When a change in accounting policy occurs,- D. the cumulative effect of the change in policy should be reflected on the income statement as of the beginning of the next year. This is option d).
What about the other options?Option a): Nothing should be done is not a correct answer because a change in accounting policy is a material accounting decision that would significantly impact the financial statements of the company.
Option b): The new policy should only be adjusted prospectively is not a correct answer because a change in accounting policy is retroactive by nature, and a retrospective adjustment is required in the accounting treatment.
Option c): The new policy should be adjusted retrospectively is not a correct answer because it is incomplete. While it is true that the new policy should be adjusted retrospectively, the cumulative effect of the change in policy should be reflected on the income statement as of the beginning of the next year.
Therefore, this is an incomplete answer. The correct answer is option d).
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nt Chaty sack of this tobowing key performance indicators according to the balanced scorecard perspective it addresses. Choose from financial perspective, perspective, mamal eines perspective, or leaming and growth perspective. (Select all that apply) Performance Indicator Perspective Leaming and growth perspective Financial perspective *Boss margen gr Bevens of products with ordine help marsusis bandi
The key performance indicators (KPIs) align with the following perspectives of the balanced scorecard are:
Financial perspective: Gross margin, Revenue growthCustomer perspective: Number of products with on-time deliveryLearning and growth perspective: Employee satisfaction, Employee training and developmentWhat are performance indicatorsOne viewpoint that is important in assessing an organization's success is the financial perspective. This point of view concentrates on financial results and evaluates the company's financial achievements. One key element is the utilization of metrics, like gross margin that is indicative of the profitability of offerings, etc.
The customer perspective focuses on evaluating the organization's ability to satisfy customers and comprehend how effectively it caters to their requirements.
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The financial perspective enables organizations to identify areas for improvement and to make data-driven decisions that will help them achieve their objectives.
The financial perspective of the KPIs in the balanced scorecard perspective is concerned with how an organization performs financially. It examines the organization's financial position and performance in terms of profitability, revenue, and cost control. The financial perspective of the balanced scorecard
The financial perspective of the balanced scorecard is concerned with how an organization performs financially. This perspective examines the organization's financial position and performance in terms of profitability, revenue, and cost control.
Financial metrics are used to measure the organization's performance in these areas, and they are critical to the success of the organization. KPIs from the financial perspective might include net income, revenue growth, return on investment (ROI), cash flow, and operating margin. These metrics are typically used to assess an organization's overall financial health and to determine whether it is meeting its financial goals. The financial perspective of the balanced scorecard is important because it enables organizations to track their performance in the areas that are most critical to their success.
In conclusion, the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard is an essential aspect of any organization's performance management system. It is used to measure the organization's financial performance and to ensure that it is meeting its financial goals.
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The following are some transactions of Sandhill Company for 2021. Sandhill Company uses straight-line depreciation and has a December 31 year end.
Apr. 1 Retired a piece of equipment that was purchased on January 1, 2012, for $46,000. The equipment had an expected useful life of 10 years with no residual value.
July 30 Sold equipment for $1,300 cash. The equipment was purchased on January 3, 2019, for $13,680 and was depreciated over an expected useful life of three years with no residual value.
Nov. 1
Traded in an old vehicle for a new vehicle, receiving a $10,000 trade-in allowance and paying $36,000 cash. The old vehicle had been purchased on November 1, 2015, at a cost of $30,300. The estimated useful life was eight years and the estimated residual value was $6,300. The fair value of the old vehicle was $8,400 on November 1, 2021.
Record the disposals. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts.)
To record the disposals of the equipment and the trade-in of the old vehicle, the following journal entries would be made:
Retirement of Equipment on April 1, 2021:
Accumulated Depreciation 32,800
Equipment 46,000
Gain on Disposal of Equipment 13,200
(To record the retirement of equipment, removing its cost and accumulated depreciation from the books and recognizing the gain on disposal.)
Sale of Equipment on July 30, 2021:
Cash 1,300
Accumulated Depreciation 4,560
Equipment 13,680
Gain on Disposal of Equipment 7,820
(To record the sale of equipment, removing its cost and accumulated depreciation from the books and recognizing the gain on disposal.)
Trade-In of Vehicle on November 1, 2021:
New Vehicle 46,000
Accumulated Depreciation 24,360
Accumulated Depreciation (Vehicle) 6,300
Old Vehicle 30,300
Gain on Disposal of Vehicle 2,040
(To record the trade-in of the old vehicle, removing its cost and accumulated depreciation from the books, recognizing the gain on disposal, and adding the cost of the new vehicle.)
Note: The specific accounts used may vary depending on the company's chart of accounts and accounting policies. It's important to consult the company's accounting guidelines or consult with a qualified accountant for accurate and appropriate recording of disposals.
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Which of the following statements regarding single sourcing is FALSE?
When the quality consideration is a priority for sourcing, single sourcing is the most desirable sourcing option.
Single sourcing makes sense, when the volume discount opportunity is high from a particular supplier.
Just-In-Time (JIT) purchasing often involves single sourcing.
None of the above.
The statement regarding single sourcing that is FALSE is that "Single sourcing makes sense when the volume discount opportunity is high from a particular supplier." Single sourcing refers to the procurement of goods and services from a single supplier or source.
It is a common practice in supply chain management. The following are true regarding single sourcing:When the quality consideration is a priority for sourcing, single sourcing is the most desirable sourcing option. Single sourcing provides better control over the quality of the goods and services. It also simplifies supplier management and reduces the risk of inconsistency across multiple suppliers.Just-In-Time (JIT) purchasing often involves single sourcing. JIT is a system that produces only what is required, when it is needed, and in the amount needed. It is aimed at reducing inventory and associated costs.
Single sourcing is not always the most desirable sourcing option when the volume discount opportunity is high from a particular supplier. It may not be the most cost-effective option for sourcing, as it reduces the buyer's bargaining power and can lead to higher prices.
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Jake is a corn farmer in Nebraska. He rents his land on a long-term lease for $250,000 a year. He pays his farm hands $28,000 a year. Is his rent a fixed cost or a variable cost? Are the wages he pays his workers a fixed cost or a variable cost? Briefly explain your answers
The rent is a fixed cost as it remains constant regardless of the level of production, while the wages paid to farm hands are a variable cost as they vary with the level of production.
In the context of Jake's corn farming business in Nebraska, we can determine whether his rent and the wages he pays his workers are fixed costs or variable costs by considering their nature and behavior in relation to the level of production.
