by Erwin Schrodinger.Due to the uncertainty principle, the electron cloud model establishes the zone of probability describing the electron's location.The electromagnetic force pulls the electrons of an atom toward the protons in the nucleus. The electrons are constrained by this force inside an electric potential well surrounding the smaller nucleus, therefore an external energy source is required for the electron to escape.Learn more about electron cloud model here:
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What is the electron configuration of a potassium ion when it has formed an ionic bond with a bromine ion?
[2.8.2] - exists the electron configuration of a potassium ion when it contains created an ionic bond with a bromine ion.
What is electron configuration simple definition?
electronic configuration, also called electronic structure or electron configuration, the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus.
What are the 4 types of electron configuration?
The four different types of orbitals (s,p,d, and f) have different shapes, and one orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. The p, d, and f orbitals have different sublevels, thus can hold more electrons. As stated, the electron configuration of each element is unique to its position on the periodic table.Learn more about electron configuration
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Which process in the nitrogen cycle converts nitrogen into its most polluting form?
The process in the nitrogen cycle converts nitrogen into its most polluting form will be "nitrification".
The biological process of nitrification turns ammonia into nitrite and nitrite into nitrate. The technique of denitrification, which turns nitrate into nitrogen gas, is such treatment option if requirements demand that the resultant nitrate be eliminated.
A surplus of nitrogen compounds could result in pollutants like ammonia and ozone that can affect plant growth, visibility, and human capacity to breathe. Excess nitrogen from the atmosphere that returns to earth could be damaging to the health of forests, soils, including streams.
Therefore, the process in the nitrogen cycle converts nitrogen into its most polluting form will be "nitrification".
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Compared to a solution with a ph value of 7, a solution with a thousand times greater hydronium ion concentration has a ph value of.
Answer:
pH of 4
Explanation:
Upon comparing a solution with a pH value of 4 and that having a pH of 7, you will realize that it has a pH difference of 3 although the concentration of ions of hydrogen having a pH of 7 is 1000 times greater than being at a pH of 4.
The process of releasing silver iodide into the atmosphere to stimulate rainfall is called:?
Starting with the partially balanced equation, ch3cooh(l) ?o2(g)→2co2(g) 2h2o(l) what coefficient should be placed in front of o2 to balance the oxygen atoms?
The coefficient that should be placed in front of O₂ to balance the oxygen atoms is 2.
What is Balanced Chemical Equation ?The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.
The given equation is
CH₃COOH (l) + O₂ → 2CO₂ (g) + 2H₂O(l).
Reactant Side Product Side
C = 2 C = 2
H = 4 H = 4
O = 4 O = 6
The number of atoms of O in the reactant side is 4 and the number of atoms of O in the product side is 6. So multiply by 2 to balance the oxygen atoms.
CH₃COOH (l) + 2O₂ → 2CO₂ (g) + 2H₂O(l).
Reactant Side Product Side
C = 2 C = 2
H = 4 H = 4
O = 6 O = 6
Now the given equation is balanced the number of atoms in reactant side is equal to the number of atoms in the product side.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The coefficient that should be placed in front of O₂ to balance the oxygen atoms is 2.
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What is the purpose of adding 0. 1% agar to the trypticase nitrate broth when conducting the nitrate reduction test?.
Agar is used to assist establish an anaerobic environment that promotes nitrate reduction.
Nitrate Reduction test:
The nitrate in the broth is converted to nitrite by organisms that can produce the nitrate reductase enzyme, which can then be further converted to nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, or nitrogen. Anaerobic respiration and denitrification are two processes that can convert nitrate to a variety of compounds. While denitrification only reduces nitrate to molecular nitrogen, anaerobic respiration employs nitrate as the bacterium's final electron acceptor, reducing it to a range of chemicals.The nitrate reduction test is based on the detection of nitrite and its capacity to produce a red precipitate (prontosil), which is a water-soluble azo dye, when it combines with sulfanilic acid to create a complex (nitrite-sulfanilic acid).Learn more about the Nitrate reduction test with the help of the given link:
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15 POINTS!! does anyone know the answer to this? is it A?