1. Rent: Jake's land lease cost of $250,000 per year is a fixed cost. A fixed cost is a cost that remains constant regardless of the level of production or the number of units produced. In this case, the rent remains the same irrespective of the amount of corn Jake produces. Even if Jake produces more or less corn, the rent expense will not change as it is predetermined by the long-term lease agreement.
2. Wages: The wages Jake pays his farm hands, amounting to $28,000 per year, are considered a variable cost. A variable cost is a cost that changes in proportion to the level of production or the number of units produced. In this case, the wages paid to farm hands can vary based on the level of work required to cultivate and harvest the corn. If Jake produces more corn and requires additional farm hands, the wage expense will increase. Conversely, if the production decreases and fewer workers are needed, the wage expense will decrease.
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al ledger of On December 1 of the current year, the general ledger of Mossland Company, which was incoporated this year, includes the following account balances: Debit Credit Cash 22,600 Accounts Receivable 6,000 Supplies 3,900 Land 58,000 Accounts Payable 4,000 Common Stock 88,500 Dividends 2,000 Totals 92,500 92,500 1) During December, the following transactions occur, analyze each on the analysis tab. = December 1 5 December 2 5 December 9 Purchased equipment for $20,000 by signing a five year note payable. Purchase rental space for one year in advance, $8,400 ($700/month) Purchase additional supplies on account, $4,300. 7 Provide services to customers on account, $26,300. December 13 December 17 Receive cash in advance from customers for services to be provided in the future, $4,500. B 9 December 20 Pay cash for salaries, $12,300. 0 December 22 Receive cash on accounts receivable, $24,900. 1 December 29 Pay cash on accounts payable, $4,800. 2 2) At the end of December, the following information was supplied to you. Analyze the transactions on the analysis tab. 3 4 5 December 31 Rent for the month of December has expired. 6 December 31 7 December 31 8 December 31 December December Supplies remaining on hand at the end of the month totaled $2,400. By the end of December, 15% of the deferred revenue has been eamed. Salaries eamed but not yet paid as of the end of the month totalled $1,030. Annual depreciation on the equipment is $1,200. 9 31 31 The interest rate on the December 1 note is 12%. The annual interest totals $2,400. -0 -1 2 3) Post all transactions to the ledger on the ledger tab. 12 11 Created an adicated trial balance Instructions Analysis Ledger Triel Dal 5 7 8 9 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 > Cash Ready D Land Deferred Revenue Common Stock Salaries Expense Instructions Accounts Receivable Equipment Salaries Payable Retained Earnings Rent Expense Analysis Ledger Prepaid Rent Accumulated Depreciation Interest Payable Dividends Depreciation Expense Trial Balance Financial Statements Supplies Accounts Payable 1 Notes Payable Service Revenue Interest Expense Closing Entries $ LOOGG
Analysis of the transactions on the analysis tab1. December 1: Incorporated a company, Mossland Company.2. December 5: Purchased additional supplies on account, $4,300.3. December 7: Provided services to customers on account, $26,300.4. December 9:
a) Purchased equipment for $20,000 by signing a five-year note payable.b) Purchased rental space for one year in advance, $8,400 ($700/month).5. December 13: Received cash in advance from customers for services to be provided in the future, $4,500.6. December 17: Rent for the month of December has expired.7. December 20: Paid cash for salaries, $12,300.8. December 22: Received cash on accounts receivable, $24,900.9. December 29: Paid cash on accounts payable, $4,800.10. December 31: By the end of December, 15% of the deferred revenue has been earned.11. December 31: Supplies remaining on hand at the end of the month totaled $2,400.12. December 31: Salaries earned but not yet paid as of the end of the month totaled $1,030.13. December 31: Annual depreciation on the equipment is $1,200.14. December 31:
Accounts Debit CreditAccounts Payable $4,800Cash $4,800Total $4,800 $4,800Journal entry for December 31:Accounts Debit CreditUnearned Revenue $637.50Service Revenue $637.50Total $637.50 $637.50Journal entry for December 31:Accounts Debit CreditSupplies Expense $1,500Supplies $1,500Total $1,500 $1,500Journal entry for December 31:Accounts Debit CreditSalaries Expense $1,030Salaries Payable $1,030Total $1,030 $1,030Journal entry for December 31:Accounts Debit CreditDepreciation Expense $100Accumulated Depreciation $100Total $100 $100Journal entry for December 31:Accounts Debit CreditInterest Expense $200Interest Payable $200Total $200 $200Closing entries: The closing entries for the Mossland Company will be as follows:Journal entry for Revenue accounts:Accounts Debit CreditService Revenue $26,300Income Summary $26,300Total $26,300 $26,300Journal entry for Expense accounts:Accounts Debit CreditIncome Summary $15,030Supplies Expense $1,500Salaries Expense $13,330Rent Expense $700Depreciation Expense $100Interest Expense $200Total $15,030 $15,030Journal entry for Income Summary account:Accounts Debit CreditIncome Summary $11,270Retained Earnings $11,270Total $11,270 $11,270
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The following data relate to direct labor costs for the current period:
Standard costs 7,400 hours at $11.50
Actual costs 6,300 hours at $10.20
What is the direct labor time variance?
a.$12,650 unfavorable
b.$11,220 favorable
c.$11,220 unfavorable
d.$12,650 favorable
The direct labor time variance is $11,220 favorable when a data related to direct labor costs for the current period is given.
The standard cost of direct labor is the direct labor cost that is expected for one unit of output.
The actual cost of direct labor is the total direct labor cost spent during a period.
To calculate the Direct Labor Time Variance, the following formula can be used:
Direct Labor Time Variance = (Standard hours for actual production - Actual hours worked) x Standard labor rate per hour.
Here, the Standard costs of direct labor = 7,400 hours at $11.50
Actual costs of direct labor = 6,300 hours at $10.20
The standard cost rate per hour is $11.50 and the actual rate per hour is $10.20.
Thus the difference between the two rates is $1.30 ($11.50 - $10.20 = $1.30).
Using the formula we get; Direct Labor Time Variance = (7,400 – 6,300) x $11.50= 1,100 x $11.50= $12,650 Unfavorable
Direct Labor Time Variance = (Standard hours for actual production - Actual hours worked) x Standard labor rate per hour= (7,400 - 6,300) x $11.50= 1,100 x $11.50= $11,220 Favorable
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Let us assume that Company W produces two different types of products, %. and Y. it is estimated that factory overhead costs will be $200,000. Managers consider that GAP% of the POH cost could be associated with direct labour hours and 40% with machine hours. The total direct labour and machine hours will be equad to 40,000 and 20,0KR respectively. The managers want to calculate the cost of Product % and Product y erately, Product X requires two direct labour hours and Product Y requires 1 direct labour hour. Moreover, these products need I machine hour and 3 machine hours in the machining processes respectively. Direct Labour hour rate is equal to $25 for all products. Finally, Product X requires $35 as a material cost and Product Y needs a material cost of $15, Please calculate cost of Product X (show all your calculationsy? (15p) 6. Compute the verhead cost to be assigned to each unit of Race Tire and Rally Tire according to s activity-based costing system (40p). Let us assume that Company W produces two different types of products, % and Y. It is estimated th factory overhead costs will be $200.000. Managers consider that 64% of the FOH cost could be associated with direct labour hours and 40% with machine hours. The total direct labour and machine hours will be equal separate and 20,000 respectively. The managers want to calculate the cost of Product % and Product tely Product X requires two direct labour hours and Product Y requires 1 direct labour hour, Moreover, Le products need I machine hour and 3 machine hours in the machining processes respectively. Direct Labour hour rate is equal to $25 for all products. Finally, Product X requires $35 as a material cost and Product Y needs a material cost of $15, Please calculate cost of Product X (show all your calculations? (15p) 04. BONUS QUESTION sales and standard costs for next year are as follows: Y ltd is a manufacturing company producing a single product. The detailed information about Budgeted Selling price per unit $40 Variable production cost per unit $14 Fixed cost for production dept. $ 250,000 Fixed cost for administration dept. $ 350,000 Sales commission Selling units 15% of selling price 300,000 units Required: (a) Calculate the break-even point in units. (b) Calculate margin of safety percentage for XYZ Itd.
Factory overhead cost is $200,000, Gap% of the FOH cost could be associated with direct labor hours and 40% with machine hours.
The direct Labor hour rate is $25 for all products.Product X requires two direct labor hours and one machine hour.Product Y requires one direct labor hour and three machine hours. Product X material cost is $35.Product Y material cost is $15.Cost of Product X= Direct Labor Cost + Direct Material Cost + Factory Overhead cost direct Labor Cost[tex]= $25 × 2 = $50[/tex] Direct Material Cost= $35 Factory overhead cost= Direct Labor Hour Cost × FOH rate Direct labor hours= 40,000. Therefore, FOH rate per direct labor hour= $128,000/40,000= $3.2Therefore, FOH cost associated with Product X= 2 direct labor hours × $3.2 per direct labor hour= $6.4
Therefore, Cost of Product X[tex]= $50 + $35 + $6.4= $91.4[/tex]. The overhead cost to be assigned to each unit of Product X= [tex]6.4 = 6.4[/tex] per unit (as there are 1 machine hour and 2 direct labor hours per unit)Therefore, the cost of Product X is $91.4 and the overhead cost to be assigned to each unit of Product X is $6.4 per unit.
The overhead cost to be assigned to each unit of Product Y= $% = $6 (as there are 1 machine hour and 1 direct labor hour per unit)Therefore, the overhead cost to be assigned to each unit of Product Y is $6 per unit.
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If ITQs are issued on a scale that reduces the catch to the efficient level, then the market price of an ITQ is equal to the ________ at the efficient quantity.
a. marginal social benefit
b. marginal social cost minus
c. the marginal external cost
d. marginal social benefit minus the marginal cost
The market price of an ITQ is equal to the marginal social benefit at the efficient quantity.
ITQs (Individual Transferable Quotas) are a type of management tool used in fisheries to limit the total catch and promote sustainable fishing practices. When ITQs are issued in a way that reduces the catch to the efficient level, the market price of an ITQ is equal to the marginal social benefit at that level.
The efficient quantity represents the socially optimal level of fishing effort where the marginal social benefit, which is the additional benefit society receives from an additional unit of the catch, is equal to the marginal cost.
Therefore, the market price of an ITQ will equate to the marginal social benefit at the efficient quantity, reflecting the value that society places on the catch at that level of fishing effort.
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At the beginning of current year, CFAS Company issued 50,000 shares of P10 par value for P116 per share. During the year, the entity reacquired 2,000 shares at P150 per share and immediately canceled these 2,000 shares. In connection with the retirement of shares, what amount should be debited to retained earnings?
The amount that should be debited to retained earnings would be P88,000 since the gain on reacquisition increases the retained earnings.
In connection with the retirement of shares, the amount that should be debited to retained earnings would be the gain on reacquisition. To explain, let us first determine the cost of treasury shares acquired by the CFAS Company:
Determining the cost of treasury shares acquiredParticularsAmountIssued shares 50,000Shares acquired (2,000)Treasury shares 48,000Par value of P10 (10 × 48,000) P480,000Additional paid-in capital (P116 − P10) × 50,000 P5,300,000Total paid-in capital P5,780,000The cost of treasury shares acquired is P150 × 2,000 = P300,000. Now we will determine the gain on reacquisition:
Determining the gain on reacquisitionParticularsAmount Cost of treasury shares acquired P300,000 Less: Capital paid-in on retired shares (P116 − P10) × 2,000 P212,000 Gain on reacquisition P88,000
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How do the transportation economics and inventory cost influence
the warehouse location decision in a supply chain? Consider total
integrated cost in a supply chain while minimising these two.
The decision of warehouse location in a supply chain is influenced by transportation economics and inventory costs, as both factors significantly impact the total integrated cost of the supply chain. When minimizing these costs, several considerations come into play.
Transportation economics play a crucial role in warehouse location decisions. Proximity to transportation infrastructure, such as highways, railways, and ports, can reduce transportation costs and improve the efficiency of goods movement. By strategically locating a warehouse closer to key transportation hubs, companies can minimize transportation expenses, including fuel costs, shipping fees, and transit times. Efficient transportation networks can also enable faster response to customer demands and improve overall supply chain agility.
Inventory costs are another important consideration. Warehouse location decisions aim to optimize inventory management and reduce holding costs. By locating warehouses closer to demand centers or markets, companies can minimize transportation lead times, reduce safety stock levels, and improve order fulfillment efficiency. This can result in lower carrying costs, such as storage expenses, inventory holding costs, and the risk of obsolescence or damage.
Ultimately, the goal is to find a warehouse location that strikes a balance between transportation costs and inventory costs while minimizing the total integrated cost of the supply chain. This involves careful analysis of various factors, including customer demand patterns, transportation infrastructure, labor availability, land and facility costs, and overall supply chain network optimization. By considering transportation economics and inventory costs together, companies can make informed decisions that enhance supply chain efficiency and reduce overall operational expenses.