GIVING BRAINLIEST TO THE BEST EXPLANATION!!
Answer:
b.2
Explanation:
Answer:
Mole fraction of water(H₂O) is 0.5 and the mole fraction of CH₃OH(Methanol) is 0.5.
Explanation:
Greetings !
The molecular weight of CH₃OH(Methanol)=32g/mol
The number of moles of CH₃OH=
[tex] \frac{128g}{32g/mol} [/tex]
=4moles
The molecular weight of water H₂O =18g/mol
The number of moles of=
[tex] \frac{72g}{18g/mol} [/tex]
=4moles
Total number of moles in the solution =4mol + 4mol
=8mol
Mole fraction Methanol CH₃OH=
[tex] \frac{4mol}{8mol} [/tex]
=0.5mol
Hope it helps!
Which type of molecule are lipids mostly made of non-polar polar protein or water?
The lipids are mostly made up of non-polar molecule type .
So , first option is correct one.
Lipids contains same elements as the carbohydrates like carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen ( C , H and O) . However lipids are mainly made up of hydrocarbon chain ( or rings ) and contain few polar hydroxyl groups ( -OH ) . This makes the most lipids non - polar hydrobhobic molecules and hey are not dissolve well in water. The lipids are mainly made up of glycerol and fatty acids .
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Calculate the ph after 10. 0 ml of 0. 40 m naoh is added to 20. 0 ml of 0. 50 m hcl.
The pH after 10. 0 ml of 0. 40 M NaOH is added to 20. 0 ml of 0. 50 M HCl is 13.3 .
Calculation ,
[ [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] ] = [tex]M_{1} V_{1} -M_{2} V_{2} /V_{1} +V_{2}[/tex]
where M is molarity and V is the volume .
[ [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] ] = 0. 50 M × 20. 0 ml - 0. 40 M × 10. 0 ml / 10. 0 ml +20. 0 ml
[ [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] ] = 6/30 = 0.2
pOH = -㏒[ [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] ] = -㏒ 0.2 = 0.7
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 0.7 = 13.3
Therefore , the pH after 10. 0 ml of 0. 40 M NaOH is added to 20. 0 ml of 0. 50 M HCl is 13.3 .
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Olive oil and butter both contain fats; however, olive oil is liquid at room temperature and butter is solid. Why?.
Double bonds found in unsaturated fats form structures that stop tightly bound formations.
The arrangement of the phospholipids in the bilayer cell membrane depends on features of the phospholipid head and tails.
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ?Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain while saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats are typically liquid and come from plant sources, whereas saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature
Animal fats, palm oil, and other sources of saturated fats are available. Plant and vegetable oils are sources of unsaturated fatty acids,Consuming healthy fats instead of saturated fat can also aid in preventing insulin resistance, a condition that precedes diabetes. Since unsaturated fat continues to be the healthiest type of fat, saturated fat may not be as bad as previously believedLearn more about Fatty acids here:
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The whole cloves are broken up to help release the eugenol during distillation.
a. true
b. false
The statement is False.
No, whole cloves are not broken up to help release the eugenol during distillation.
Steam distillation:
Live steam is used in the co-distillation technique of steam distillation to separate mixture components. It works well to extract essential oil constituents with high boiling points, such as those with boiling points of 200°C. However, the oil vapors themselves are warmer—around 100°C—helping to maintain the compounds' structural integrity. It enables distillation to be carried out at lower temperatures than the boiling points of the constituent parts. The high-boiling essential oils are vaporized by steam, and after passing through a cooling system, the hot vapors that were formed from them condense back into a liquid along with water. A two-phase distillate, consisting of a water layer and an oil layer, is created because the oils are immiscible in water.Learn more about the Steam distillation with the help of the given link:
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What is one of the most common uses of polyvinyl chloride? select one: a. 2-l soda bottles b. styrofoam cups c. plastic pipes d. plastic food bags e. plastic garbage cans
The correct answer choice which is the most common use of polyvinyl chloride is: plastic pipes. Option C
Below are some other uses of polyvinyl chloride:
It's pipes is used for fittingsIt's pipes is used for building infrastructure and structural materialIt is used for coatingsWhat is polyvinyl chloride?Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is polymer which is used in various applications including widespread use in building, transport, packaging, electrical and healthcare applications.