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The costs of carrying inventory do not include: Multiple Choice ordering costs. insurance and handling costs the cost of warehouse space. the interest on funds tied up in inventory If a firm has a break-even point of 20,000 units and the contribution margin on the firm's single product is $3.00 per unit and fixed costs are $60,000, what will the firm's operating income be at sales of 30,000 units?
The firm's operating income at sales of 30,000 units would be $30,000.
the costs of carrying inventory do not include the interest on funds tied up in inventory.
for the second part of your question, we can calculate the firm's operating income at sales of 30,000 units using the break-even point, contribution margin, and fixed costs.
break-even point is the point at which total revenue equals total costs. in this case, the break-even point is given as 20,000 units.
contribution margin is the difference between the selling price per unit and the variable cost per unit. here, the contribution margin is $3.00 per unit.
fixed costs are $60,000.
to calculate the operating income at sales of 30,000 units, we need to determine the total contribution margin and subtract the fixed costs:
total contribution margin = contribution margin per unit * sales units = $3.00 * 30,000
= $90,000
operating income = total contribution margin - fixed costs = $90,000 - $60,000
= $30,000
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What happens when a manager uses the political strategy of being in a central position? Multiple Choice The overall success of the organization is seen as relying on the manager. The manager is viewed as being a know-it-all. He or she can only influence the areas he or she manages. He or she has power and influence over subordinates but not over other managers, The access to big picture information becomes an obstacle to success. If parties in a conflict work on creating new options for joint gain, they Multiple Choice О are still limited by the "fixed ple" of resources that they need to divide. need to compete for the majority share of the available resources, may come up with alternatives that could expand the resource pie. need to focus on their demands instead of their interests, are adopting a principle of distributive negotiation.
When a manager uses the political strategy of being in a central position, it means that the overall success of the organization is seen as relying on the manager's role.
When parties in a conflict work on creating new options for joint gain, they may come up with alternatives that could expand the resource pie.
When a manager adopts the political strategy of being in a central position, it means that the manager is viewed as playing a critical role in the overall success of the organization. The manager is seen as having power and influence over subordinates and is responsible for coordinating and integrating various functions and departments within the organization. The manager acts as a central figure who is knowledgeable about different areas and can facilitate decision-making processes.
However, it does not imply that the manager is considered a know-it-all. Rather, the manager's influence is limited to the areas they manage and their interactions with subordinates. They may not have direct power or influence over other managers or departments outside of their scope of responsibility.
On the other hand, when parties in a conflict work on creating new options for joint gain, they focus on finding solutions that expand the resource pie. This approach, known as integrative or collaborative negotiation, aims to find mutually beneficial outcomes by identifying and creating additional value. Instead of focusing solely on competing for the available resources, parties explore opportunities to generate new resources or allocate existing resources in a way that benefits all parties involved.
By adopting this approach, parties can move beyond the fixed-pie mentality and explore creative solutions that meet their interests and increase overall gains. It encourages cooperation, collaboration, and the exploration of win-win outcomes.
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Bubbles a. Give 2 examples of economic bubbles. Explain what happened during these events. b. Explain how the greater fool theory relates to economic bubbles. c. Do you think Bitcoin is an economic bubble?
It is difficult to predict whether Bitcoin is an economic bubble or a new form of investment that could change the financial industry.
a. Two examples of economic bubbles are as follows:
1. The Dot-Com Bubble: It occurred in the late 1990s when there was a rapid increase in internet-based companies' stock prices. Investors poured money into internet-related companies, which made no profit but had high stock prices. The bubble popped in 2000, leading to significant losses for investors.
2. The Housing Bubble: It occurred in the early 2000s when real estate prices increased rapidly, and banks provided subprime loans to people who could not afford them. Homebuyers borrowed money they couldn't afford to payback, resulting in increased foreclosures and bankruptcies when the bubble popped.
b. Explain how the greater fool theory relates to economic bubbles. The Greater Fool Theory refers to the belief that an asset's value can rise beyond its fundamental value, and buyers can sell it later to someone who is even more of a fool than they are, willing to pay a higher price.
In other words, it refers to the idea that buyers believe they can sell an asset for a higher price in the future, even though they are buying it at an overvalued price currently. This theory contributes to the growth of economic bubbles because it encourages investors to buy assets at an inflated price, believing that they can sell it at a higher price later to another "greater fool."
c. Bitcoin is a volatile digital currency that has seen significant price fluctuations over the years. Its price increased from $900 in January 2017 to almost $20,000 by December 2017 and then fell sharply to $3,300 by December 2018. However, some analysts believe that Bitcoin is a speculative asset rather than an economic bubble.
While it has some elements of a bubble, such as being based on speculation rather than intrinsic value, the underlying technology and the growing adoption of digital currencies could contribute to its long-term value.
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What are the three broad classes of cash flows. Why this classification is needed
The three broad classes of cash flows are operating, investing, and financing cash flows. Cash flow classification is essential for investors and analysts to understand the sources and uses of cash in a company's operations.
Operating cash flows, investing cash flows, and financing cash flows are the three main classifications of cash flows.Operating cash flows: Cash flows that result from a company's principal activities, such as revenue generation and sales. It can also provide insight into the company's management's long-term strategic vision and investment priorities.Financing cash flows also include changes in the company's capital structure, such as issuing new debt or repurchasing outstanding shares.Financing cash flows provide information about a company's ability to fund its operations and investments, as well as its financial structure and the level of risk involved in its financing arrangements.
Cash flow classification is critical for investors and analysts in assessing a company's financial health, liquidity, and profitability. Understanding the sources and uses of cash is vital in determining a company's ability to generate cash flow, fund its operations, pay dividends to shareholders, and invest in new projects.Cash flow classification can also help investors and analysts identify potential risks and opportunities. For example, a company with a high level of debt may be more vulnerable to economic downturns, while a company with a strong cash position may be better positioned to weather economic storms. Likewise, a company with significant investments in research and development may have greater potential for future growth than a company that has not invested in innovation.Cash flow classification is also important for financial reporting. Companies must report their cash flows by category in their cash flow statements, which are an essential part of their financial statements. Investors and analysts can use this information to evaluate a company's performance, liquidity, and financial position.
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You have been asked to estimate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Knollwood Inc., a large camping supplies company. To assist with your calculations, you have been provided with the following information. 1. 2. 3. a) Bonds Knollwood has 25,000 of $100 face value bonds outstanding. The bonds carry a 6% coupon rate with interest paid semi-annually. At their current market price of $92.89 per bond, they are priced to provide a yield to maturity of 7%. The bonds have 10 years remaining until maturity. b) Preferred shares Knollwood has 2 million preferred shares outstanding. The shares carry a stated dividend of $1.60 per share and have a current market price of $22 per share. -- REQUIRED: Calculate Knollwood's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), assuming that the company intends to issue new common shares. The company's tax rate is 40%. (10 marks) Common shares Knollwood has 3 million common shares outstanding. The current market price of the shares is $53.20 each. The shares paid a dividend of $2.70 per share last year and investment analysts believe the dividends should grow at an average annual rate of 5% for the foreseeable future. If a firm changes its mix of debt and equity financing, its weighted average cost of capital will change for 2 main reasons. Identify these 2 reasons, and briefly explain why the firm's WACC will change.
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is a financial metric that represents the average cost of capital for a company. It is calculated by taking a weighted average of the cost of different sources of capital, including debt and equity. The semi-annual coupon payment can be calculated is $3.
To calculate Knollwood Inc.'s weighted average cost of capital (WACC), we need to consider the different sources of financing and their respective costs. In this case, we have information about bonds, preferred shares, and common shares. The WACC is the weighted average of the cost of each financing source, taking into account the proportion of each source in the company's capital structure. Additionally, the WACC is used as the discount rate for evaluating potential investment projects.
Let's calculate the WACC step by step:
1. Calculate the cost of debt ([tex]k_d[/tex]):
The cost of debt is the yield to maturity (YTM) of the bonds. In this case, the YTM is given as 7%. Since the bonds have a semi-annual coupon payment, we need to adjust the YTM accordingly. The semi-annual coupon payment can be calculated as
[tex]\(\frac{{6\% \times \$100}}{2}\)[/tex]
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, and assuming a semi-annual compounding frequency, the present value of the bond is calculated as
[tex]\[PV = \frac{3}{(1 + \frac{7\%}{2})^1} + \frac{3}{(1 + \frac{7\%}{2})^2} + \ldots + \frac{3}{(1 + \frac{7\%}{2})^{20}} + \frac{100}{(1 + \frac{7\%}{2})^{20}}\][/tex]
This equation calculates the present value (PV) by summing up the discounted cash flows over a series of 20 periods. The regular cash flow of $3 is discounted at a rate of 7% compounded semi-annually, and an additional cash flow of $100 is also discounted at the same rate and added to the sum.
Calculate the PV of the bond to find the total debt value.
2. Calculate the cost of preferred shares ([tex]k_p[/tex]):
The cost of preferred shares is the dividend rate divided by the market price per share. In this case, the dividend rate is $1.60, and the market price per share is $22. Calculate the cost of preferred shares ([tex]k_p[/tex]).
3. Calculate the cost of common equity ([tex]k_p[/tex] ):
The cost of common equity can be calculated using the dividend discount model (DDM). The formula for the DDM is:
[tex]\[ke = \frac{D1}{P0} + g\][/tex]
This equation represents the calculation of the required rate of return or cost of equity ([tex]k_e[/tex]) for an investment. It is derived from the Gordon Growth Model, where:
- [tex]D_1[/tex] represents the expected dividend for the next period.
- [tex]P_0[/tex] represents the current price or value of the investment.
- g represents the expected growth rate of dividends.
Using the information provided, calculate the cost of common equity (ke) using the DDM formula.
4. Calculate the weight of each financing source:
The weight of each financing source is calculated by dividing the value of each source by the total capitalization. The total capitalization is the sum of the market values of debt, preferred shares, and common equity.
Reasons why a firm's WACC will change when changing its mix of debt and equity financing:
1. Cost of Capital: The cost of debt and equity financing is different. By changing the proportion of debt and equity in the capital structure, the overall cost of capital (WACC) will be affected. If a firm increases the use of debt financing, which generally has a lower cost than equity, the WACC may decrease. Conversely, if the firm increases the use of equity financing, which has a higher cost, the WACC may increase.
2. Financial Risk: The mix of debt and equity affects the financial risk of the firm. Increasing the proportion of debt increases the financial risk due to the obligation to make interest payments and repay principal. Higher financial risk leads to a higher required rate of return from investors, which in turn increases the cost of capital (WACC). On the other hand, a higher proportion of equity reduces financial risk and may lead to a lower WACC.
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what is the difference between a risk register with aggregation
and a risk register without aggregation
A risk register with aggregation simplifies risk management by grouping similar risks together, while a risk register without aggregation provides a more granular and exhaustive list of individual risks.
A risk register with aggregation combines similar risks into broader categories or themes, providing a high-level view of potential risks. It allows for a more efficient and streamlined analysis by reducing the number of individual risks to be managed. This approach enables the identification of common root causes and the implementation of overarching risk mitigation strategies.
In contrast, a risk register without aggregation lists each risk individually, without categorization or consolidation. This detailed approach provides a comprehensive view of all potential risks, but it can be overwhelming and time-consuming to manage. Each risk is assessed and mitigated separately, without considering potential connections or shared characteristics among them.
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A risk register with aggregation simplifies risk management by grouping similar risks together, while a risk register without aggregation provides a more granular and exhaustive list of individual risks.
A risk register with aggregation combines similar risks into broader categories or themes, providing a high-level view of potential risks. It allows for a more efficient and streamlined analysis by reducing the number of individual risks to be managed. This approach enables the identification of common root causes and the implementation of overarching risk mitigation strategies.
In contrast, a risk register without aggregation lists each risk individually, without categorization or consolidation. This detailed approach provides a comprehensive view of all potential risks, but it can be overwhelming and time-consuming to manage. Each risk is assessed and mitigated separately, without considering potential connections or shared characteristics among them.
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John is a retail investor who lives in the eastern suburbs and enjoys investing on the Australian Securities Exchange For a long time, he has only managed to invest in a single company due to insufficient savings. Howard has been een to invest more and fortunately for him he suddenly has inherited some money from his grandfather. He can finally invest more money to create a diversified portfolio. How would diversification benefit John? Explain in the context of Portfolio Theory. (4 Marks)
Diversification benefits of Portfolio TheoryIn the context of Portfolio Theory, diversification refers to investing in a variety of securities, such as bonds, shares, real estate, and cash, in order to reduce the risk of a single security or industry negatively impacting overall returns.
Investors may achieve the aim of diversification in two ways: within-sector diversification or across-sector diversification. When an investor invests in a single asset, the risk of loss is significantly increased since the entire portfolio's performance is determined by the performance of that asset.When an investor invests in a single stock, the possibility of significant losses is significantly increased.