So therefore, the most common use of polyvinyl chloride is in the making of plastic pipes
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Explain how a redox reaction involves electrons in the same way that a neutralization reaction involves protons.
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species.In oxidation loss of electrons takes place and in reduction gain of electrons is takes place whereas nuetralization reaction is a reaction in which an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of [tex]H^{+}[/tex] (proton) and [tex]OH^{-}[/tex] to generate water.
The neutralization reaction is not a redox reaction is because in nuetralization reaction there is no transfer of electron takes place where as in redox reaction there is no exchange of electrons between atoms. Moat bond forming and breaking redox reaction requires the concomitant transfer of protons.
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how many grams of nacl ( 58.44 g/mol) are needed to make 250.0 ml of a 1.50 m solution of nacl?
Answer:
21.92 gm
Explanation:
A 1.5 M solution would have 1.5 * 58.44 = 87.66 gm per liter
you only need 1/4 of this (250 ml) = 21.92 gm
What is the standard potential, e∘celle∘cell, for this galvanic cell? use the given standard reduction potentials in your calculation as appropriate
0.56 V is the standard potential, e∘cell∘, for this galvanic cell.
The standard reduction potential can be calculated by subtracting the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the cathode from the standard reduction potential for the reaction occurring at the anode. The minus sign is necessary because oxidation is the polar opposite of reduction. The total cell potential can be calculated using the formula E0cell=E0red+E0oxid. Step two is to find a solution. Before the two reactions may be integrated, the number of electrons gained in the reduction must match the number of electrons lost in the oxidation
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#4204.
The standard potential for the given galvanic cell is 0.477 V
What is electrode potential?The electrode potential is the electromotive force of a galvanic cell built using a standard reference electrode and another electrode whose potential is to be found.
There are two types of electrode potential
Oxidation potential - The potential associated with oxidation reaction is known as oxidation potential
Reduction potential - The potential associated with reduction reaction is known as reduction potential
At the anode, oxidation occurs
[tex]Sn(s)\rightarrow Sn^{2+}(aq)+2e^-[/tex]
At the cathode, reduction occurs
[tex]Cu^{2+}(aq)+2e^-\rightarrow Cu(s)[/tex]
[tex]E^o_{cell} =E^o_{cathode} -E^o_{anode}[/tex]
= 0.337 - (-0.140)
= 0.477 V
Thus, The standard potential for the given galvanic cell is 0.477 V
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Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question
Question: What is the standard potential, E∘cell, for this galvanic cell? Use the given standard reduction potentials in your calculation as appropriate.
[tex]Sn^{2+}(aq)+2e^-\rightarrow Sn(s)[/tex], E°red=−0.140 V
[tex]Cu^{2+}(aq)+2e^-\rightarrow Cu(s)[/tex], E°red=+0.337 V
what type of solution do you have if you dissolve 20.2 g of potassium chlorate in 0.300 L
solution of potassium chlorate,
K
C
I
O
3
, has 20 grams of the salt dissolved in 100 grams of water at 70 C. Approximately how many more grams of the salt can be added to the solution before reaching the saturation point?
What is the mass of a 32.5-ml sample of ethanol? the density of ethanol is 0.789 g/ml.
Answer:
25.6 grams of ethanol in 32.5 ml of the substance.
Explanation:
The density of ethanol can be used as a conversion factor. We know that:
Ethanol is 0.789 g/ml. That becomes a conversion factor that we may write as (0.789 g/ml) and then convert either grams ethaanol or ml ethanol into the other unit. We are given volume of ethanol: 32.5 ml.
Note that when we multiply (0.789 g/ml) by (32.5 ml) the ml unit cancels, leaving just grams. That's what we want, so:
(0.789 g/ml)(32.5 ml) = 25.6 grams of ethanol in 32.5 ml of the substance.
In the molecular orbital model of cyclobutadiene, how many -antibonding molecular orbitals are there?
There are one antibonding molecular orbitals present in molecular orbital model of c.
The cyclobutadiene has a pi system comprised of four individual atomic p - orbital and thus should have a four pi molecular orbitals. The compound is the prototypical antiaromatic hydrocarbon with 4 [tex]\pi[/tex] - electrons . Its rectangular structure is the result of jahn teller reaction which disorder the molecule and lowers its symmetry , converting the triplet to a singlet ground state. It is a small annulene . The delocalisation energy of the [tex]\pi[/tex] electrons of the cyclobutene is predicted to be zero .
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How many grams of sodium chloride are there in 550 ml of a 1. 90 m aqueous solution of sodium chloride?
There are 61.06 grams of of sodium chloride in its aqueous solution.
An aqueous solution is the one in which solvent is always water. Water is the most used universal solvent.
According to the question,
Volume of water = 550 ml = 0.55 L
Molarity of solution = 1.90 M
Formula for molarity = moles of solute / volume of solvent
1.90 = moles of solute / 0.55 L
Moles of solute = 1.90 × 0.55 L = 1.045 moles
Now, moles = mass / molar mass
molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol
Therefore, 1.045 = mass / 58.55 g/mol
Hence, mass in grams = 1.045 × 58.44 g/mol
Mass = 61.07 grams
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A full 15.0 L scuba tank at 295 K contains 144 moles of air and has a pressure of 234 atm. At the end of the dive, the tank has a pressure of 68.0 atm and a temperature of 280 K. How many moles of air are left in the tank?"
Answer:
44.1 L
Explanation:
Since volume is being held constant, we can use the following variation of the Ideal Gas Law to find the new pressure.
[tex]\frac{P_1}{T_1N_1}=\frac{P_2}{T_2N_2}[/tex]
In the equation, "P₁", "T₁", and "N₁" represent the initial pressure, temperature, and moles. "P₂", "T₂", and "N₂" represent the final pressure, temperature, and moles. Your answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given values.
P₁ = 234 atm P₂ = 68.0 atm
T₁ = 295 K T₂ = 280 K
N₁ = 144 moles N₂ = ? moles
[tex]\frac{P_1}{T_1N_1}=\frac{P_2}{T_2N_2}[/tex] <----- Equation
[tex]\frac{234 atm}{(295 K)(144 moles)}=\frac{68.0 atm}{(280 K)N_2}[/tex] <----- Insert values
[tex]\frac{234 atm}{42480}=\frac{68.0 atm}{(280 K)N_2}[/tex] <----- Multiply 295 and 144
[tex]0.00551=\frac{68.0 atm}{(280 K)N_2}[/tex] <----- Simplify left side
[tex]1.54=\frac{68.0 atm}{N_2}[/tex] <----- Multiply both sides by 280
[tex](1.54)N_2={68.0 atm}[/tex] <----- Multiply both sides by N₂
[tex]N_2 = 44.1L[/tex] <----- Divide both sides by 1.54
There will be approximately 49.7 moles of air in the tank at the end of the dive.
The Ideal Gas Law, which asserts the following, can be used to solve this problem:
PV = nRT
Where:
P = pressure
V = volume
n = moles of gas
R = ideal gas constant
T = temperature
Let us first use the given data to obtain the initial amount of moles of air in the tank:
[tex]P_1[/tex]= 234 atm
V = 15.0 L
[tex]T_1[/tex] = 295 K, and
R = 0.0821 L/(Kmol) atm.
Using the ideal gas law equation, we can solve for [tex]n_1[/tex]:
[tex]n_1 = (P_1 * V) / (R * T_1)[/tex]
= (234 atm * 15.0 L) / (0.0821 L·atm/(K·mol) * 295 K)
≈ 189.6 moles
Using the new pressure and temperature, we can determine the exact amount of air in the tank:
P2=68.0 atm and T2=280 K
We can determine [tex]n_2[/tex] by applying the same formula:
[tex]n_2 = (P_2 * V) / (R * T_2)[/tex]
= (68.0 atm * 15.0 L) / (0.0821 L·atm/(K·mol) * 280 K)
≈ 49.7 moles
As a result, there will be approximately 49.7 moles of air in the tank at the end of the dive.
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