As a result, if John invests in a single stock, the risk associated with it is significantly increased. If the stock's price falls due to a market event or the firm's poor performance, John would be at a considerable loss.However, John will be able to decrease the risk of significant losses by diversifying his portfolio across several securities.
Diversification enables John to spread his risk across several securities while still achieving a satisfactory rate of return on his portfolio. Furthermore, diversification allows investors to adjust their risk tolerance. John may, for example, select between a high-risk, high-reward portfolio or a low-risk, low-reward portfolio based on his risk tolerance. In conclusion, Portfolio Theory's primary objective is to minimize risks while optimizing returns, and diversification is the most important technique for achieving this.
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Performance management plays a critical role in managing an organisation. Explain why performance management must be a top-down process, include examples, and discuss the steps required for creating a Performance Management System.
Performance management must be a top-down process because it ensures alignment, accountability, and consistency throughout the organization.
Performance management is a systematic process that aims to improve organizational performance by effectively managing individual and team performance. It must be a top-down process to ensure consistency and alignment with the organization's goals and objectives. When performance management is driven from the top, it sets a clear direction for employees and establishes a culture of accountability.
For example, leaders and managers can define key performance indicators (KPIs) that reflect the strategic objectives of the organization. They can communicate these expectations to their teams, provide regular feedback, and evaluate performance against those targets. By cascading performance goals and expectations from the top, employees understand how their individual contributions contribute to the overall success of the organization.
Creating a Performance Management System involves several steps:
Define Performance Goals: Clearly articulate the organization's objectives and identify specific performance goals that support those objectives.
Communicate Expectations: Ensure that employees understand the performance expectations and how they align with the organization's goals. Provide clarity on roles, responsibilities, and performance criteria.
Monitor and Measure Performance: Implement a system for collecting performance data and tracking progress toward goals. This may involve regular check-ins, performance reviews, or performance metrics.
Provide Feedback and Coaching: Offer ongoing feedback and coaching to employees to support their development and improvement. This can be done through regular performance discussions, coaching sessions, or mentoring programs.
Reward and Recognize Performance: Establish a system for recognizing and rewarding exceptional performance to motivate employees and reinforce desired behaviors.
Continuous Improvement: Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of the performance management system and make necessary adjustments to improve its efficiency and alignment with organizational goals.
By following these steps, organizations can create a robust Performance Management System that drives performance, develops talent, and aligns individual efforts with organizational objectives.
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The imposition of a tariff on a product is least likely to result in an) 44 00:15-24 Multiple Choice decrease in the real incomes of workers in other industries. decrease in the quantity of imports decrease in the domestic production increase in the price of the product
When a tariff is imposed on a product, it is least likely to result in a decrease in the real incomes of workers in other industries. A tariff is a tax levied on imported goods. It is a tax that is imposed by a country on goods that are imported from other countries.
The imposition of a tariff on a product can result in an increase in the price of the product. This increase in the price of the product can lead to a decrease in the quantity of imports. This decrease in the quantity of imports can, in turn, lead to an increase in the domestic production of the product as domestic producers can now compete more effectively with foreign producers.
However, the imposition of a tariff on a product is least likely to result in a decrease in the real incomes of workers in other industries. This is because workers in other industries are not directly affected by the imposition of a tariff on a product.
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All of the following types of procedures and services typically require prior approval except:
a. Emergency services for suspected stroke
b. Outpatient surgery
c. Mental health and chemical dependency care
d. Inpatient care including surgery
a. Emergency services for suspected stroke.
In general, emergency services for suspected stroke do not require prior approval.
is because strokes are time-sensitive emergencies, and immediate medical intervention is crucial for the best possible outcome. Health insurance plans usually have provisions for coverage of emergency services without prior authorization to ensure timely care in such critical situations.
However, it's important to note that while emergency services for suspected stroke may not require prior approval, insurance providers may still require notification within a certain timeframe after the emergency occurs. This notification allows the insurance company to gather necessary information and coordinate further care if needed.
On the other hand, the other s mentioned—outpatient surgery, mental health and chemical dependency care, and inpatient care including surgery—typically require prior approval from the insurance provider. This requirement ensures that the proposed procedures and services meet the necessary criteria for coverage, such as medical necessity and appropriate utilization of resources. Prior authorization helps manage healthcare costs and promotes efficient use of healthcare services.
It's always advisable to review the specific details of your insurance plan or consult with your insurance provider to understand the prior approval requirements for different types of procedures and services.
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On January 1, 2020, Pharoah Ltd. entered into a purchase commitment contract to buy 12,900 oranges from a local company at a price of $0.60 per orange any time during the next year. The contract provides Pharoah with the option either to take delivery of the oranges at any time over the next year, or to settle the contract on a net basis for the difference between the agreed-upon price of $0.60 per orange and the market price per orange for any oranges that have not been delivered. As at January 31, 2020, Pharoah Ltd. did not take delivery of any oranges, and the market price for an orange was $0.55.
Assuming that Pharoah Ltd. follows IFRS, how should Pharoah Ltd. account for this purchase agreement if it fully intends to take delivery of all 12,900 oranges over the next year? Prepare any required journal entries at January 1 and January 31.
Pharoah Ltd. should account for this purchase agreement by using the forward contract accounting method. The journal entries required for January 1 and January 31, 2020, respectively, are given below.
January 1, 2020:At the inception of the purchase commitment contract, there will be no entry recorded in the books of Pharoah Ltd. January 31, 2020:
There will be an entry recorded by the company at the end of the reporting period (January 31, 2020), to account for the changes in the fair value of the contract. The fair value of the contract is the difference between the current market price of oranges and the price agreed in the contract.
The journal entry is given below: Account, Debit, Credit Loss on purchase commitment contract ($0.60 – $0.55) × 12,900= $6,450 Accounts Payable $6,450Note:Since the price of oranges has fallen, Pharoah Ltd. has incurred a loss on the purchase commitment contract. The loss of $6,450 is recognized in the profit and loss statement.
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Cash Flow Statement): From the following information prepare a Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 31.3.2015. Opening Cash balance 1.4.2014 10,000 Closing Cash balance 31.3.2015 12,000 Decrease in Trade Receivables (Debtors) during 2014-2015 5,000 Increase in Trade Payables (Creditors) during 2014-2015 7,000 Sale of Fixed Assets during 2014-15 20,000 Redemption of Debentures during 2014-2015 50,000 Net Profit for the year 2014-15 20,000
There is a net increase in cash and cash equivalents of Rs. 98,000, Cash Flow Statement
For the year ended 31.3.2015
Opening Cash balance 1.4.2014 10,000
Increase in Trade Payables (Creditors) during 2014-2015 +7,000
Sale of Fixed Assets during 2014-2015 +20,000
Redemption of Debentures during 2014-2015 +50,000
Net Profit for the year 2014-2015 +20,000
Total Inflows 107,000
Decrease in Trade Receivables (Debtors) during 2014-2015 -5,000
Closing Cash balance 31.3.2015 12,000
Total Outflows 17,000
Net Cash Flow 90,000
resulting in a closing cash balance of Rs. 12,000 on 31.3.2015.
Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 31.3.2015:ParticularsAmount (Rs.)Opening Cash balance1.4.201410,000Add: Net Profit for the year 2014-1520,000Add: Decrease in Trade Receivables (Debtors) during 2014-2015 5,000Less: Increase in Trade Payables (Creditors) during 2014-2015 7,000Cash generated from operating activities28,000Sale of Fixed Assets during 2014-1520,000Cash generated from investing activities20,000Redemption of Debentures during 2014-201550,000Cash generated from financing activities50,000Net Increase in Cash and Cash equivalents98,000Closing Cash balance31.3.201512,000Note:In the above statement, Cash generated from operating activities has been computed by taking the difference between the closing and opening cash balance and adjusting it for net profit, decrease in trade receivables and increase in trade payables.Cash generated from investing activities has been computed by taking into account the sale of fixed assets.Cash generated from financing activities has been computed by taking into account the redemption of debentures.
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An economy has a MPC of 0.80.
Suppose only that governement spending is increased by $300 billion, Calculate the spending multiplier and determine the effect (amount and direction) on GDP.
The multiplier is
The amount is $ bn
Please enter only a Capital 1, D, or S
Direction: Increased (1) Decreased (D) or Stayed Constant (S)
The spending multiplier can be calculated using the formula: multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC). In this case, the MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume) is given as 0.80. Therefore, the spending multiplier is 1 / (1 - 0.80) = 1 / 0.20 = 5.
To determine the effect on GDP, we multiply the change in government spending by the spending multiplier. In this case, government spending is increased by $300 billion. Multiplying this by the spending multiplier of 5, we get $300 billion * 5 = $1.5 trillion.
The direction of the effect on GDP is determined by whether the change in government spending leads to an increase or decrease in GDP. In this case, since government spending is increased, the effect on GDP is an increase. Therefore, the direction is Increased (1).
In summary, the spending multiplier is 5, indicating that for every dollar increase in government spending, GDP will increase by $5. In this specific scenario, an increase of $300 billion in government spending will result in a $1.5 trillion increase in GDP.
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Explain what OSHA is, its purpose, and what responsibilities there are under the law. Additionally, explain how it can be violated, and the penalties for any violation.
OSHA stands for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It is a federal agency in the United States that operates under the Department of Labor. OSHA's primary purpose is to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for employees by setting and enforcing workplace safety standards.
Under the law, employers have several responsibilities:
Providing a safe workplace: Employers are required to provide a workplace free from recognized hazards that could cause serious harm or death to workers. This includes providing necessary safety equipment, training employees on safety procedures, and maintaining a hazard-free environment.
Complying with OSHA standards: Employers must comply with the specific safety and health standards set by OSHA for their industry. These standards cover a wide range of areas, such as machinery safety, hazardous materials handling, ergonomics, and more.
Keeping records: Employers are required to keep records of work-related injuries and illnesses, maintain logs of incidents, and report severe injuries or fatalities to OSHA.
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On April 1, 2022, Deland Manufacturing Company purchased a new equipment for P800,000. The equipment has an estimated residual value of 20,000 and useful life of 12 years. Depreciation is computed using sum-of-the-years digits (SYD) method. How much is the amount of depreciation for the year 2022?
a. P90,000
b. P120,000
c. None of the above
d. P30,000
e. P240,000
The amount of depreciation for the year 2022 using the sum-of-the-years digits (SYD) method is P30,000.
The SYD method calculates depreciation based on the sum of the digits of the useful life. In this case, the useful life is 12 years, so the sum of the digits is 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12 = 78. In the first year (2022), the asset's depreciation expense is calculated by dividing the remaining useful life (12 years) by the sum of the digits (78) and multiplying it by the cost of the asset minus the residual value: (12/78) * (P800,000 - P20,000) = P30,000. Therefore, the amount of depreciation for the year 2022 is P30,000.
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Universal Sports Supply began the year with an accounts receivable balance of $180,000 and a year-end balance of $200,000 Clear sales of $480,000 generate a gross profit of $160,000. Calculate the receivables turnover ratio for the year. (Round your final answer to 1 decimal place.
The receivables turnover ratio can be calculated as $320,000 / $190,000 ≈ 1.7.
Universal Sports Supply had an initial accounts receivable balance of $180,000 and an ending balance of $200,000. Their clear sales for the year amounted to $480,000, resulting in a gross profit of $160,000. To calculate the receivables turnover ratio, we need to divide the net credit sales by the average accounts receivable balance. The net credit sales can be calculated by subtracting the gross profit from the total sales. In this case, the net credit sales would be $480,000 - $160,000 = $320,000. To find the average accounts receivable balance, we can add the initial and ending balances and divide by 2: ($180,000 + $200,000) / 2 = $190,000. Finally, the receivables turnover ratio can be calculated as $320,000 / $190,000 ≈ 1.7.
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.Wehrs Corporation has received a request for a special order of 8,300 units of product K19 for $45.20 each. The normal selling price of this product is $50.30 each, but the units would need to be modified slightly for the customer. The normal unit product cost of product K19 is computed as follows:
Direct materials $ 16.00
Direct labor 5.30
Variable manufacturing overhead 2.50
Fixed manufacturing overhead 5.40
Unit product cost $ 29.20
Direct labor is a variable cost. The special order would have no effect on the company's total fixed manufacturing overhead costs. The customer would like some modifications made to product K19 that would increase the variable costs by $4.90 per unit and that would require a one-time investment of $44,700 in special molds that would have no salvage value. This special order would have no effect on the company's other sales. The company has ample spare capacity for producing the special order.
Required:
Determine the effect on the company's total net operating income of accepting the special order.
To determine the effect on Wehrs Corporation's total net operating income of accepting the special order, we need to compare the incremental revenue from the special order with the incremental costs associated with it.
The normal selling price of product K19 is $50.30 per unit, but the special order is offering $45.20 per unit. Therefore, the incremental revenue per unit is ($45.20 - $29.20) = $16.00.The special modifications requested by the customer will increase the variable costs by $4.90 per unit. Additionally, there is a one-time investment of $44,700 in special molds, which would not have any salvage value.
To calculate the effect on net operating income, we multiply the incremental revenue per unit by the number of units in the special order:
Incremental revenue = ($16.00 × 8,300) = $132,800
Incremental costs = ($4.90 × 8,300) + $44,700 = $87,370
Net operating income effect = Incremental revenue - Incremental costs
= $132,800 - $87,370 = $45,430
Therefore, accepting the special order would result in an increase in the company's total net operating income by $45,430.
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Discuss your sense of the direction the nonprofit sector is heading as you consider historical events from the "New Deal" to the "Great Society" to the Reagan administration to the current views on organizational capacity building to "social capitalism" (SROI, NPO entrepreneurship)
The nonprofit sector has experienced significant changes over the years since the New Deal period, and these changes continue to take place. The direction the nonprofit sector is heading today is quite different from what it was during the New Deal period.
There have been several changes over the years that have contributed to the direction the nonprofit sector is taking.Some of the events that have shaped the direction the nonprofit sector is taking today include the Great Society, Reagan Administration, and current views on organizational capacity building and social capitalism (SROI, NPO entrepreneurship). The New Deal was a critical period in the development of the nonprofit sector. It led to the creation of several programs that were designed to assist people in need. These programs include the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).During the Great Society period, the nonprofit sector experienced significant growth. This growth was due to the increased government funding and support for social programs. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of nonprofit organizations. The Reagan administration saw a significant reduction in government funding for social programs. This led to a significant reduction in the number of nonprofit organizations. Organizations that survived had to become more efficient and effective to continue operating.Today, there is a growing emphasis on organizational capacity building and social capitalism. This has led to the development of new nonprofit models that are more entrepreneurial in nature. There is also a growing emphasis on measuring the social impact of nonprofit organizations through tools such as SROI (Social Return on Investment). In conclusion, the nonprofit sector is heading in a direction that is more entrepreneurial, efficient, and effective. There is a growing emphasis on measuring social impact and using this information to inform decision-making.
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1. Project appraisal enables a) To know cost benefits b) Technical feasibility c) Economic & Environmental viability d) All of the above
2. As a result of poor project appraisal a) We may end up with no demand for the project b) We may incur losses c) We will save money d) a & b
3. Project appraisal gives an indication about the a) Total viability of the project b) Financial, Economic & Social benefits only c) Only technical viability d) None of the above
4. The appraisal techniques used are a) NPV & IRR b) BCR c) Sensitivity analysis d) All of the above
5. Economic viability of the project is judged normally at discount rate of a) 4% b) 25% c) 12% d) 40%
6. Financial analysis takes into account discount rate of a) Actual borrowed rate of interest of the capital b) 20% c) 3% d) None of the above
7. In case the project is funded by more than one source, the financial analysis is carried out using a) Weighted average cost of capital for each project b) More than the weighted average c) Less than the weighted average d) None of the above
8. Project is acceptable if a) NPV is positive b) NPV is negative c) NPV is Zero d) None of the above
9. Project is acceptable if BCR is more than 1 a) True b) False
10. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) indicates a a) Net return on investment in the project b) No return on investment in the project c) None of the above d) Only b
1.d) All of the above and 2. a) We may end up with no demand for the project, or b) We may incur losses and 3.a) Total viability of the project, which means it covers all aspects of the project and 4.d) All of the above and 5.c) 12% and 6.a) Actual borrowed rate of interest of the capital and 7.a) Weighted average cost of capital for each project and 8.a) NPV is positive and 9.a) True and 10.a) Net return on investment in the project.
1. Project appraisal enables d) All of the above, which means it helps to know the cost-benefits, technical feasibility, and economic and environmental viability of the project.
2. As a result of poor project appraisal, we may a) We may end up with no demand for the project, or b) We may incur losses.
3. Project appraisal gives an indication about the a) Total viability of the project, which means it covers all aspects of the project.
4. The appraisal techniques used are d) All of the above, which means they use NPV & IRR, BCR, and sensitivity analysis.
5. Economic viability of the project is judged normally at a discount rate of c) 12%.
6. Financial analysis takes into account the discount rate of a) Actual borrowed rate of interest of the capital.
7. In case the project is funded by more than one source, the financial analysis is carried out using a) Weighted average cost of capital for each project.
8. Project is acceptable if a) NPV is positive.
9. Project is acceptable if BCR is more than 1 a) True.
10. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) indicates a) Net return on investment in the project, which means the net present value is zero. Therefore, the correct option is a.
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are output based measures of welfare flawed? what are
the alternatives
Output-based measures of welfare are not inherently flawed, but they have limitations. Alternative measures, such as well-being indicators and composite indices, provide a more comprehensive assessment of welfare.
Output-based measures of welfare, such as GDP (Gross Domestic Product), focus primarily on economic production and the value of goods and services produced within a country's borders. While GDP provides valuable information about economic activity, it has limitations when it comes to capturing the overall well-being and quality of life of individuals in a society. Some of the flaws with output-based measures include:
Neglecting non-market activities: GDP primarily measures market transactions, neglecting non-market activities like household work, volunteer work, and informal sector activities. These activities can significantly contribute to well-being but are not reflected in GDP.
Ignoring income distribution: GDP does not account for income distribution and inequality. It is possible for GDP to increase while a significant portion of the population experiences stagnant or declining incomes, leading to disparities in well-being.
Excluding environmental externalities: Output-based measures do not consider the negative environmental impacts associated with economic activities, such as pollution and resource depletion. These externalities can affect long-term well-being and sustainability.
Alternative measures that address these limitations and provide a more comprehensive assessment of welfare include:
Well-being indicators: These indicators consider a broader range of dimensions that impact people's well-being, such as health, education, social connections, and subjective happiness. Examples of well-being indicators include the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI).
Composite indices: Composite indices combine multiple indicators to provide a more holistic view of welfare. The United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure that incorporates indicators of health, education, and income.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The SDGs provide a framework for measuring and addressing various dimensions of welfare, including poverty, health, education, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and more.
While output-based measures like GDP are useful for assessing economic production, they have limitations in capturing overall welfare. Alternative measures, such as well-being indicators, composite indices, and frameworks like the SDGs, offer a more comprehensive assessment of welfare by considering a broader range of factors beyond economic output.
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